RADAR System

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 What is Radar

RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) is a way to detect and

study far off targets by transmitting a radio pulse in the
direction of the target and observing the reflection of the wave.

Its basically radio echo.

Radar observables: Target range, Target angles (azimuth and

elevation), Target size (radar cross section), Target speed (doppler),
Target features (imaging).

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 History of Radar

Bats use a basic form of radar

They send sound waves that reflect off of an object just as

electric radar systems do.

The first form of radar created by humans was the

telemobiloscope.

It was mainly used to detect ships to avoid collisions

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 History of Radar

Radar was kept fairly secret during world war II

Following the war, it was published that the United States

used radar to measure the distance to the moon

It was later discovered that Hungary had done this two years
earlier than the U.S.

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Basic Working Principle

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 Basic Working Principle

Pulse Width (PW): Length or duration of a given pulse

Pulse Repetition Time (PRT=1/PRF): PRT is time from beginning of
one pulse to the beginning of the next.
PRF is frequency at which consecutive pulses are transmitted.
PW can determine the radars minimum detection range; PW can
determine the radars maximum detection range, PW can determine
the radars minimum range resolution.
PRF can determine the radars maximum detection range. Faster PRF
means greater accuracy.
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Basic Working Principle

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Basic Working Principle

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 Basic Working Principle

A master timer controls the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) or pulse

repetition rate (PRR) (Figure 16-2.). These pulses are transmitted by a
highly directional parabolic antenna at the target, which can reflect
(echo) some of the energy back to the same antenna. This antenna
has been switched from a transmit mode· to a receive mode by a
duplexer. The reflected energy is received, and time measurements
are made, to determine the distance to the target.

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Basic Working Principle

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 Basic Working Principle

Example: 16.1, 16.2, 16.3 and 16.4

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Basic Working Principle

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 Basic Radar Equation

What are the factors influencing

maximum range? 13
Basic Radar Equation

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 Two Basic Radar Types

Pulse Transmission

Continuous Wave

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Basic Pulsed Radar System

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Moving Target Indication (MTI)

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 Doppler effect

Example 16.7

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Doppler effect

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Continuous wave radar components

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Continuous wave radar components

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Characteristics Impedance of microstrip lines

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Advantages of Radar

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Disadvantages of Radar

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 Radar uses in Society

Airplanes use radar to avoid collisions and to coordinate landings.

Operators visually watch the radar outputs and relay the information
to pilots.

Police officers use radar to detect people who drive over the speed
limit.

Their radar units are compact for easy probability and fast, accurate
use.

Ground mapping radar is often used in construction settings.

They drag the unit across the ground to determine if there are any
objects or unstable soil where they plan on building.

The military use radar to detect enemy artillery as well as their own
machinery

They can show where their vehicles and soldiers are in relation to
enemy machines 25
 Radar Application

Used to study the Earth’s ionosphere and its interactions with the
upper atmosphere, the magnetosphere and the solar wind.

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