MTI RADAR

BY:
A. AJAY KUMAR
INTRODUCTION
Radar is an electromagnetic system for the detection
and location of objects.
 Radar - Radio detection and Ranging.
It operates by transmitting a particular type of
waveform and detecting the nature of the signals
reflected back from objects.
It cannot resolve details or colour.
It can also measure the distances to objects.
FEW WORDS TO KNOW
Echo's:
The electromagnetic energy received after reflection
from an objet
Clutters:
Unwanted signals, echoes, or images on the face of th
e display tube which interfere with observation of desi
red signals.
RADAR FREQUENCIES
Most of the radars operate between 220 MHz to 35
GHz
some special purpose radars operate outside of this
range, e.g.
(a) Skywave HF-OTH (over the horizon) can operate
as low as 4 MHz
(b) Groundwave HF Radars operate as low as 2 MHz.
 (c) Millimeter radars operate up to 95 GHz, and
(d) Laser radars (lidars) operate in IR and visible
spectrum
DOPPLER SHIFT

DEFINITION : A change in frequency due to the Doppler

effect.
The Doppler shift is a shift in the wavelength of light or sound
that depends on the relative motion of the source and the
observer.
EXAMPLE FOR DOPPLER SHIFT
For example, if the transmitter is moving, the
wavelength is reduced by a fraction proportional to
the speed it is moving in the direction of propagation.
Since the speed of propagation is a constant, the
frequency must increase as the wavelength shortens.
The net result is an upwards shift in the transmitted
frequency, called the Doppler shift
MTI INTRODUCTION:
It is difficult to concern a moving target in the
presence of permanent echoes
The trouble gets increased if the moving target has
range
Difficulties commonly arise in mountainous regions
and near cities. To identify separately any moving
target we make use the Doppler effect.
MTI DEFINITION
A pulse radar that employs the Doppler shift for
detecting moving targets is either an MTI (moving
target indication) radar or pulse Doppler radar.
The MTI radar has a pulse repetition frequency (PRF) low
enough to not have any range ambiguities Run = c/fp
No range ambiguities but may have doppler domain
ambiguities
DOPPLER EFFECT ASSOCIATED
WITH MOVING TARGETS
 Phase
=
Doppler shift
= =2
Where fd = =
MTI RADAR
Moving Target Indication (MTI) radar: A delay line
canceller filter to isolate moving targets from non
moving background
- Ambiguous velocity

 - Unambiguous range

This radar uses the Doppler effect for its operation.

Many a times it is not possible to distinguish a
moving target in the presence of static or permanent
echoes of comparable appearance on the radar screen
MTI RADAR BLOCK
DIAGRAM
OPERATION OF MTI RADAR
MTI OBSERVATIONS
CHARACTERISTICS:
PROBABILITY OF DETECTION (PD) : Depends
on range, antenna size and radiating power.
• TARGET LOCATION ACCURACY : This
depends on radar pointing position accuracy and
azimuth and range resolution.
• HIGH RANGE RESOLUTION : Able to detect and
separate the two or more closely located each other
MINIMUM DETECTABLE VELOCITY MDV :
The MDV comes from the frequency spread of the main-lobe
clutter.
AREA SEARCH RATE : area scanned in unit time.
STAND-OFF DISTANCE: Stand-off distance is the
distance separating a radar system from the area it is covering.
COVERAGE AREA SIZE: The area that the system can
keep under continuous surveillance from a specific orbit.
COVERAGE AREA REVISIT RATE: This equates to
the frequency with which the radar beam passes over a given
area.
BLIND SPEEDS:DEFINITION: The blind
speed is a radial speed of the airplane at which the phase
shifting of the echo-signal has the value ±n · 360°between two
pulse periods
Radar blind speeds occur because of the relationship between
the transmitted pulse repetition rate (PRR) and the received
pulse-repetition rate.
Integral multiple
FALSE ALARM:
 A false alarm is “an
erroneous radar target
detection decision caused
by noise or other
interfering signals
exceeding the detection
threshold”.
FAR=
MTI FILTER
Two techniques are available for realizing MTI filter
1. Delay line canceller
2. Range gate and filter
PULSED COHERENT MTI
The detection of moving targets are improved by
suppression of fixed targets.
Enhanced detection of the moving target
Doppler filter
A relative narrow bandwidth clutter is rejected.
 A broad pass band (unknown Doppler shift)
 Post-Doppler processing stage
Non coherent integration
NON COHERENT MTI
A-scope range video presentations contain
“butterflies” at the slant range of the moving target.
 Each butterfly is created by the fluctuating amplitude
of the sum of the return from both the background and
the target
BUTTERFLY
RESPONSE:
APPLICATIONS:
General Applications
1. Ground-based radar is applied chiefly to the
detection, location and tracking of aircraft of space
targets.
2. Ship borne radar is used as a navigation aid
3. Space borne radar is used for the remote sensing of
terrain and sea
4. Airborne radar is used to detect aircraft, ships and
land vehicles
Major Applications:

1. Air Traffic Control (ATC) : used to monitor aircraft and

ground vehicles on the runways, taxiways and ramps
2. Air Navigation : used to detect and display areas of heavy
precipitation and turbulence
3. Ship Safety : collision avoidance and to observe navigation
buoys
4. Space : used for landing on the moon
5. Remote Sensing : used for sensing geophysical objects
6. Law Enforcement : The radar speed meter, is used by police
for enforcing speed limits
7. Military :Radar is an important part of air-defence systems
MATLAB RESULTS:
• Two targets at 2 and 3km from the radar position.
• The uncertainty in the MTI filter is due to only internal
receiver noise.
REFERENCES
http://www.academia.edu/4257315/MOVING_TARGET_INDICATION_RADAR

Principles of radar by Mc Graw  and Mark –A-Richards

http://nptel.ac.in/courses/101108056/module3/lecture6.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_target_indication

http://www.radartutorial.eu/11.coherent/co13.en.html

http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~etentze/FebMarLectures_2013.pdf

http://www.newagepublishers.com/samplechapter/001875.pdf

http://www.ee.fju.edu.tw/pages/032_faculty/sclin/lecture/rada_system_design/chapter14.pdf