ARFMGICARAYA

BIOCHEMISTRY

WATER: THE SOLVENT FOR BIOCHEMICAL REACTION

CHAPTER 2
WATER AND POLARITY

 Electro negativity- the tendency of an atom to attract electron electrons to itself in a chemical
bond.

POLAR AND NONPOLAR BONDS

 Polar Bonds- they are formed when two bonded atoms share electrons unequally.

 Nonpolar Bonds- formed between two atoms that share their electrons equally.
DIPOLES

- Molecules with positive and negative ends due to an uneven distribution of electrons in bond
- Occurs when there is a separation of charge.
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BIOCHEMISTRY

SOLVENT PROPERTIES OF WATER

- Why do some chemicals dissolve in water while other do noy?

- The polar nature of water largely determines its solvent properties.

IONIC BOND

- Also called electrovalent bond, type of linkage formed

from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely
charged ions in a chemical compound.

SALT BRIDGES

- An interaction that depends on the attraction of unlike

charge.
ION DIPOLE INTERACTION

- The result of ab electrostatic interaction between a charged

ion and a molecule that has a dipole.

VAN DER WAALS FORCES

- The distance between an atom’s nucleus and its effective electronic surface.
- One of the several types of weak forces

DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTION

- These forces occur between molecules that are dipoles

with the partial positive side of one molecule attracting the
partial negative side of another molecule.
DIPOLE-INDUCED DPOLE INTERACTION

- A dipole-induced dipole attraction is a weak attraction that result when a polar molecule induces
a dipole in an atom or in a nonpolar molecule by disturbing the arrangement of electrons in the
nonpolar species.
INDUCED DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE INTERACTION

- Also called as “London Dispersion Force”

- Are the attractive forces that cause nonpolar substances to condense to liquids and to freeze into
solids when the temperature is lowered sufficiently.

 Hydrophilic- “water loving”. Hydrophilic substances tent to readily dissolve in water.

 Hydrophobic- “water-hating”, molecule that repel in water.
 Amphipathic- are chemical compounds containing both polar and nonpolar (apolar) portions in
their structure.
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BIOCHEMISTRY

HYDROGEN BOND

- Electromagnetic attraction created between a partially

positively charged hydrogen atom attached to a highly
electronegative atom and another nearby electronegative
atom.
- Hydrogen bonds are responsible for holding together DNA, proteins, and another macromolecule.

OTHER BILOGICALLY IMPORTANT HYDROGEN BOND

- Vital involvement in stabilizing the DNA, RNA and proteuns

- Give rise to α-helix and β- pleated sheet conformation.

ACID AND BASES

ACID BASE
- Is moleule that acts as a proton donor. - Is molecule that acts as a proton
- Latin word acidus menas “sour”. acceptor.
- Substance that neutralizes or consumes
acid.

ACID STRENGTH

- The amount of hydrogen ion released when a given amount of acid is dissolved in water.

ACID DISSOCIATION CONSTANT (Ka)

- Is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution.

PH

- Quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions.

- Ranges from 0 to 14.

TITRATION CURVE

- Is an experiment in which measured amounts of base are added

to measure amount of acid.

 EQUIVALENCE POINT- the point in the titration at which the

acid is exactly neutralized.
BUFFERS
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BIOCHEMISTRY

- Sometime that resist change in pH when small to moderate amount od strong acid or strong base
is added.