Conception and Design of A Student Hostel Case Study: Mile 2 Layout Extension, Limbe.

REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON REPUPBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN
Peace-Work-Fatherland Paix-Travail-Patrie
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT
SUPERIEUR
THE HIGHER INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM & LOGISTICS
CONCEPTION AND DESIGN OF A STUDENT

HOSTEL CASE STUDY: MILE 2 LAYOUT
EXTENSION, LIMBE.
A Project Submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of the Higher

Institute of Petroleum & Logistics affiliated with the University of Bamenda in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of a Bachelor of Science
in Civil Engineering
BY:
KEYEB DARWIN DINGKAH
REGISTRATION NUMBER: HIPAL/UBa/125/22
PAGE
SUPERVISOR
MR. KUGHONG WALTERS
JULY 2023
i
APPROVAL
I certify that I have supervised / read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of
scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in quality and scope, as a project for the fulfilment of the requirements
for the Bachelor of Science in …Civil Engineering…
....................................................
Mr. Kughong Walters …...
Supervisor
..............................................
Mr. Asongna Sabastien
Head of Department, Civil Engineering
2
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the thesis submitted in fulfilment of the award of a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
is my own work and that all contributions from any other persons or sources are properly and duly cited. I further
declare that the material has not been submitted either in whole or in part, for a degree at this or any other university.
In making this declaration, I understand and acknowledge any breaches in this declaration constitute academic
misconduct, which may result in my expulsion from the programme and/or exclusion from the award of the degree.
Name: KEYEB DARWIN DINGKAH
Signature of Candidate: Date: 20 July 2023
3
DEDICATION
To my late uncle MR SAMA SIDRON.
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to acknowledge in a special way my academic supervisor Mr. Kughong Walters for his patience, advice,
guidance and encouragement throughout my time as his student. I have been so lucky to have a supervisor who
cared so much about my work and who responded to my questions and queries so promptly.
I feel indebted to my mother Mrs. Lesiah Pamela for her spiritual and moral counseling which has imparted in me
the patient which has helped me up to this level
I am highly indebted to the director of Graceland Corporation in the name of Mrs. Grace Eno Gwannulla for
being so friendly and teacher during my research period and beyond.
I also appreciate Mr. David Bisong whose work I used as a prototype for the development of this report
To my typist, thanks for being not only fast but also accurate in your typing. You amazed me when you informed
me that typing is done just after two days.
To my teachers for their relationship with the students, and their spectacular way of teaching will create a durable
memory in me
And lastly to everyone with a good heart and the fear of God who contributed in any form to the production of this
piece of work.
And to all my mates, I say thanks for the support and love you gave to me. May the almighty God bless all of you.
5
ABSTRACT
In the absence of students hostels in student’s residential areas especially the case of Limbe with professional
schools condensed around the Mile 2 extension layout in the environ of newly created state universities as well as
other higher institutes of leaning, life as well as studies would be uncomfortable and boring to the students as they
would not see any change their status following the transformation from high school (secondary education) to higher
institute of learning (universities)
This study is then based on the conception and design of hostel including various levels, a ground floor, first, second
and third floor, a hall to comfortably host students for meetings or celebrations of occasions like birth days. Each
room is provided with a bath, a kitchen and enough space to ensure comfort in the hostels while studios are provided
with enough space in the sitting room to host visitors/friends. The design is done up to standard to ensure that, the
structure to be constructed will not collapse as cases we have been experiencing here in Cameroon. Today, most
recent cases being recorded in Douala. Furthermore, all structural elements were design according to British
Standard which is an accepted code with a good compromise between structural cost and stability. This design was
also checked and corrected to ensure the feasibility of this project. Also included here are the contracts documents
including the drawings, specifications and a bill of quantities closed at two hundred and seventy-two millions seven
hundred and seventy-five thousand one hundred and frs (272,775,140frs)
6
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. 2
APPROVAL .................................................................................................................................................. 2
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................................... 3
DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................................. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 5
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................................ 7
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... 11
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1
GERNERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of Study............................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem .................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Research Question ............................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1 Main Question .................................................................................................................................. 3
i. What are the principles to be implemented when designing hostels? ........................................... 3
1.3.2 Specific Question ................................................................................................................................. 3
i. What are the various phases of construction of this project? ........................................................ 3
1.4 Objective of the Study ............................................................................................................................. 3
1.4.1 Main Objective ................................................................................................................................. 3
1.4.2 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Significance of the study ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Definition and Interpretation of Some Terms Used in the Project. ....................................................... 5
1.7 Significance of the studies................................................................................................................... 6
1.8 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER TWO........................................................................................................................................... 7
LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Conceptual Review. ............................................................................................................................ 7
Foundation Selection Criteria for Buildings ......................................................................................... 7
1. LOADING CONDITION.................................................................................................................. 7
2. SOIL BEARING CAPACITY .......................................................................................................... 8
3. SOIL TYPES ..................................................................................................................................... 8
HOW TO SELECT A SUITABLE TYPE OF FOUNDATION? ............................................................... 10
1. ADEQUATE DEPTH ......................................................................................................................... 10
7
2. BEARING CAPACITY FAILURE .................................................................................................... 10
3. SETTLEMENT ................................................................................................................................... 10
4. QUALITY ........................................................................................................................................... 10
5. ADEQUATE STRENGTH ................................................................................................................. 10
6. ADVERSE SOIL CHANGES ............................................................................................................. 11
7. SEISMIC FORCES ............................................................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER THREE ..................................................................................................................................... 13
PROJECT CONCEPTION AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY ................................................................ 13
3.1 Preliminary Studies ........................................................................................................................... 13
3.1.1 Site Preparations ............................................................................................................................. 13
3.1.2 Soil Study ....................................................................................................................................... 14
3.4 Characteristics Of Materials And Equipment Used .......................................................................... 14
MATERIALS ...................................................................................................................................... 14
3.4.2 Unit Weight Of Materials ............................................................................................................... 14
3.4.3. Analysis, Design and Detailing ............................................................................................... 16
3.1.3 Structural Study .............................................................................................................................. 16
3.2 Conception of the Project .................................................................................................................. 16
Table 2: functional areas of the building. ................................................................................................ 17
3.2.1 Architectural Designs ..................................................................................................................... 17
3.2.2 Structural Designs. ......................................................................................................................... 18
TABLE 3: Characteristics of equipment and materials........................................................................... 18
3.2: Method ............................................................................................................................................. 18
3.2.1) Data needs and requirements ........................................................................................................ 19
3.2.3) Methods of data collection ............................................................................................................ 19
3.4.4. Study of the Purlin......................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 3. 1:Action of loads per unit meter on the purlin ......................................................................... 22
3.4.5. Load Evaluation ............................................................................................................................ 22
3.4.6. Study of the Rafter ........................................................................................................................ 23
Figure 3. 2:Action of load per unit meter on the rafter ........................................................................... 23
3.4.7. Load Evaluation ............................................................................................................................ 23
Figure 3. 3:Mechanical sketch of the rafter ............................................................................................. 24
3.4.8. Calculation of the Forces at the Summit of the Knots................................................................... 24
Table 3. 2:calculation of forces on each knot .......................................................................................... 24
3.4.9.Reaction of Walls on the Roof Truss ............................................................................................. 24
Figure 3. 4:The Half Symmetric Cremona Diagram ............................................................................... 25
8
Table 3. 3:Value of forces in the members (KN) .................................................................................... 26
3.4.10) Computing the sectional dimensions of the rafter...................................................................... 26
Table 4: Description of Roof Members ................................................................................................... 26
Figure 3.5:Plan and section of staircase .................................................................................................. 59
Figure 3. 6: Reinforcement sketch of stair way....................................................................................... 62
CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................................... 63
PROJECT INPLEMENTATION ............................................................................................................ 63
4.1. Study of Other Items of the Project .................................................................................................. 63
4.2. Project planning and scheduling....................................................................................................... 63
4.2.1. Objective ....................................................................................................................................... 63
4.2.2. Definition of Terms and Symbols ................................................................................................. 64
Table 4. 1: Logical sequence of activities ............................................................................................... 66
4.3: Technical Specification .................................................................................................................... 71
4.31. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 71
4.3.2. Generalities.................................................................................................................................... 71
4.3.3. Foundation..................................................................................................................................... 71
4.5. Soil Investigation.............................................................................................................................. 71
4.5.1. Contact Pressure ............................................................................................................................ 72
4.5.2. Plastic Failure ................................................................................................................................ 72
4.5.3. Foundation Types .......................................................................................................................... 72
4.6. Preliminary Works ........................................................................................................................... 73
4.6.1. Connection to Utility Networks Water:......................................................................................... 73
Sanitation......................................................................................................................................... 73
4.6.2. Works to be Executed ................................................................................................................... 74
4.6.3 Foundation works ........................................................................................................................... 76
Reinforcement ................................................................................................................................. 76
Formwork ........................................................................................................................................ 76
Reinforced concrete......................................................................................................................... 76
4.6.4. Mixing of concrete ........................................................................................................................ 77
4.6.5. Placing of concrete. ....................................................................................................................... 77
4.6.6. Vibration ....................................................................................................................................... 77
4.6.7. Curing ............................................................................................................................................ 78
4.6.8. Striking of formwork ..................................................................................................................... 78
4.7. Normal finish to structural concrete ................................................................................................. 78
4.7.1. Backfilling/compaction ................................................................................................................. 78
9
4.7.2. Hardcore filling ............................................................................................................................. 79
4.8 Roof ................................................................................................................................................... 79
CARPENTRY AND JOINERY .................................................................................................................. 80
4.8.2. Openings ....................................................................................................................................... 80
Electricity .................................................................................................................................................... 80
4.8.3. Plumbing/Fittings .......................................................................................................................... 80
4.8.4. Gutters ........................................................................................................................................... 81
4.8.4. Pavement ....................................................................................................................................... 81
Table 4. 2: Bills of quantities and estimate ............................................................................................. 82
CHAPTER FIVE ......................................................................................................................................... 87
SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION.................................................................... 87
5.1: Summary of Project.......................................................................................................................... 87
5.2: Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 87
5.3: Recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 88
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 89
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................. 90
10
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1:Nature of materials used in this project ................................................................... 15

Table 3.2:Functional areas of the building .............................................................................. 17
Table 3.3:Characteristics of equipment and materials ............................................................. 18
Table 3.4:Calculation of forces on each knot .......................................................................... 24
Table 3.5:Value of forces in the members(KN)....................................................................... 26
Table 3.6:Description of Roof members .................................................................................. 26
Table 4.1:Sequence of activities .............................................................................................. 66
Table 4.2:Bill of quantities and cost estimates ........................................................................ 82
11
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3a:Foundation plan ....................................................................................................... 17-a
Figure 3b:Ground floor Distribution plan ................................................................................ 17-b
Figure 3c:First floor Distribution plan ..................................................................................... 17-c
Figure 3d:Second floor Distribution plan ................................................................................ 17-d
Figure 3e:Third floor distribution plan .................................................................................... 17-e
Figure 3f:Roof plan .................................................................................................................. 17-f
Figure 3g:Formwork plan ........................................................................................................ 17-g
Figure 3h:Sections ................................................................................................................... 17-h
Figure 3i:Approach view ......................................................................................................... 17-i
Figure 3j:Left-side view ........................................................................................................... 17-j
Figure 3k:Back view ................................................................................................................ 17-k
Figure 3l:Rightside view .......................................................................................................... 17-l
Figure 3.1:Action of loads per unit metre on the purlin .......................................................... 21
Figure 3.2:Action per unit load on the rafter ............................................................................. 23
Figure 3.3:Mechanical sketch of the rafter ................................................................................ 24
Figure 3.4:The half symmetric Cremona diagram ................................................................... 25
Figure 3.5: Structural plan and structural loadings .................................................................. 28
Figure 3.6: Bending moment and shear force Diagram .......................................................... 33
Figure 3.7:Beam Section diagram............................................................................................ 37-42
Figure 3.8:Column Section Diagram ....................................................................................... 47
Figure 3.9:Footing section ....................................................................................................... 48
Figure 3.10:Footing layout....................................................................................................... 58
Figure 3.11:Plan and section of staircase ................................................................................. 59
Figure 3.12:Mechanical sketch of staircase ............................................................................. 61
Figure 3.13:Reinforcement sketch of stairway ........................................................................ 62
Figure 4.1:PERT Network Diagram ........................................................................................ 68
Figure 4.2: GANTT Chart........................................................................................................ 69
Figure 4.3: Adjusted manpower on GANTT chart. ................................................................. 70
Figure 4.4:Manpower diagram ................................................................................................. 71
Figure 4.5:Man power curve .................................................................................................... 72
12
CHAPTER ONE
GERNERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study

Every individual or nation needs a stable and safe infrastructure. In fact, for a place to be
classified as a town or city depends on its infrastructural development. It is for this reason that
when the researcher chose" the conception and design of a hostel" so as to enable the researched
explore the various aspects associated with the civil and structural engineering design and
construction of functional and long lasting building. this project equally enables me to test my
ability both practically and theoretically.
" The Conception and Design of a Students Hostel" is based on a hostel of three upper floor to
be constructed at Mile 2 extension layout in Limbe I sub division in Fako division of the south
west region. This project has a capacity of 60 bed rooms and 20 sitting rooms and a mini hall.
The distribution and first floor is made up of 20 bedrooms and 20 sitting rooms while the
second and third floor are made of 40 bedrooms with each room consisting of a water closet. a
kitchen and veranda which are both similar in structure and dimensions. (See appendices)
During the design, the various architectural plans were drowning with the use of AutoCAD and
Archicad software. The dimensions of the various structural elements were done as well as
study of quality and nature of materials to be used, quantitative estimate and material
specifications including design aided by robot structural was also used
A man has a lot of pleasure when he has a conducive, convenient and secured accommodation.
Providing an accommodation to live in an enclosed area is therefore very important. These
enclosed areas practically shade the body from harsh and unfavorable conditions of the weather
as well as providing security. It is based on this fact that most structures are being designed for
various purposes and the structure provided with a wall and gate for security purposes.
With the advancement of technology in the world today and Cameroon in particular, there is
equal advancement in design and conception of structural members. Tracing far back when
conception and design were merely an issue of a pencil and paper to the present moment where
software like AutoCAD, robot, and others facilitates the designing of structures in many shapes
as well as saving time and energy. (FAITH, 2014/2015, Research report)
1
Following the creation of the many private Universities in Limbe and most precisely around
the Mile 2 Limbe, like HIPAL Limbe Campus, Kazek University, Marine School (LINAFI
Limbe), St. David's University Institute Limbe, HOPE HIGHER INSTITUTE OF
HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONS, Limbe, A&H Institute of Health Management, Limbe
among others, there is a very high need for hostels to accommodate that fast growing student
population in LIMBE
1.2 Statement of the Problem
through this research, the researcher found out that as far as modern student hostels are
concerned, the student residential area of LIMBE are far left behind in terms of comfortable
accommodations. The student population is congested in Buea which is some 45 minutes to
one-hour drive from Limbe and it hosts majority of the student hostels in the Division. This
makes the student population of the Higher institutions of Limbe are far behind in terms of
comfortable accommodations
There are hardly any national level development projects in Limbe concerning student’s
habitation.
Students of higher institutions of learning are forced to cohabit in compounds occupied by the
general population.
These poses great social, health and academic setbacks for the students as distraction rates are
alarming.
As a result, the school dropout rate is very high. Those who manage despite these hardships to
finish their university programs are very resilient and determined, and it takes extraordinary
will for a student to attain completion of studies. They must overcome physical and societal
barriers even to be successful.
Limbe has myriad problems, but one of the most urgent needs is to increase the number of
students attending Higher institutions of learning. A very effective way to achieve this goal is
to construct hostels (dormitories) for students and lecturers at a student congested area in Mile
2, Limbe.
2
1.3 Research Question
1.3.1 Main Question
i. What are the principles to be implemented when designing hostels?
1.3.2 Specific Question

i. What are the various phases of construction of this project?
ii. How does the hostel solve the problem of comfort at an affordable cost for the students?
iii. What are the aspects to be considered when putting up a student hostel?
1.4 Objective of the Study
1.4.1 Main Objective
The main aims and objectives of this study are clearly stated bellow as follows
 To describe clearly the principles to be implemented during the architectural, structural,

and mechanical design of hostels.
1.4.2 Specific Objectives
 To clearly describe the various phases of construction of the studied project.

 To provide a more convenient and comfortable hostel for rent to the students of the area
 To bring out various aspect to be considered when putting up a hostel in place so as to
avoid negligent which may lead to regular maintenance or rehabilitation or even
complete collapse of the structure
1.5 Significance of the study

A student hostel is a building constructed mostly around higher institution of learning to
accommodate the students. This type of structures constructed solely for income generation is
mostly done in a hurry without consulting civil engineering standards as well as the occupants.
Comfort and security. The significance of this study is to see how to put in place engineering
standards as well as student’s comforts and security while constructing a student's residential
hostel. The structure which is comprised of sixty bedrooms and two perpendicular vertical
3
growths, hence, provides adequate circulation, Conducive environment for students. The
significance of the study can be grouped into the following headings:
To be awarded a bachelor of science degree in HIPAL, individual students must present at the
third year of study a written research project which carefully analysis a project in within the
domain of civil engineering works so as to test his/her theoretical and practical skills acquired
within the training period. This assessment in the academic milieus partly qualifies a student
for the award of bachelor degree in civil engineering
The relation between persons and the community is very important and need not to be
neglected. Associating with people who has the same goals and objectives in studies and life
styles has a great role to play in humans and most especially in student’s residential areas where
individuals portray their standards and also cultivate health habit. Without good health, life is
at stake to disease. This affirms that, all residential buildings have a social significance to life
and it environment. The conception and design hypothesis such as location, beauty, safety,
drainage waste management and security are very essential to be considered in other to promote
social responsibility in hostels.
The recent creation of many private universities and state higher institutions of learning and
many other new higher institutions of learning in and around Limbe being the political head
quarter of the Fako Division, led to an influx of many students as well as lecturers and business
men in and around Limbe. Hence, there is the need of infrastructures to accommodate them.
This explains why at times the government equally constructs government hostels in university
areas to accommodate the students in other to mention political stability at moderate prices for
rent goes a long way to eliminate poverty in less developed world since the students pay less
money as rent hence ensuring political stability. Also, infrastructures are paramount for a place
to gain political and economic titles.
Some difficulties during the studies and realization phase. In which ever case, joint prudence
can be implemented as part of the solution to the problems encountered. This means that, if the
same type of problem was witnessed in a different project within the same location of
construction and a solution was being discovered, the same solution can be applied on a similar
project around the same location.
Lack of equipment and enough finance make it difficult to carry test and hence achieve the
exact value of soil bearing capacity needed to design foundation footing under pillars. I limit
4
myself to the work of an engineer published in a book title" civil engineering design guide"
this engineer successfully carried out some tests on bearing capacity of soils in respects to depth
in zones throughout some diverse areas and cities in Cameroon and hence gave an approximate
value of bearing capacity as the depth of the soil keep increasing. As a result, I use the data
from his findings to design my foundation footings.
In addition, having equipment to test for the characteristic strength of steel to be used for the
construction was impossible. Hence steel strength was only depended upon the steel grade from
the producer.
Moreover, characteristic strength of concrete can be easily monitored or supervised to make

sure that it attained it required characteristic strength used in designing structural members.
They were no means of having exact batching quantities since batching by volume was used.
1.6 Definition and Interpretation of Some Terms Used in the Project.

 Admixtures: admixtures are additives that when added into a fresh mix of concrete, it
ameliorates or decelerate the hardening process of the concrete.
 Accelerator: an accelerator is an additive which when added into fresh mix of concrete,
increases it rate of hardening. it accelerates the reaction rate.
 Retarder: A retarder is also an additive which when put into a fresh mix of concrete,
slows down the hardening process.
 Ultimate limit states: ultimate limit states represent a defined process that
is aimed at ensuring the probability of collapse of building is at an
acceptable level
 Serviceable limit states; the serviceable limit states represent a level of stress or strain
within the building below which there is high expectation the building can continue to
be used at original intended without repairs
 Bearing capacity; It is the capacity of the soil to support the loads applied to the ground
 Settlement: it is the vertical downward displacement at the base of the foundation
caused by the applied load or low bearing capacity of the soil.
 Compaction; this is an instantaneous process of stabilizing all soils where the air voids
decreases with a constant water content and an increasing dry density.
 Construction management: It is the direction and supervision of building construction
resources towards achievement of defined goals within a specified time scale.
5
1.7 Significance of the studies.
This study is essential in the sense that; it provides accommodation to the students of the
congested higher institution area of LIMBE. Also, this project will be constructed where there
is less noise and other form of distractions thus making the environment conducive for people
who will occupy it.
1.8 Conclusion
In the realization of a project, limitations or unforeseen circumstances are bound to occur. The
unavailability of laboratories for samplings and testing of materials was one of the drawbacks
of this project. Poor weather due to rainfall was also one of the challenges faced by this project.
The side studies were performed only on the area to be developed and this project is only for
residential purposes. The project is based on analyzing and designing the structural elements
for apartment dwellings. Drawing, quantities and cost estimates, planning and scheduling of
the project. This study was carried out depending on the nature of the proposed site.
6
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual Review.
Buildings are products from architects and the ideals of engineers while building construction
is the systematic statement of a body of rules the govern and constrains the design, construction,
alteration and repairs of buildings. Such codes are strongly based on requirements for the
safety; health and security of users of the building end their neighbors. Model code developed
by states, professional societies and trade associations including building officials and code
administrators (BOCA), national building code, (ALLEN reinforced concrete design to BS
8110 simply explains) uniform building code and standard building code are typically adopted
by local communities with amendments. it’s important to mention that architects see into the
beauty and function of the building while engineers look into the land, how the land will be
used, the stability and safety of the building (structure) at ultimate and serviceability limit state,
the lighting of the structure and other necessities to put in place to avoid failure of the building.
Residential buildings are unique and differ from administrative building. Hence both types of
buildings require different attention
Knowledge (advice and instruction) were gathered from books and write up by seasoned
architects before coming out with the architectural phase of the proposed residential design. In
fact, the description of various types of functional areas needed to be made available in
residential building design described in the publication of ERNST AND PETTER NEUFERT.
The author of architects` data, third edition was highly used in my design. Some of these
include:
Foundation Selection Criteria for Buildings

1. LOADING CONDITION
Loading conditions coming from the structure is one of the factors that govern foundation
selection. It is influenced by type of building, type of construction material, environmental
factors, and earthquake susceptibility.
7
Selection of material such as bricks, stone, steel, and concrete for construction affect the
selection of foundation. Settlement calculation of foundation is another factor that associated
with loads of the structure and affects foundation choice.
In case of low-rise building, shallow foundation is preferred. However, for high-rise building,
deep foundation is required. Deep foundation is provided because ground at greater depth is
highly compacted.
2. SOIL BEARING CAPACITY

An allowable bearing pressure of at least 100kN/m^2 or higher is effective for shallow
foundations up to 4 stories. However, higher structures can consider a raft foundation provided
that the modulus of sub grade reaction shall not be exceeded when calculated.
3. SOIL TYPES
There are different types of soil like sandy soil, loose soil, clay soil, and expansive soils. Form
the surface to a depth of 3m is termed as top soil, and subsoil begins after 3m depth.
Characteristics specifically bearing capacity of both topsoil and subsoil layers would to a great
extent controls the foundation selection.
For low bearing capacity soil, stronger and suitable foundation shall be selected compare to
with case where the soil has strength bearing capacity. The bearing capacity is the ability of
soil to safely support structural loads without suffering shear failure and intolerable settlement.
STAIRSCASE
Stairs to buildings is the most useful unit to access the upper floor of the same building. When
a building goes up to fifth (5) floors, the building is expected to have a lift. according to the
architect`s data, stairs in students residential building differs from those in private residential
homes since different occupants occupy the floor at different levels. the architect`s data specify
that; widths of a flight should not be less than 1.25m so as to ease two persons freely using the
stairs at once. This wither the number of users is strictly apply in my design. In addition, the
stairs ratio should be at least 17/28. Meanwhile the length of stairs runs from three (3) to 18
steps. Above which the stair way must be provided with intermediate landing. The landing
length is calculated based on the principle " n times of stride x64+29". a stride is being taken
for a mature person who ranges from 61-64 as specified by B.S. it`s from this knowledge that
we derive the equation "2G+R ═64" To calculate the exact rise and going of the stairs. By
8
building regulations, all stairs must be provided with hand rail when it's more than four (04)
steps and blustered of not more than a tennis ball in diameter.
having us the data and instruction in architectural manual to design the project, i realized that
the functionality of the various apartments is stress free, hence my next target is the structural
safety involving the ability to take care of all loads that acts on the building by the use of
structural elements like beams, pillars, columns etc. these structural elements are being studied
using the B.S.8110, BAEL 95 or EURO CODE. Once our building has a structural safety, all
other things can function well in the building.
DESIGN PROCEDURE
The following design procedures described in stages was taken into consideration:
1. Site condition assessment from site and soil investigation report.

2. Calculation of the anticipated structural loading.
3. choice of foundation type while considering the following
 soil condition
 type of structure
 structural loading
 economic factor
 time factor related to proposed contract period
 Construction constrains.
In other to ensure that the pressure transmitted to the bearing soil is not much, the foundation
was designed to spread the dead and super imposed load to a large surface area of the soil. This
involves the understanding of soil types and their properties or characteristics, the awareness
of the different foundation type available as well as the loads to be carried. During the design
phase, the foundation was ensured to meet the following slandered.
 Safely sustains and transmits the combined wind, dead and life loads to the
bearing subsoil.
 The foundation was taken down to an adequate depth to prevent building from
causing soil settlement, swelling, shrinkage and or freezing.
 Being capable of resisting any attack by harmful matters present in the soil.
9
Simple domestic foundations are constructed mostly of mass material or stone masonry but
those of hostels are constructed using reinforced concrete and either deep or shallow. It should
be noted that shallow foundation is constructed within 2m from the surface while deep
foundation ranges between 2 to 5m. Generally, foundation with depth greater then 5m is usually
design as pile foundations. Foundation may also be classified base on their type as "PADS,
RAFTS, STRIPS AND PILES
HOW TO SELECT A SUITABLE TYPE OF FOUNDATION?

The selection of a particular type of foundation is often based on a number of factors, such as:
1. ADEQUATE DEPTH
The foundation must have an adequate depth to prevent frost damage. For such foundations
as bridge piers, the depth of the foundation must be sufficient to prevent undermining by
scour.
2. BEARING CAPACITY FAILURE
The foundation must be safe against a bearing capacity failure.
3. SETTLEMENT
The foundation must not settle to such an extent that it damages the structure.
4. QUALITY
The foundation must be of adequate quality so that it is not subjected to deterioration, such as
from sulfate attack.
5. ADEQUATE STRENGTH
The foundation must be designed with sufficient strength that it does not fracture or break apart
under the applied superstructure loads. The foundation must also be properly constructed in
conformance with the design specifications.
10
6. ADVERSE SOIL CHANGES
The foundation must be able to resist long-term adverse soil changes. An example is expansive
soil, which could expand or shrink causing movement of the foundation and damage to the
structure.
7. SEISMIC FORCES
The foundation must be able to support the structure during an earthquake without excessive
settlement or lateral movement.
Based on an analysis of all of the factors listed above, a specific type of foundation (i.e., shallow
versus deep) would be recommended by the geotechnical engineer.
IMPERICAL REVIEW
The review covered several key areas, including design considerations, construction techniques
and materials, safety and security measures, environmental factors, user satisfaction and
experience, and case studies. Through an analysis of the literature, the following key findings
emerged:
1. Design Considerations: The design of a student hostel should prioritize factors such as
space utilization, room layouts, common areas, and amenities. Studies emphasized the
importance of creating spaces that promote social interaction, collaboration, and a sense of
community among students.
2. Construction Techniques and Materials: Sustainable construction practices and materials

are crucial in the design of student hostels. Research highlighted the use of environmentally
friendly materials, energy-efficient systems, and construction techniques that ensure durability,
cost-effectiveness, and low maintenance.
3. Safety and Security: Safety and security are paramount in student hostels. Studies
emphasized the need for robust fire safety measures, emergency evacuation plans, access
11
control systems, and surveillance technologies to ensure the well-being and security of
students.
4. Environmental Factors: Environmental considerations play a significant role in the design

of student hostels. Research emphasized the importance of factors such as noise control, indoor
air quality, natural lighting, and thermal comfort in creating a conducive living and learning
environment for students.
5. User Satisfaction and Experience: User satisfaction and experience are key aspects to
consider in hostel design. Studies indicated that factors such as room layout, amenities, privacy,
and the availability of study spaces significantly impact students' satisfaction and overall
experience in a hostel.
PRESENTATION OF THE PROPOSED BENEFICIARY OF THE PROJECT
GEOGRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF LIMBE
Limbe being the capital of Fako division in the Southwest region is one of the most developed
towns in Cameroon. Geographically, it is located on latitude 40N and longitude 90E. It covers
a total surface area of 545 square kilometers and at an altitude of 150m above sea level.
Generally, Limbe is hot with sea breeze. They exist two seasons in Limbe which are the rainy
and the dry season. it is worth mentioning that the raining season spans from April to October
while the dry season spans from November to march. The annual rainfall is about
419mm.Limbe is more of savanna with little forest. Limbe is home to the famous Botanic
garden at the heart of the city.
12
CHAPTER THREE
PROJECT CONCEPTION AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY
3.1 Preliminary Studies
Before any construction work takes place, a site visit is first carried out and a site report is
produced. during site visit, the following aspects are considered.
 The topography of the land

 the building line
 access road to the site
 water table level
 existing features/ structures
 physical observation of the type of soil
 site location
 various obstruction on the site (site constrains)
 Availability of services like water and electricity.
after studying the above aspects, the site was rendered suitable for the implementation of a
students` residential building.
3.1.1 Site Preparations
Site preparation is the ability of arranging or preparing the areas of the construction for various
zones or portions to facilitate the construction or realization of the different activities on site.
The different portions marked out were for stoking of cement, reinforcement materials,
deposition of sand and gravel, molding and perking of blocks, the areas of implantation of
machines (concrete mixers, crane etc) as well as actual construction area. During this phase of
construction, the various heights of the area were equally studied to determine the quantity of
soil to be excavated or filled.
13
3.1.2 Soil Study
Soil study is one of the most important factors of study when construction works are concerned.
This is because, all the loads of the building have to be safely transmitted to the ground. The
type and design of a foundation is based on the type of soil. It should be recalled that, it is
highlighted here that, soil study for realistic bearing capacity of the soil is one of my limitations.
Hence, the soil was studied by physical examination and using the variation by depth value
from studying guides to enable me designs the foundation.
3.4 Characteristics Of Materials And Equipment Used
MATERIALS
The materials to be used in this project are; wood, concrete, stones, soil and steelwith their
characteristics as seen below:
Soil: The soil is a sandy-clay soil as was observed on the site during soil test. The bearing
capacity of the soil is 370KN/m2
Concrete: The characteristic resistance in compression fc28 = 25mpa; the Young’s Modulus
of Concrete = 1mpa
fe
Steel: The steel type – fe = 460mpa fcu = 8s where &s = 1.5
Wood: The wood used for this project for roofing shall be local eucalyptus meanwhile that
used for doors and window frames and even the door shorter shall be mahogany. The resistance
of the mahogany is given below.
R p e = practical resistance in tension = 120 bars
E = Young’s Modulus of elasticity = 250 Mpa
3.4.2 Unit Weight Of Materials
Here are the values of the dead and imposed load of the materials used, presented in tabular
form below:
14
Table 3. 1:Weight of Materials used in this Project
Values of Dead Loads
Specific weight of concrete (RC) 24Kn/ m2
Specific weight of soil 19kN/ m2
Load on Roof
Tolle back sheet zinc 0.6kN/m2
Rafter and purlin (hard wood is used) 10KN/m2
Ceiling board 0.025KN/m2
Roofing felt and screed 2.00KN/ m2
Load on Floor
Floors in hollow block (164ucm) 2.8kN/ m2
Sand screed 0.50kN/ m2
Tiling 0.60kN/ m2
Plastering underneath floors 0.20kN/ m2
Load of wall
15 x 20 x 30 cement blocks 1.3kN/ m2
Rendering and tiling on toilet 0.9kN/ m2
Terrazzo paving 0.022kN/ m2
VALUES OF LIVE LOADS
Roof 1kN/ m2
Office 2.5kN/ m2
Hall 4kN/ m2
15
Corridors and stairways 4kN/ m2
Verandas 4kN/ m2
Toilets 2kN/ m2
Conference room 4kN/ m2
Source: field work, July 2023
3.4.3. Analysis, Design and Detailing
After this stage is the clearing of the vegetable soil and deposition of debris on a separate
portion from the area of actual construction. Finally, areas for temporary structures for storage
of building materials as well as accommodation of workers together with offices were equally
studied.
3.1.3 Structural Study
A structural member of a building ranges from concrete, wood and metals. Generally, the
mechanical function of each of these members is of great importance when safety is concerned.
The structural member of the roof is wood meanwhile that of foundations, foundation footings,
pillars and beams is reinforced concrete. The structural members made of reinforced concrete
and wood were being design such that it carries the actual load of the building and other
accidental loads.
3.2 Conception of the Project
The project consists of three (03) upper floor and functional areas which play the role of a
residential apartment. The various functional areas are listed on the table below.
16
Table 3.2: functional areas of the building.
SN Functional Areas Of The Residential Building.

1 Corridors and verandas
2 Kitchens
3 Sitting rooms
4 Bed rooms
5 Toilets
6 Ward robes
7 Stairs
3.2.1 Architectural Designs
The architectural designs of the hostel contain the various plans which will enable the
technicians for an appropriate and efficient realization of the project. The design includes the
following drawings.
 Foundation Plan
 Ground Floor Distribution plan
 First Floor Distribution plan
 Second floor Distribution plan
 Third floor distribution plan
 Roof plan
 Formwork plan
 Sections
 Approach view elevations
 Left side view
 Back view and
 Right-side view.
17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
32.85
1.35 1.80 4.15 4.15 1.80 1.35 1.40 1.40 1.35 1.80 4.15 4.15 1.80 1.35
A 0.85
1.30 1.30
A
0.85
2.30
2.30
1.80
1.80
3.65
3.65
2.8
3 33
2.
3.65
3.65
B B
1.85
1.85
2.65 2.65
1.
3 6
C C
3.00
3.00
1.31
1.65
1.15
1.15
1.65
D D
1.50
1.00
1.00
1.50
7.80 7.80
2.65
2.65 2.65
E E
3.15
3.15
3.15
3.15
2.65
2.30
2.15
2.15
3.65
3.65 3.65
5.65
F F
4.15
4.15
4.15
1.30 1.30
1.30
21.60
21.60
3.65 1.30
0.85 0.85
2.50
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.50
0.85 0.85
G G
31.50
2.65
2.15
2.65
H 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
H
1.75
1.25
1.75
0.85 0.85
3.65 0.85
2.00
2.00
2.00
3.65 0.85
I 3.65
I
2.95
0.75
3.30
J
4.15
4.15
J
1.70
0.95
2.65
5.65
K A K
2.70
2.65 2.65 2.30
1.20
1.20
3.65 2.65
3.15
3.15
3.15
L
A LM
2.20
3.65
M
1.00
1.00
7.80
0.70
1.20
1.20
0.30
0.30
N 1.35 1.80 4.15 4.15 1.80 1.35 1.40 1.40 1.35 1.80 4.15 4.15 1.80 1.35
N
32.85
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
FIGURE 3a FOUNDATION PLAN SCALE 1:100
32.15
2.33 7.58 12.35 7.58 2.33
1.83 1.00 4.63 1.45 2.00 1.20 1.33 5.30 1.98 2.55 1.45 4.63 1.00 1.83
1.11
1.09
1.59
1.65
1.65
2.15
2.15
1.20 1.20
2.99
W/C W/C
4.00
4.00
1.57
0.60
2.88
3.07
2.50
BED ROOM BED ROOM
3
1.3
4.00 4.00
3.00 3.00
2.00
3.35
3.35
2.00
1.50
VERANDA VERANDA
1.50
3.82
1.82
3.57
1.57
VERANDA VERANDA VERANDA VERANDA

1.50
1.50
CIRCULATION
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
2.00
2.00
SITTING ROOM
4.66
4.00 3.00 4.00 3.95 3.00
3.00 3.00
BED ROOM BED ROOM BED ROOM BED ROOM

3.32
3.26
1.82
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.50
1.76
W/C W/C
20.90
20.90
1.20
1.20
2.35
2.35
2.35
2.35
W/C 1.20
W/C
1.00
1.20
1.00
1.00
1.65 1.65
4.00
SITTING ROOM 1.65
SITTING ROOM SITTING ROOM 1.65
0.64
0.80
0.78
2.30
2.28
1.68 1.00 3.58 0.90 1.05 3.58 1.00 1.83 2.65 1.83 1.00 3.57 0.90 1.05 3.58 1.00 1.68
CIRCULATION CIRCULATION
2.00
2.50
2.50
2.00
1.68 1.00 1.38 6.35 0.90 1.48 1.83 2.65 1.83 1.00 1.38 6.35 0.90 1.48 1.68
2.36
2.40
0.86
0.90
1.34
1.65 1.65
1.53
W/C 1.65
1.60
3.53 4.00
W/C
1.00
4.00 1.65
1.00
1.20
2.35
2.35
2.35
1.20 1.20
1.20
W/C W/C
3.30
4.00
BED ROOM
4.50
4.50
4.50
3.00
BED ROOM BED ROOM CIRCULATION 3.76 SITTING ROOM BED ROOM
A
3.05
5.19
5.15
4.77
3.00
4.69
4.65
3.00
SITTING ROOM SITTING ROOM SITTING ROOM 3.00

3.50
3.50
3.50
A
1.50
1.50
1.20
1.20
0.65 2.00 0.65 0.90 2.55 1.25 2.00 2.10 2.00 0.65 2.65 0.65 2.00 0.65 4.00 0.70 2.00 1.45 0.65 2.00 0.65
1.65 4.10 3.25 4.10 5.95 7.35 4.10 1.65
32.15
FIGURE 3b: GROUND FLOOR DISTRIBUTION PLAN SCALE 1:100

32.15
2.33 7.58 12.35 7.58 2.33
1.83 1.00 4.63 1.45 2.00 1.20 1.33 5.30 1.98 2.55 1.45 4.63 1.00 1.83
1.11
1.09
1.59
1.65
1.65
2.15
2.15
1.20 1.20
2.99
W/C W/C
4.00
4.00
1.57
0.60
2.88
2.50
3.07
BED ROOM BED ROOM
3
1.3
4.00 4.00
3.00 3.00
2.00
3.35
3.35
2.00
VERANDA VERANDA
1.50
1.50
3.82
1.82
3.57
1.57
VERANDA 1.50 VERANDA VERANDA VERANDA
1.50
CIRCULATION
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
2.00
2.00
SITTING ROOM
4.66
4.00 3.00 4.00 3.95 3.00
3.00 3.00
BED ROOM BED ROOM BED ROOM BED ROOM

3.32
3.26
1.82
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.50
1.76
W/C W/C
20.90
20.90
1.20
1.20
2.35
2.35
2.35
2.35
W/C 1.20
W/C
1.00
1.20
1.00
1.00
1.65 1.65
4.00
SITTING ROOM 1.65
SITTING ROOM SITTING ROOM 1.65
0.64
0.80
0.78
2.30
2.28
1.68 1.00 3.58 0.90 1.05 3.58 1.00 1.83 2.65 1.83 1.00 3.57 0.90 1.05 3.58 1.00 1.68
2.00
2.50
2.50
2.00
1.68 1.00 1.38 6.35 0.90 1.48 1.83 2.65 1.83 1.00 1.38 6.35 0.90 1.48 1.68
2.36
2.40
0.86
0.90
1.34
7.15
1.53
1.65 1.65 1.65
3.53 4.00
W/C
1.00
4.00
HALL
1.00
1.20
2.35
2.35
2.35
1.20
1.20
W/C W/C
3.30
4.50
4.50
4.50
BED ROOM BED ROOM CIRCULATION BED ROOM
A
5.19
5.15
4.96
4.77
3.00
4.69
4.65
3.00
SITTING ROOM SITTING ROOM SITTING ROOM 3.00

3.50
3.50
3.50
A
1.50
1.50
0.65 2.00 0.65 0.90 2.55 1.25 2.00 2.10 2.00 0.65 2.65 1.65 0.93 2.00 2.72 0.70 2.00 1.45 0.65 2.00 0.65
1.65 4.10 3.25 4.10 5.95 7.35 4.10 1.65
32.15
FIGURE 3c FIRST FLOOR PLANSCALE 1:100

34.15
3.33 1.73 2.65 6.40 5.95 3.20 3.20 2.65 1.82 3.23
1.00 1.83 1.33 4.30 2.28 1.72 1.98 5.30 1.98 2.55 1.45 4.30 1.42 1.73 1.00
1.00
BALCONY BALCONY
1.00
2.23
2.26
0.73
0.76
1.20
1.20
1.65 1.50 1.50 1.65
1.20
2.15
2.15
1.00
1.00
1.20 1.20
1.00
4.00 0.60 4.00

0.76
BED ROOM 2.50

BED ROOM
2.14
2.65
2.65
BED ROOM BED ROOM
3.39
3.35
0.90
3
1.3
3.00 3.00
1.00 1.00
BALCONY
3.35
3.35
BALCONY
1.94
1.50
1.13
1.13
3.00
3.00
2.61
2.60
1.11
1.10
BED ROOM
BALCONY
BED ROOM
BALCONY
1.50
1.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
1.00
1.00
3.00
BED ROOM
2.65
BED ROOM 3.00
BED ROOM
1.41
BED ROOM BED ROOM

2.85
2.85
2.85
2.85
3.56
3.56
2.31
3.00
BED ROOM 3.00
4.00
CIRCULATION
0.90
4.00 4.00 4.00

22.90
22.90
1.20
2.35
2.35
2.35
2.35
1.00
1.00
1.20 1.20 1.20
1.20 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.00 1.20
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.65 1.50 1.65 1.65 1.00 1.65
1.08
1.07
2.58
2.57
1.68 1.00 0.70 0.75 1.78 1.00 0.65 1.00 1.78 0.75 0.70 1.00 1.83 2.65 1.83 1.00 0.70 0.75 1.30 1.00 0.65 1.00 1.78 0.75 0.70 1.00 1.68
0.48
2.00
2.50
2.50
2.00
0.60 0.59 0.38
1.66 1.00 0.72 0.75 1.74 1.00 0.70 1.00 1.76 0.75 0.75 1.01 3.22 2.25 1.28 0.75 0.90 2.11 1.00 1.81 0.75 0.66 1.00 1.72
2.58
2.59
1.08
1.09
1.50 1.50 3.00 BED ROOM 1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.65 2.65 1.00 1.65
1.00 1.20
BED ROOM 1.20
2.35
2.35
1.00
1.00
1.20
1.00
3.30
3.30
BED ROOM BED ROOM CIRCULATION
0.90
3.00 4.00
4.00 4.00 1.20
BED ROOM BED ROOM
2.38
3.56
3.63
BED ROOM
2.85
2.85
2.85
2.85
BED ROOM
A
1.41
2.65
3.00
1.00 3.00 1.00
1.35
BALCONY
3.50
3.50
BALCONY
A
1.50
1.50
1.50
0.66
2.41
2.34
1.59
1.00
1.00
1.65 2.00 1.20 2.00 1.45 0.70 2.00 2.18 2.00 3.63 1.00 2.13 0.75 1.53 1.50 1.60 2.00 1.20 2.00 1.65
2.65 3.20 4.15 4.18 8.13 2.65 3.35 3.20 2.65
34.15
FIGURE 3d SECOND FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:100

34.15
3.33 1.73 2.65 6.40 5.95 3.20 3.20 2.65 1.82 3.23
1.00 1.83 1.33 4.30 2.28 1.72 1.98 5.30 1.98 2.55 1.45 4.30 1.42 1.73 1.00
1.00
BALCONY BALCONY
1.00
2.23
2.26
0.73
0.76
1.20
1.20
1.65 1.50 1.50 1.65
1.20
2.15
2.15
1.00
1.00
1.20 1.20
1.00
4.00 0.60 4.00

0.76
BED ROOM 2.50

BED ROOM
2.14
2.65
2.65
BED ROOM BED ROOM
3.39
3.35
0.90
3
1.3
3.00 3.00
1.00 1.00
BALCONY
3.35
3.35
BALCONY
1.94
1.50
1.13
1.13
3.00
3.00
2.61
1.11
2.60
1.10
BED ROOM
BALCONY
BED ROOM
BALCONY
1.50
1.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
1.00
1.00
3.00
BED ROOM
2.65
BED ROOM 3.00
BED ROOM
1.41
BED ROOM BED ROOM

2.85
2.85
2.85
2.85
3.56
3.56
2.31
3.00 3.00
BED ROOM
4.00
CIRCULATION
0.90
4.00 4.00 4.00

22.90
22.90
1.20
2.35
2.35
2.35
2.35
1.00
1.00
1.20 1.20 1.20
1.20 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.00 1.20
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.65 1.50 1.65 1.65 1.00 1.65
1.08
1.07
2.58
2.57
1.68 1.00 0.70 0.75 1.78 1.00 0.65 1.00 1.78 0.75 0.70 1.00 1.83 2.65 1.83 1.00 0.70 0.75 1.30 1.00 0.65 1.00 1.78 0.75 0.70 1.00 1.68
0.48
2.00
2.50
2.50
2.00
0.60 0.59 0.38
1.66 1.00 0.72 0.75 1.74 1.00 0.70 1.00 1.76 0.75 0.75 1.01 3.22 2.25 1.28 0.75 0.90 2.11 1.00 1.81 0.75 0.66 1.00 1.72
2.58
2.59
1.08
1.09
1.50 1.50 3.00 BED ROOM 1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.65 2.65 1.00 1.65
1.00 1.20
BED ROOM 1.20
2.35
2.35
1.00
1.00
1.20
1.00
3.30
3.30
BED ROOM BED ROOM CIRCULATION
0.90
3.00 4.00
4.00 4.00 1.20
BED ROOM
3.56
BED ROOM
2.38
3.63
BED ROOM
2.85
2.85
2.85
2.85
A BED ROOM
1.41
2.65
3.00
1.00 3.00 1.00
1.35
BALCONY
3.50
3.50
BALCONY
A
1.50
1.50
1.50
0.66
2.41
2.34
1.59
1.00
1.00
1.65 2.00 1.20 2.00 1.45 0.70 2.00 2.18 2.00 3.63 1.00 2.13 0.75 1.53 1.50 1.60 2.00 1.20 2.00 1.65
2.65 3.20 4.15 4.18 8.13 2.65 3.35 3.20 2.65
34.15
FIGURE 3e THIRD FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:100

A
A
FIGURE 3f ROOF PLAN SCALE 1:100

1 2 3 4 5 32.00
6 7 8 9 10
3.15 4.15 4.15 3.15 2.80 3.15 4.15 4.15 3.15
15x50 15x50
A P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 A
15x45
15x45
15x45
2.30
2.30
2.5
0
15x45
P11
15x45
15x45
15x45 15x45 P12
B P9 P10 B
1.85
1.85
15x45
15x50 P17 15x50
15x45
C P13
P14 P18 C
0.52
0.52
P15 P16
1.13
1.13
15x45
15x45
D P19 P20 P21
P22 P23 P24 15x45
P25 P26
P27 P28 D
15x45
1.50
1.50
15x50 15x50
15x45
15x45
15x50
15x50
15x45
E P29 P30 E
15x45
15x45
15x45
15x45
2.15
2.15
15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50
F P31 P32 P33 P34 P35 P36 P37 P38 P39 P40 F
20.75
20.75
15x45
15x50
15x45
15x45
15x45
15x45
15x45
15x45
15x45
15x50
2.50
2.50
15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50
G P41 P42 P43 P44 P45 P46 P47 P48 P49 P50 G
15x50
15x45
15x45
15x45
15x50
15x45
15x45
15x45
15x45
15x45
2.65
2.65
15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50
H P51 P52 P53 P54 P55 P56 P57 P58 P59 P60 H
15x45
15x45
15x45
15x45
15x45
15x45
15x45
2.50
2.50
5+15cm
15x45
15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50 15x50 P66 15x50
I P61 P62 P63 P64 P65 I
0.95
0.95
15x50
15x45
15x45
15x45
15x50
JA J
15x45
P71
15x50
15x50
15x45
15x45
1.20
1.20
15x50 P68 15x50 15x50 15x50
K K
15x45
P69 P70
A
15x45
15x45
15x45
15x45
1.50
1.50
P72 15x50 P73 15x50 P74 15x50 P75 15x50 P76 15x50 P77 15x50 15x50 15x50 P81
L 3.15 4.15 4.15 3.15 2.80 3.15 4.15 4.15 P80 3.15
L
32.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FIGURE 3g FIRST FLOOR FORM-WORK PLANSCALE 1:100
0.50
2.80 2.60
0.20
0.24
roofing sheet
2.10 0.70 2.10 0.70 2.10 0.66 2.35 0.75
0.20 0.20
5x5cm purline
earth
15x5 king post
0.30
+3m
FIGURE 3h
+6m
+0.00
+9m
+12m
+15.1m
0.30 0.40
2.80 2.80 2.80 2.60 3.10
0.20 0.20 0.20
0.40
section A-A 0.05

15x5cm rafter
0.15
0.12
1.38 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.38 1.62 2.60
15x5cm brace
15x5cm strut
2.45 2.45
0.55
0.65
floor screed
15x5cm tie beam
hardcore
SECOND FLOOR FORM-WORK PLAN
FIGURE 3j: APPROACH ELEVATION
SECOND
FIGUREFLOOR
3j: FORM-WORK
LEFT-SIDE PLAN
VIEW
BACK: ELEVATI
FIGURE 3k REAR ON VIEW
SECOND FLOOR FORM-WORK PLAN
FIGURE 3l : RIGHT-SIDE VIEW
3.2.2 Structural Designs.
This aspect of the design has to do with the load bearing members and weight induced members
that make up the structure. this member includes: foundations, columns, beams, roof, stairs etc.
this aspect of the design is very crucial because, if they are not well analyzed and handle, the
structure will not be safe to the occupants. Hence, in studying these structural members, the
researcher took into consideration the various safety precautions and procedures laid down by
experts in the studying of various structural members. The various structural members were
design to international standards. In this project, the researcher uses British standard (B. S.)
code 8110 for all reinforced concrete design.
TABLE 3.3: Characteristics of equipment and materials
S.N Material/equipment Characteristics

1 Concrete Fcu28═30Mpa
2 Steel fy═460Mpa
3 Cement Portland cement. fcj 42.5
4 Wood 12KN/m3
5 Sand ≤5mm grain size
6 Gravel 5mm≤size≤20mm
7 Dump Displacement pump
8 concrete mixer Tilting drum (T) of 3.5m3/hour

9 vibrator Poker vibrator with radius 1m
10 excavator Back actor
3.2: Method
This section brings out the methods used in data collection and analysis, the source of the data
gotten and the main topics for the study. Methodology is an important aspect because it shows
that the systematic steps have taken into consideration everything concerning the project. This
particular part brings out the data needs and requirement, data sources, methods of data
collection, methods of data analysis and the planning development project.
18
3.2.1) Data needs and requirements
The information we got was on policy and legal guidelines which comprised of zoning
adjustments and development control settings and/or information, planning standards for
various land uses, lessons from relevant case studies, location and historical development of
the project area, physical and environmental characteristics of the area and land use pattern of
the area.
3.2.2) Data sources

The sources of data gotten were both primary and secondary. The physical and environmental
characteristics of the area and the land use information were gathered through site analysis.
The major methods used to collect this data were observations and field sketching. Information
gotten through interviews of key informant was that of the zoning adjustments and
development control and it was specifically from some members of the administration who
were directly or indirectly involved in the construction of the already existing building.
3.2.3) Methods of data collection
 Methods for Primary data collection

 Site visit
 Site preparation
 Measurement of the site
 Topographic survey
 Type of soil through physical observation
 Water table level
 Drainage possibility and other obstacles that may hinder the progress of the project.
 The conception of the building.
 The design of the building.
 The quantity and the price estimate of materials.
 The labor cost for the realization.
 Tax levies on the project.
19
1) Site visit. We started by visiting the site to know its location, the type of tools to bring during
site investigation, and also the area of the land
2) Site preparation. This is the first task that lays before any Engineer starts a new project in
site that is unfriendly to the project. It is a challenging activity that you must begin with. After
site visit, we continued with site preparation. Under site preparation, we started with;
Site clearing: this is the first task of site preparation. The site should be in a supposed
condition. It involves the removal of trees, demolishing buildings and any other obstacles that
might affect the construction process in the future or hinder the project to be done.
Soil Testing: here, we did physical soil test by examining the soil through eye view. Soil testing
is a very important task that needs to be done before the site is purchased. The composition of
the soil must be known so as to examine the ability to withstand structure and to test the ability
to absorb water. As a site Engineer, it is very important to do all necessary soil testing before
commencing any structural task on the soil. If the soil at the site is not suitable for the future
project, then it gives no choice but to look for another site which its soil is suitable for the
project.
Site Plan Design: After the soil testing is done, the next step we did was to draw the design to
indicate placement of septic systems and all necessary fixtures. Nothing can be done without
designing the site. All features were drawn in hand or by using AutoCAD or ArchiCAD to
make easy for us to do our job. The site plan will show access roads for construction vehicles,
the site plan will also depict where the building should be after it is built.
Site investigation
After site plan design, the next step we took was geotechnical site investigation. Geotechnical
site investigation is to characterize soil, rock and groundwater condition of the proposed site.
A geotechnical site investigation is the process of collecting information and evaluating the
conditions of the site for the purpose of designing and constructing the foundation for a
structure, such as a building, plan or bridge. The steps taken to do Geotechnical site
investigation are as follows. Good planning for and management of a geotechnical site
investigation is the key to obtaining sufficient and correct site information for designing a
structure in a timely manner and with minimum cost for the effort needed.
Site Surveying: If your building block is not clearly identified by survey pegs, you cannot be
certain that you are building on the correct block. A surveyor will survey the site for a
reasonable cost. Better to be safe than sorry. Surveying is the translation of a contractor’s set
of construction plans into a physical representation on the project site. It not only includes
20
surveyors locating and setting physical markers, usually a lathe, pin, or survey stake in a
horizontal position, but also communication to the contractor as to the actual elevation and the
required cut or fill necessary to obtain the design elevation. Here, we used the survey
instrument (Theodolite) to determine the vertical and horizontal axis with the distances for
setting out.
 Methods of secondary data collection
This basically involved reading of books with related topics as to what concerns our project,
online research, journals and references from reports from previous researches on areas that
matter. We also consulted the legal documents guiding the dimensioning of the elements of a
building, for instance the BAEL. / BS
Methods of data analysis
This is the step whereby the data collected was arranged, classified, calculated and synthesized
for meaningful interpretation of findings. We analyzed qualitative data through logical
reasoning while quantitative data was analyzed using application software programs like Excel;
graphical data was analyzed by GIS tools like AutoCAD and ArchiCAD.
3.4.4. Study of the Purlin
The purlins are spaced at 90cm c/c see fig 3.4 below
Source: field work,

July 2023
21
Figure 3. 1:Action of loads per unit meter on the purlin
3.4.5. Load Evaluation
Permanent loads (G)
 Action of roofing sheets……………………………… 0.6 x 0.9 = 0.54kN/m
 Self-weight of purlin …………………………… 0.065 x 0.9 = 0.059kN/m
Therefore G = 0. 113 KN/m
Live loads (Q)
1.3 x 0.9 = 0.9 kN/M therefore Q = 1.17 kN/M
Therefore Pu/ml = 1.4G +1.6 Q
(1.4 x 0.113) + (1.6 X 1.17 = 2.03 KN/M
Pu/ml = G+Q  0.113 +1.17 = 1.283KN/M
Pu/ml = 1.283 KN/M
Obtaining the cross section of the purlin (Design is based on the serviceabilitylimit state)
Check for deflection; fperm  f lim .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ...... A
L 1500
  7.5mm
Where perm = 200 200 but L = 1.50m
5PL BH 3
f lim 
384EI Where P = 1.013 KN/M E = 1.1 x 104MPa and I = 12
Now, substituting in to A; 7.5 mm  5PL4 / 384EL. The unknown of this expression is I, so i
make I the subject of the formula.
 I  5 x 1.283 x 10-3 x (1500)4 / 7.5 x 1.1 x 104 x 384  I  809.393mm
Now considering the standard sizes of wood in our market, we shall select according to them.
Consider 50mm x 70mm section;
22
I = bh2/12  50 x 703/12 = 1429166/67,,
Therefore; 1429166.67 > 809.393  the section is very safe.
3.4.6. Study of the Rafter
The sketch below shows the load action on the rafters
Figure 3. 2:Action of load per unit meter on the rafter
3.4.7. Load Evaluation
The design is based on the ultimate limit state where; Pu/ml = 1.35G + 1.5Q
Action of roofing sheets………………………… 0.6 x 1.5 = 0.90KN/M
Weight of purlin………………………………2(0.065 x 0.90) = 0.117KN/M
Total G = 1.017
 Q = 1.3 x 1.5 = 1.95 KN/M, therefore Q = 1.95 KN/M
 PU/ml = (1.4 x 1.017) + (1.6 x 1.95) = 3.623KN/M
Therefore Pu = 3.623KN/M
23
Figure 3. 3:Mechanical sketch of the rafter
The rafter is made up of a system of knots and we shall consider that the rafter is lying on two
simple supports with a span of 13.87m.
3.4.8. Calculation of the Forces at the Summit of the Knots
Table 3. 4: calculation of forces on each knot
Source: field work,July 2023
3.4.9.Reaction of Walls on the Roof Truss

24
For equilibrium, RA + RQ = PL with P = 3.623KN/ml and L = 13.84m
pL 3623x1284
  25.071KN  RA  RQ  25.071Kn
By symmetry RA = RO = 2 2
Since the roof is symmetry, the author has decided to study only one side of the roof truss and
then reflect the results to the other side.
Figure 3. 4:The Half Symmetric Cremona Diagram
25
Table 3. 5: Value of forces in the members (KN)
3.4.10) Computing the sectional dimensions of the rafter
The wood chosen has the same resistance in tension and compression, so the maximum value
of the forces in the truss members (rafter, tie beam, brace and strut) will be used to dimension
the members. From the value of forces on the table the highest value on the beam and rafter is
87.55KN, while the highest on braces is 16.20 KN.
Table 3.6: Description of Roof Members
S.N DESIGNATION SECTION/CM2 LENGTH/M

1 Aluminum sheets 6/10 6
2 purlins 4x8 5
3 struts 4x15 5
4 braces 4x15 5
5 rafters 4x15 5
26
6 Tie beam 4x15 5
7 Gross braces 4x15 5
all wooding elements of the roof will be of the roof type azobe whose characteristics are as
follow
 relative density═1.05kg/m3
 volume mass═1050kg/m3
 compression stress sf═190Mpa
 limit of elasticity═1/200
 wind pressure, pw═60daN/m3
 surcharge (over load) ═60daN/m3
 tensile stresses st═120Mpa
 weights of zinc roofing sheet═3daN/m2
The wood will have to be supplied before the start of roof work. as soon as the wood is supplied,
it quality will be controlled. The wood will be treated against fungi attack.
Robber nails will be aluminum and protected with a flat robber band at contact with the zinc.
The joints are strengthened by nailing a piece of plank in the middle of the rafter which are
doubled.
THE DESIGN OF BEAMS
 Name ground floor beam

 Reference level 0.00 : ---
 Fire rating 6 (h)
 Maximum cracking : 0.30 (mm)
 Environnent class : moderate
 Concrete creep coefficient : p = 2.00
27
2 Beam: Beam23 Number: 1

Figure 3.5 Structural plan and structural loadings
28
2.1 Material properties:
 Concrete : C25 fcu = 25.00 (MPa)

Unit weight : 2447.32 (kG/m3)
 Longitudinal reinforcement : B500C fy = 500.00 (MPa)
 Transversal reinforcement : B500C fy = 500.00 (MPa)
 Additional reinforcement : : B500C fy = 500.00 (MPa)
2.2 Geometry :
2.2.1 Span Position L.supp. L R.supp.

(m) (m) (m)
P1 Span 0.30 2.85 0.30
Span length: Lo = 3.15 (m)
Section from 0.00 to 2.85 (m)
150 x 450 (mm)
without left slab
without right slab

(m) (m) (m)
P2 Span 0.30 3.85 0.30
150 x 450 (mm)
without left slab
without right slab

(m) (m) (m)
P3 Span 0.30 3.85 0.30
29
150 x 450 (mm)
without left slab
without right slab

(m) (m) (m)
P4 Span 0.30 2.85 0.30
150 x 450 (mm)
without left slab
without right slab

(m) (m) (m)
P5 Span 0.30 2.50 0.30
150 x 450, Offset (+ up, - down): 0 x -0 (mm)
without left slab
without right slab

(m) (m) (m)
P6 Span 0.30 2.85 0.30
150 x 450, Offset (+ up, - down): 0 x +0 (mm)
without left slab
without right slab
30
(m) (m) (m)
P7 Span 0.30 3.85 0.30
150 x 450 (mm)
without left slab
without right slab

(m) (m) (m)
P8 Span 0.30 3.85 0.30
150 x 450 (mm)
without left slab
without right slab

(m) (m) (m)
P9 Span 0.30 2.85 0.30
150 x 450 (mm)
without left slab
without right slab
2.3 Calculation options:
 Regulation of combinations : BS8110

 Calculations according to : BS 8110
 Precast beam : no
 Cover : bottom c = 25 (mm)
: side c1 = 25 (mm)
31
: top c2 = 25 (mm)
2.4 Calculation results:
2.4.1 Internal forces in ULS
Span Mtmax. Mtmin. Ml Mr Ql Qr

(kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m) (kN) (kN)
P1 19.58 -0.00 -10.48 -30.78 48.18 -62.43
P2 30.04 -0.00 -39.01 -46.27 72.83 -76.60
P3 30.01 -0.00 -46.78 -38.57 76.85 -72.58
P4 13.65 -0.00 -32.70 -19.77 59.84 -50.77
P5 11.70 -0.00 -18.97 -19.03 48.49 -48.54
P6 13.53 -0.00 -20.61 -32.10 51.27 -59.34
P7 30.09 -0.00 -39.37 -45.80 73.04 -76.38
P8 30.02 -0.00 -46.71 -38.63 76.81 -72.61
P9 19.88 -0.00 -31.61 -9.45 63.08 -47.53
32
Figure 3. 6: Bending moment and shear force Diagram
33
34
Figure 3.7 Beam section diagrams, field calculations, July 2023
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
DESIGN OF PILLARS
1 Level : 3.00m
 Name ground floor pillar

 Reference level : 0.00 (m)
 Fire rating : 0 (h)
 Environment class : mild
2 Column: Column83 Number: 1
2.1 Material properties:
 Concrete : C25 fcu = 25.00 (MPa)

Unit weight : 2447.32 (kG/m3)
 Longitudinal reinforcement : B500C fy = 500.00 (MPa)
 Transversal reinforcement : B500C fy = 500.00 (MPa)
2.2 Geometry:
2.2.1 Rectangular 150 x 300 (mm)

2.2.2 Height: L = 3.23 (m)
2.2.3 Slab thickness = 0.00 (m)
2.2.4 Beam height = 0.45 (m)
2.2.5 Cover = 30 (mm)
2.3 Calculation options :
 Calculations according to : BS 8110

 Precast column : no
 Pre-design : no
 Slenderness taken into account : yes
 Ties :to beam
43
 Non-sway structure
2.4 Loads:
Case Nature Group f N Myu Myl Myi Mzu Mzl Mzi

(kN) (kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
(kN*m)
DL1 dead load(Structural) 83 1.40 280.72 0.14 0.00 0.08 -0.37 0.00
-0.22
LL1 live load (Category A) 83 1.60 199.24 0.02 0.00 0.01 -0.24
0.00 -0.15
f - load factor
2.5 Calculation results:
2.5.1 ULS Analysis
Design combination: 1.40DL1+1.60LL1 (A)

Internal forces:
NSd = 711.79 (kN) MSdy = 0.23 (kN*m) MSdz = -0.91 (kN*m)
Design forces:
Upper node
NSd = 711.79 (kN) NSd*etotz = 0.23 (kN*m) NSd*etoty= -5.34 (kN*m)
2.5.1.1 Eccentricity:
Eccentricity: ez (My/N) ey (Mz/N)

Static ee: 0 (mm) -1 (mm)
II order eadd: 0 (mm) 0 (mm)
Minimal emin: 0 (mm) -8 (mm)
Total etot : 0 (mm) -7 (mm)
44
2.5.1.2 Detailed analysis-Direction Y:
2.5.1.2.1 Slenderness analysis
Non-sway structure
lo (m) le(m)
3.00 1.00 3.00
ley/h = 10.00 < 15.00 (10-7)

lez/b = 20.00 > 15.00 (10-7)
Short column
2.5.1.2.2 Buckling analysis
M2 = 0.23 (kN*m) M1 = 0.00 (kN*m)

Case: Cross-section at the column end (Upper node), Slenderness not taken
into account
M = 0.23 (kN*m)
emin = 0
Mmin = N*emin = 0.00 (kN*m)
Md = max (Mmin;M) = 0.23 (kN*m)
2.5.1.3 Detailed analysis-Direction Z:
M2 = 0.00 (kN*m) M1 = -0.91 (kN*m)

Case: Cross-section at the column end (Upper node), Slenderness not taken
into account
M = -0.91 (kN*m)
emin = max (20mm ; 0.05 *hz) = -8 (mm) (3.8.2.4)
hz = 150 (mm)
Mmin = N*emin = -5.34 (kN*m)
Md = max (Mmin;M) = -5.34 (kN*m)
45
2.5.2Reinforcement:
Real (provided) area Asr = 905 (mm2)

Ratio : = 2.01 %
2.6 Reinforcement :
Main bars :
 8 B500CC12 l = 3.20 (m)
Transversal reinforcement :
stirrups : 23 B500CC6 l = 0.82 (m)
3 Material survey :
 Concrete volume = 0.12 (m3)

 Formwork = 2.50 (m2)
 Steel B500C
 Total weight = 26.88 (kG)
 Density = 215.23 (kG/m3)
 Average diameter = 9.5 (mm)
 Reinforcement survey :
Diameter Length Weight Number Total weight

(m) (kG) (No.) (kG)
C6 0.82 0.18 23 4.18
C12 3.20 2.84 8 22.70
46
Figure 3.8 Column section diagrams, field calculations, July 2023
47
1 Spread footing: Foundation1 Number: 1
1.1 Basic data
1.1.1 Assumptions
 Geotechnic calculations according to : BS 8004

 Concrete calculations according to : BS EN1992-1-1:2004 NA:2005
 Shape selection : without limits
1.1.2 Geometry:
Figure 3.9 Footing section, field

calculations, July 2023
A = 0.70 (m) a = 0.30 (m)

B = 0.70 (m) b = 0.20 (m)
h1 = 0.25 (m) ex = 0.00 (m)
h2 = 0.20 (m) ey = 0.00 (m)
h4 = 0.05 (m)
a' = 200 (mm)

b' = 200 (mm)
cnom1 = 60 (mm)
cnom2 = 60 (mm)
Cover deviations: Cdev = 10(mm), Cdur = 0(mm)
48
1.1.3 Materials
 Concrete : C30 ; Characteristic strength = 24.00
MPa
Unit weight = 2501.36 (kG/m3)
Rectangular stress distribution [3.1.7(3)]
 Longitudinal reinforcement : type B500C Characteristic
strength = 500.00 MPa
Ductility class: C
Horizontal branch of the stress-strain
diagram
 Transversal reinforcement : type B500C Characteristic
strength = 500.00 MPa
 Additional reinforcement: : type Characteristic strength =
460.00 MPa
1.1.4 Loads:
Foundation loads:
Case Nature Group N Fx Fy Mx My
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kN*m) (kN*m)
DL1 dead load 1 138.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LL1 live load 1 150.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Backfill loads:
Case Nature Q1
(kN/m2)
1.1.5 Combination list
1/ SLS : 1.00DL1+1.00LL1
49
2/ SLS : 1.00DL1
3/ SLS : 1.00DL1+0.80LL1
4/* ULS : 1.35DL1+1.50LL1
5/* ULS : 1.35DL1
6/* ULS : 1.00DL1+1.50LL1
7/* ULS : 1.00DL1
8/* SLS : 1.00DL1+1.00LL1
9/* SLS : 1.00DL1
10/* SLS : 1.00DL1+0.50LL1
11/* SLS : 1.00DL1+0.30LL1
1.2 Geotechnical design
1.2.1 Assumptions
Foundation design for:

• Capacity
• Rotation
• Sliding
• Sliding with soil pressure considered: none
• Uplift
• Average settlement
1.2.2 Soil:
Soil level: N1 = 0.00 (m)

Column pier level: Na = 0.00 (m)
Minimum reference level: Nf = -0.50 (m)
1. gravelly clays
• Soil level: 0.00 (m)
• Thickness: 1.50 (m)
• Unit weight: 2090.42 (kG/m3)
50
• Unit weight of solid: 2732.84 (kG/m3)
• Internal friction angle: 18.0 (Deg)
• Cohesion: 0.09 (MPa)
2. rock flour
• Soil level: -1.50 (m)
• Thickness: 1.00 (m)
• Unit weight: 2141.40 (kG/m3)
• Unit weight of solid: 2702.25 (kG/m3)
• Internal friction angle: 18.0 (Deg)
• Cohesion: 0.07 (MPa)
1.2.3 Limit states

Stress calculations
Soil type under foundation: not layered
Design combination SLS : 1.00DL1+1.00LL1
Load factors: 1.00 * Foundation weight
1.00 * Soil weight
Calculation results: On the foundation level
Weight of foundation and soil over it: Gr = 5.06 (kN)
Design load:
Nr = 293.06 (kN) Mx = -0.00 (kN*m) My = 0.00 (kN*m)
Load eccentricity:
eB = 0.00 (m) eL = 0.00 (m)
Equivalent foundation dimensions: B_ = 0.70 (m) L_ = 0.70 (m)
Foundation depth: Dmin = 0.45 (m)
Coefficients of load capacity:
N = 2.08
Nc = 13.10
Nq = 5.26
Inclination factors:
i = 1.00
ic = 1.00
51
iq = 1.00
Shape coefficient:
s = 0.60
sc = 1.40
sq = 1.31
Foundation coefficients:
d = 1.00
dc = 1.26
dq = 1.20
Soil profile parameters:
C = 0.09 (MPa)
= 18.0
= 2090.42 (kG/m3)
Stress in soil: 0.60 (MPa)
Design soil pressure 0.69 (MPa)
Safety factor: 1.154 > 1
Uplift
Uplift in SLS
Design combination: SLS : 1.00DL1
1.00 * Soil weight
Contact area: s = 2.33
slim = 1.00
Sliding
Design combination SLS : 1.00DL1

1.00 * Soil weight
Design load:
52
Nr = 143.06 (kN) Mx = -0.00 (kN*m) My = 0.00 (kN*m)
Equivalent foundation dimensions: A_ = 0.70 (m) B_ = 0.70 (m)
Sliding area: 0.49 (m2)
Foundation/soil friction coefficient: tg( = 0.32
Cohesion: C = 0.09 (MPa)
Sliding force value F = 0.00 (kN)
Value of force preventing foundation sliding:
- On the foundation level: F(stab) = 88.62 (kN)
Stabilility for sliding:
Average settlement
Soil type under foundation: Layered

1.00 * Soil weight
Average stress caused by design load: q = 0.60 (MPa)
Thickness of the actively settling soil: z = 2.80 (m)
Stress on the level z:
- Additional: zd = 0.02 (MPa)
- Caused by soil weight: z = 0.07 (MPa)
Settlement:
- Original s' = 14 (mm)
- Secondary s'' = 0 (mm)
- TOTAL S = 14 (mm) < Sadm = 50 (mm)
Settlement difference

1.00 * Soil weight
53
Settlement difference: S = 0 (mm) < Sadm = 50 (mm)
Safety factor:
Rotation
About OX axis
Design combination SLS : 1.00DL1
1.00 * Soil weight
Design load:
Nr = 143.06 (kN) Mx = -0.00 (kN*m) My = 0.00 (kN*m)
Stability moment: Mstab = 50.07 (kN*m)
Rotation moment: Mrenv = 0.00 (kN*m)
Stability for rotation:
About OY axis
Design combination: SLS : 1.00DL1
1.00 * Soil weight
Design load:
Nr = 143.06 (kN) Mx = -0.00 (kN*m) My = 0.00 (kN*m)
Stability moment: Mstab = 50.07 (kN*m)
Rotation moment: Mrenv = 0.00 (kN*m)
Stability for rotation:
1.3 RC design
1.3.1 Assumptions
 Exposure : X0
 Structure class : S1
54
1.3.2 Analysis of punching and shear
Punching
Design combination ULS : 1.35DL1+1.50LL1

1.35 * Soil weight
Design load:
Nr = 418.13 (kN) Mx = -0.00 (kN*m) My = 0.00 (kN*m)
Length of critical circumference: 1.68 (m)
Punching force: 239.87 (kN)
Section effective height heff = 0.18 (m)
Reinforcement ratio: = 0.21 %
Shear stress: 0.79 (MPa)
Admissible shear stress: 1.62 (MPa)
1.3.3 Required reinforcement

Too small bar diameter, incompatible with the code requirements, has been
used in the pier.: 6 mm < 12 mm
Spread footing:
bottom:
ULS : 1.35DL1+1.50LL1
My = 17.64 (kN*m) Asx = 332 (mm2/m)
ULS: 1.35DL1+1.50LL1
Mx = 23.04 (kN*m) Asy = 438 (mm2/m)
55
As min = 234 (mm2/m)
top:
A'sx = 0 (mm2/m)
A'sy = 0 (mm2/m)
As min = 0 (mm2/m)
Column pier:
Longitudinal reinforcement A = 121 (mm2) A min. = 120 (mm2)
A = 2 * (Asx + Asy)
Asx = 23 (mm2) Asy = 38 (mm2)
1.3.4 Provided reinforcement
Spread footing:
Bottom:
Along X axis:
3 B500C C10 l = 1.13 (m) e = 1*-0.23 + 2*0.23
Along Y axis :
4 B500C C10 l = 1.07 (m) e = 1*-0.25 + 3*0.17
Pier
Longitudinal reinforcement
Along X axis:
2 B500C C10 l = 0.94 (m) e = 1*-0.06 + 1*0.13
Along Y axis:
2 B500C C10 l = 1.15 (m) e = 1*-0.01 + 1*0.03
Transversal reinforcement
3 B500C C6 l = 0.70 (m) e = 1*0.19 + 2*0.08
Dowels
Longitudinal reinforcement
56
4 B500C C10 l = 0.91 (m) e = 1*-0.04 + 1*0.08
Transversal reinforcement
3 B500C C6 l = 0.59 (m) e = 1*0.51 + 2*0.15
2 Material survey :
 Concrete volume = 0.13 (m3)

 Formwork = 0.90 (m2)
 Steel B500C
 Total weight = 10.41 (kG)
 Density = 77.40 (kG/m3)
 Average diameter = 9.2 (mm)
 Survey according to diameters :
Diameter Length Number:

(m)
C6 0.59 3
C6 0.70 3
C10 0.91 4
C10 0.94 2
C10 1.07 4
C10 1.13 3
C10 1.15 2
57
Figure 3.10 Footing layout, field calculations, July 2023
58
DESIGN OF STAIRS
Figure 3.11: Plan and section of staircase, Source : Field work, July 2023
Characteristics of stair
Design data
Effective span (L) =4.17m
Total rises (TR) =1.50m
Going (g) =30cm
Riser (r) =15cm
Imposed load =3.00KN/m2

59
Density of concrete =24.00KN/m3
fcu = 30N/mm2
Waist (h) =12cm
fy= 460N/mm2
concrete cover =20mm
Fire resistance =1.5H
Maximum size of aggregates =20mm.
Effective depth (d)=108mm
Number of steps = TR/r =1.50/0.15 =10steps
Determination of the design load (F) in KN
Dead load for step (Gks)
Area of triangle =1/2 x G x r=1/2x0.3x0.15=0.02m2
Gks =24x1.5x0.02x10=8.10KN
Dead load for waist (Gkw)
60
X=√ [(L) 2 + (TR) 2]
X=√ [(4.17)2 + (1.5)2] =4.43m
Gkw =24x1.5x4.43x0.12=19.13KN
Total Gk =Gks +Gkw=8.10 +19.13=278.23KN
Imposed load (Qk) =5.0x1.5x4.17=18.74KN
F =1.4Gk +1.6Qk=1.4(27.23) +1.6(18.74)=68.10KN
Determination of the bending moment
Since the staircase will be cast in-situ, therefore
M=FL/10, (68.10x4.17)/10 =28.37KNm
28.37KNm
Figure 3.12 Mechanical sketch of staircase Source: field work, july 2023
K=M/bd2fcu = (28.37x106)/1500 (108)2x30=0.054
K<k1, i.e. 0.054<0.156, implies singly reinforced section
Z =d [0.5+√ (0.25-k/0.9)]=d [0.5+√ (0.25-0.054/0.9)]
Z=0.94d,
61
Since 0.94d< 0.95d,Z =0.94d
: 0.94(108) =101.52mmZ=101.52mm
As =M/0.78fy Z, As = (28. 37x106)/ (0.87x460x101.52)
As = 695.70mm2/m width
Choice of steel: T12@ 150mm c/c (As=754mm2/m width)
Transversal distribution reinforcement
As =0.24bh/100
: (0.24x1000x120)/100 =288.00 mm2/m
As = 288.00mm2/m width
Choice of steel: T10@ 175mm c/c (As=449.00 mm2/m width)
Figure 3. 13: Reinforcement sketch of stair way Source: field work, July 2023
62
CHAPTER FOUR
PROJECT INPLEMENTATION
4.1. Study of Other Items of the Project
4.2. Project planning and scheduling
Time as well as money is an important factor for job control. To better manage these two, we
need to preview and coordinate the resources available on the site. We deemed it necessary to
do proper planning and scheduling in advance, consider average output of worker. This will
avoid confusions and disorder. Any planning produce in an imagination of what is likely to be.
But by the critical examination of collected and used information, this information becomes
much more calculated. This is reliable to solve problems and possible delays in the project.
4.2.1. Objective
The objectives of planning are to see the different problems and delay that may occur in the
course of the project,
To control the progress of work and to establish a link between different operations.
63
To achieve the said object, we need to use the PERT Network (program Evaluation and Review
Technique). GANT diagram and a manpower diagram in such a way that the construction of
the structure will be well managed to a maximum profit with limited resources but however,
the pert is omitted from this studies.
4.2.2. Definition of Terms and Symbols
a. Activity: An activity is the performance of a specific task. It is represented with an

arrow of any shape.
b. Joint: This is a point where arrow lips stand and end, it determines the summit of
activities.
c. Network: this is the combination of activities
d. Dummy activity (imaginary task): It is an activity with zero duration. It is used to show
the interrelation between activities. It consumes no materials and no manpower.
e. Duration: this is the estimated time, expressed in any desired units required to perform
an activity.
f. Critical path: It defines the commanding activity whose total margin(TM) in zero.
g. Margin: it is the time laps which an activity can be delayed without affecting the
contractual duration of the project.
h. Earliest Start (ES): This is the earliest time that an activity can start.
i. Latest start (LS): This is the latest time that an activity can start without delaying the
completion of the project.
j. Earliest finish (EF): This is the earliest time that any activity can finish. It is in the
earliest starting time plus the duration EF = ES +D
k. Latest finish (LF): This is the latest time an activity can be finished without delaying
the completion of the project LF= LS+D
l. Total float (TF): This is the amount of time that the start or finish of an activity can be
delayed without delaying the completion of a project TF=LF-EF=LS-
ES
64
m. Free Float: This is the amount of time that the start or finish of an activity can be
delayed. FF = ES- EF
65
Table 4. 1: Logical sequence of activities
S/N Description Task Pre. Duration No of Ranking

Task in months workers
PRELIMINARY WORK
1 work studies A / 1 4 1
2 Clearance of vegetable soil, supply of B / 1 7 1
material and equipment
3 Temporal installation of electricity and C B 1 4 2
water and site offices
FOUNDATION
1 Moulding of blocks and leveling of the D A 3 10 2
site
2 Setting out of foundation, excavation E CD 3 18 3
and realization.
GROUND FLOOR
1 Construction of walls, casting of pillars, F E 5 10 4
beams, lintel of the ground floor
2 Preparing and decking of the balcony G F 2 8 5
floor.
3 Construction of the stair cast H F 1 4 5
FIRST FLOOR
1 Construction of walls of the first floor I GD 3 7 6
2 Casting of the pillars, beams and lintel J H 3 7 5
of the first floor
CARPENTRY WORKS
1 Roofing K JI 2 5 7
2 Nogging of ceiling of the first floor L 2 6 8
3
66
Placing of electrical and plumbing pipes, M I 4 10 7
plastering, flooring placing of doors and
windows.
Electrical wiring, sanitary connection N M 2 4 8
Trilling O M 4 7 8
Drainage realization P K 2 6 9
Painting Q O 2 6
Folding up and general cleaning R PQNL 1 12 10
67
Figure 4.1:PERT NETWORK DIAGRAM Source : Field work, July 2023
59
Figure 4.2: GANTT chart Source : Field work, July 2023
59
Figure 4.3: The adjusted manpower on GANTT chart Source: Field work, July 2023
68
Figure 45: The man power diagram
69
Figure 47:The man power curve
70
4.3: Technical Specification
4.31. Introduction
This piece of technical specification has to do with the construction of a student hostel at the
locality of Mile 2 in Limbe the chief town of the northwest region
4.3.2. Generalities
This descriptive notes and technical specifications are drawn up for the purpose of execution
of a hostel. This handbook is for those to execute, supervise and the client, to direct and guide
them towards quality, choice of materials, method of job execution and conditions of
execution in order to achieve its goal. Building materials concerned are generally what is
accepted in the construction industry and only qualified technicians are required to transform
these materials into structure clearly shown on the working drawings as its aesthetics is also
very much dependent on the manipulation of the carefully chosen materials
4.3.3. Foundation
Introduction
Loadings in buildings consist of the wind, dead and imposed loads which exert a downward
pressure upon the soil on which the structure is founded and this in turn promotes a reactive
force in the form of an upward pressure from the soil. The building then lies between this two
opposite forces and the structure must be well design to resist the resultant stresses set up within
the structural members and the general building fabric. The supporting sub soil must be able to
develop sufficient reactive force to give stability to the structure to prevent differential
settlement.
4.5. Soil Investigation
Soil investigation is a means to obtain data regarding the properties and characteristics of
subsoil by providing samples for testing and providing a means to access for visual inspection.
The nature of the soil, type, and characteristic must be known in other to determine the type of
71
foundation and the kind of structure that can be suitable for the said site. Due to lack of
equipment, the soil test that was carried out was so limited but by observation during
feasibilities studies in the site, we found out that the soil type was cohesive soil with a bearing
capacity of. 43 tons/m2
4.5.1. Contact Pressure
The contact pressure under a foundation will be governed by the nature of the soil and the
rigidity of the foundation and since in practice, largest structures have a rigid foundation which
the contact pressure distribution is not uniform. In cohesive soil which was the one I found on
the proposed project site, there is a tendency for high stresses to occur at the edges which is
usually reduced slightly by the yielding of the clay soil. Non cohesive soils give rise to a
parabolic contact pressure distribution with increasing edge pressure as the depth below ground
level of the foundation increases.
4.5.2. Plastic Failure
This is a form of failure which can occur in cohesive soils if the ultimate bearing
capacity of the soil reached or exceeded. As the load on a foundation is increased, the stresses
within the soil also increase until all resistance settlement has been overcome.
4.5.3. Foundation Types
 Strip foundation. This type of foundation is design for light loadings particularly in
domestic buildings. Heavier loadings can sometimes be founded on a reinforced concrete strip
foundation.
 Pad or isolated foundation. Common methods of providing the foundation for the
column of framed structures and for supporting member of portal frames.
 Combined foundation. If sufficient plan area cannot be achieved by using a continuous

column foundation a combined column foundation could be considered. This form of
foundation consists of a reinforced concrete slap placed at right angles to the line of columns
linking together an outer or perimeter column to inner column’ In this project we have decided
to use pad or isolated foundation because the structure is a frame and it is going to transmit
72
point load to the bearing soil and a pad foundation is also good because of its flexibility under
load and can resist earth movement and differential settlement. The contractor in charge of the
execution must make careful studies of the working drawings. Visit the site and bring up points
not understood to the project owner for a clarification before making simplified drawings and
before the project begins. The architect will choose the best contractor for the client.
4.6. Preliminary Works
4.6.1. Connection to Utility Networks Water:

The source of water shall be Mile 2 community water. When the community water project is
not available, the project owner shall be responsible for a constant supply of water.
 Sanitation
The contractor shall be in charge of excavating a pit toilet that can be used by the
technicians/operators and shall also provide rooms for parking, refreshment and even housing
of workers.
 Safety of Workers and Others

Nails, bolts or projections should immediately be removed from used formworks, if
they are to be used again. Otherwise, the forms should be burnt immediately or stored at a
distance from the building site, in a place that is not accessible to the public. The work safety
conditions must be strictly respected on daily bases, that is, workers must put on their helmets,
boots, overall, hand gloves etc. In case the contractor does not provide the workers with these
majors, the workers are responsible for.
 protection of structure and materials
The contractor shall be responsible for protection of structure before final reception. He shall
be equally responsible for all tools and materials present at the job site. He shall employ a day
or night watch and seek for insurance cover for him in case of fire accident.
73
 PRECAUTION AGAINST ACCIDENTS
The contractor shall take all preventive measures against. The client reserves the right
to intervene in case of emergency without necessary interfering with the responsibility of the
contractor.
4.6.2. Works to be Executed
 Examine the site
The contractor is strongly advised to examine the site carefully and to ascertain for
himself the nature thereof and the kind of materials to be excavated.
 Site clearance
Before commencing the excavations, the contractor is to clear the site of all the
rubbish, grub-up bushes, shrubs, etc and to remove these, Trees must be cleared as directed by
the supervisor. All holes must be filled with soil and rammed well.
 Vegetable soil
Vegetable soil has to be removed. Excavation and leveling shall be carried out
manually using pick axes, spades and sledge hammers. The depth of the area to carry out the
structure shall be in accordance to the other existing buildings and final construction of the site
stores and temporary fence to prevent unauthorized visitors.
Note; great care is to be taken to ensure that the top soil is not mixed with any inferior sub-
soil or material that shall be used for backfilling.
 Setting out
This activity shall be carried out by the structural engineer. He/she shall use either a
water level or any other leveling tool or instrument.
 Excavation for foundations
It shall be to the widths and depths indicated on the drawings. It shall be excavated to obtain
the hard soil with good resistance to bear the block work foundation. The contractor shall draw
74
supervisor’s attention to any bad ground which maybe encountered on the site. All roots shall
be removed completely. If the contractor excavates to any width or depth greater than those
shown on the drawing or as instructed by supervisor, he shall fill such excess with concrete at
his own expense to the satisfaction of the supervisor. All bottoms of excavations shall be
rammed.
 SEPTIC TANK
Tanks are to be constructed with dimension of 3x2x2.5 giving a total volume of 15 cubic meter
with a main chamber of a size as specified on drawings. It foundations are to be not less than
150mm thick in concrete of ratio 1:2:4. External walls are to be 20cm thick filled cement block
whereas partition walls are to be 15cm thick filled cement block. Tanks are to be constructed
with 45x60cm inspection chamber at inlet 45x60cm distribution chamber and at outlet. Main
chambers are to be separated with 8cm concrete cast in-situ. All walls and bottoms inside and
outside are to be rendered in 1.5cm waterproof rendering, trowel led smooth. Cover for tank is
to be 15cm concrete slab (1:1.5:3) reinforced according to drawing. The tanks in every respect
are to comply with the requirements of the Local Health Authority. Note; all gradient shall be
minimum 20% and inspection chambers constructed at every junction.
 TESTING OF SEPTIC TANKS
Septic tanks and other chambers shall be tested by filling with water after completion
of backfilling. Others tests may be smoke, air amongst others
 SOAKAWAY PITS
Soakaway pits are to be constructed to the dimensions and general arrangement

detailed in the project drawings, with a minimum dimension of 2.50m in diameter and 5.50m
deep from the outlet pipe. The soak away pits are to be lined from the top to a minimum depth
of 1.20m with stones. Cover to pits is to be 15cm concrete slab (1:1.5:3) reinforced according
to drawings. The pits in every respect are to comply with the requirements of the Local Health
Authority.
75
4.6.3 Foundation works
All bottoms of foundation footing and trenches shall be levelled with a layer of
blinding concrete (5cmthick) immediately after excavation. The lean concrete shall be dosed
at 150kg/m3.
 Reinforcement: Before any concrete works begin, the site engineer must ensure that
concrete cover to reinforcements are respected with the help of biscuit blocks. The
minimum cover to footings shall be 50mm and the foundation pillars shall be realized
before foundation walls of 20x20x40cm filled cement blocks. The mortar used shall
consist of one part of cement to three parts of sand by volume and mixed on an approved
mix and only the quantity required at a time should be mixed.
Note: the mortar should never be stronger than the block and the mortar beds and joints
should be 20mm in thickness.
 Formwork
The formwork for the foundation columns as well as any other R C works shall be of sufficient
strength and rigidity to resist the dead load of concrete and all temporary live loads imposed
during construction and shall be true to the shape and dimensions as indicated on the detailed
drawings. It shall also be sufficiently tight to prevent leakage or loss of grout or mortar.
Connections shall be constructed to permit easy removal of the shuttering and secure against
any distortion during consolidation of concrete. The surface of the formwork in contact with
the concrete shall be watered and treated with approved mould oil. Care shall be taken that
such oil is kept out of contact with the reinforcement. All formwork is to be approved by the
supervisor before the placing of concrete.
 Reinforced concrete
The skeleton (framework) of this building constitutes R.C beams and pillars, which
must be cast in-situ designed according to B S 8110 code of practice and all batching shall be
done by weight or volume, closely supervised by the supervisor in charge. Mixing,
transportation, placing and vibration of all concrete works shall be done manually. A
percentage loss due to waste, mixing and settlement has been envisaged in the quantities which
is 5.79%.
76
 Sand: shall be free from oxide, organic material of animal or plant origin. It shall be
quarrying sand and nothing else and it sizes ranging from 0.08mm to 50mm for mortar.
 Gravel: same source as sand and any tiny layer of fine dust shall be removed through
washing.
 Water: to be used for mortar, concrete and aggregates shall be as clean as drinking
water and also free from salts
 Cement: To be used shall be DANGOTE of class CPJ42.5. Cement other than the one
mentioned shall receive the approval of the Engineer before used. Storage on the
building site shall be done on a dry and ventilated base.
 Rod: Shall be high strength rough and smooth bars in accordance with B S 8110.
 Formwork: Softwood that can bear the load and pressure of green concrete, the effect
of wind and weight of workers involved during setting up without any noticeable
distortion.
4.6.4. Mixing of concrete

No concrete work is to be done without the prior consent of the supervisor, and not until the
reinforcement has been approved by the supervisor and the local authorities. The batching shall
be done manually or mechanically. All reinforced concrete works shall be dosed at 350kg/m 3,
mass concrete dosed at 300kg/m3 and lean concrete dosed at150kg/m3. The water cement ratio
to be used for R C shall be 0.59and mass concrete shall be 0.70. To respect all the above named
w/c, all the constituent material should be completely dry.
4.6.5. Placing of concrete.
All concrete must be efficiently handled and used in the works within 30minutes of
mixing. It shall be discharged from the mixing station direct into buckets or wheel barrows and
shall be distributed by approved means, which do not cause segregation. Where concrete is to
be laid on hardcore, the base shall be suitable and sufficiently wetted before concrete is
deposited.
4.6.6. Vibration
Mechanical vibration with an approved type insertion shall be carried out if required.
Only experienced people must operate the vibrator. No internal vibrator shall be permitted to
remain in any position for more than ten seconds and it shall be withdrawn very slowly from
77
the concrete. Note vibrators shall not be used to remove concrete from place to place in the
formwork.
4.6.7. Curing
The curing of the concrete must receive particularly careful attention. Care must be
taken that no concrete is allowed to become prematurely dry and fresh concrete must be
protected within two hours of placing from rain, sun and wind. Protection of concrete shall be
a layer of sacking or other suitable absorbent material of the maximum width obtainable
secured against wind. The concrete, formwork, and covering shall be kept constantly wet for
the first seven days after casting.
4.6.8. Striking of formwork
No formwork shall be strike without the prior consent of the supervisor. The formwork shall
be carefully removed without such shocks as will damage the concrete. The following
minimum striking time shall be strictly;
 Sides of beams, lintels and columns 4days

 Soffit boards 14days
4.7. Normal finish to structural concrete
After removal of shuttering, the face of exposed concrete is to be rubbed immediately

to remove fins or other irregularities. In the event of parts of the concrete being honey combed,
such portions are to be cut to a depth and shape required by the supervisor and made up with
finder concrete of equal strength in such a manner as shall be directed.
Foundation walls
It shall be of 20x20x40cm filled cement blocks laid over a layer of 50mm thick
blinding concrete. It shall be constructed to a depth of one meter and later receive a ground
beam of 20x35cm.
4.7.1. Backfilling/compaction
78
No filling shall be done, until the foundation and wall bases have been inspected and
approved by the supervisor. Levels specified to be made up with surplus soil etc are to be filled
in with selected soil free from vegetable growth to the approval of the supervisor, and to laid
in layers not exceeding 30cm of thickness, each layer to be watered, thoroughly rammed,
consolidated and level. No borrow-pit will be allowed to be opened on the site.
4.7.2. Hardcore filling
It is to be formed on clean, hard, broken stone that will pass in all directions through a 20cm
diameter ring. Only sufficient smaller pieces and sand is to be mixed with the hardcore so as
to fill all void so that it can be well compacted. Before pouring concrete, the hardcore must be
well leveled and graded to falls as required, blinded with finely crushed material, well rolled
and thoroughly wetted.
 Ground floor concrete
Lay over ground floor area of the building of a layer of 10cm thick dosed at 300kg/m3.
The layer is to be laid over the hardcore filling previously described.
 Skeletal structure
All pillars, beams and decks shall be realized in R C dosed at 350kg/m3 before
masonry works. The soffit boards for beams and slabs shall only be release after 28days of
effective curing before any load is apply on.
4.8 Roof
 Woodwork: trusses of eucalyptus or other hardwood agreed by the Engineer shall

compose of single rafter of 50x150mm sheets nails equipped with gaskets and
bituminous rubbers. Projection of roof shall be 1m. They shall also be painted with two
coats of blue oil paint.
 Angle ridging: Shall be 15cm wide and of high rib aluminum sheets.
 Ceiling: Shall be of 4mm thick plywood fastened on a timber joist of 50x50mm and
treated as above. The spaces for ceiling joist panels shall be 60x120cm. Eaves shall be
equipped with wire mesh ventilation holes and flat metal sheets as ceiling material.
79
CARPENTRY AND JOINERY
Timber will be gotten locally, well-seasoned and shall be free from shakes, defects,
insects attack and dry rods. All doorframes are of hardwood panel timber whereas eucalyptus
or any local hardwood could be used.
4.8.2. Openings
 Windows: All the windows shall be of aluminum as shown on the working drawing.
They shall be received on site by the supervisor before fitting is carried out. They shall
also be fitted after plastering and dimension respected as stated on the detail estimates.
 Doors: All the internal doors shall be of seasoned hardwood properly finished
respecting the dimensions on the working drawings. They shall be received on site by
the supervisor before fitting is carried out. The wood used for the opening works should
be mahogany, dry wood (15-20% humidity). All external doors shall be of metal.
 Balusters: All the verandas of the building shall be enclosed with metallic balusters
excluding the main entrances. The balusters will be that shown in the construction
drawing or any equivalent as accepted by the project owner.
 Tiling
All floors, verandahs, balconies, kitchen walls and toilet walls shall be tiled. Those
for kitchen and toilet walls shall be ceramic tiles of size 20x30cm while those for floors shall
be mirror tiles of size 60x60cm except toilet which shall be of ceramic floor tiles of
size20x20cm. All floor tiles shall be laid over a layer of 26mm cement sand screed of ratio
(1:3) and cement paste mixed with cement Cole of ratio (1:1). Only CEMENCAM will be used
and nothing else. All joins shall be sealed with paste or cement grout.
Electricity
Cables of 2.5mm2 shall be used for sockets while cables of 1.5mm2 shall be used for
lightening. All shall run in 11mm conduit pipes and switches embedded in walls. Television
cables shall be provided in each bedroom and sitting rooms.
4.8.3. Plumbing/Fittings
The application for this portion of work should be followed as seen in the cost estimates.
 Painting
80
The contractor must carefully examine the surface to be painted before work begins. All walls
shall be received a layer of white wash (quicklime), on plastered surfaces. After this, all internal
walls shall be given two coats of pantex 800 whereas external walls with pantex1300. The
plywood and others wooden works like frames, shutters etc shall be vanish. Also, all metal
works, roofing sheets, iron doors, protectors, etc shall receive two coats of oil paint approved
by the Control Engineer after two primary coats of antirust for metal surfaces. The final color
for this proposed building shall be blue and cream white over ox blood skirting of 30cm from
floor level.
4.8.4. Gutters
A gutter of 40cm wide 30cm deep shall be provided all round the building except where the
Control Engineer decides. The sides of the gutter and the floors shall be constructed of concrete
10cm thick. The floor and wall shall be further smoothened with cement paste and the slope of
10% on both directions for the drainage of water.
4.8.4. Pavement
Only the foot path shall be paved, using shape black stone and the joints fill with mortar of
1:1.5 or any other material chosen by the client.
81
Table 4. 2: Bills of quantities and estimate
BILLS OF QUANTITIES AND COST ESTIMATES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A G+ 3

STUDENT HOSTEL AT MILE 2 LAYOUT, LIMBE I SUBDIVISION, FAKO DIVISION, SWR
Unit Cost AMOUNT
S/N Unit Qty
DESCIPTION (FCFA) (FCFA)
100: PRELIMINARY WORKS
101 Site installation Ls 1 200,000 200,000
102 Leveling of the site Ls 1 400,000 400,000
SOUS-TOTAL 100 600,000
200: EARTH WORKS
201 Setting out of building Ls 1.0 300,000 300,000
202 Excavation of trenches and footings m3 286.0 1,500 429,000
203 Backfilling of the foundation m3 178.7 1,000 178,700
SUB TOTAL 200 907,700
300: FOUNDATIION
301 Blinding concrete dosed at 150kg/mᶾ m3 9.80 60,000 588,000
302 Reinforced concrete for footings, half pillars and m3
ground beam dosed at 350kg/mᶾ 45.65 180,000 8,217,000
303 Foundation walls of frog filled blocks of m²
20x20x40cm 69.42 8,500 590,070
304 Reinforced concrete slab of 10cm on the floor m² 133.68 20,000 2,673,600
SUB TOTAL 300 16,068,670
400:MASONRY - ELEVATION OF
GROUND FLOOR
401 Blocks of 15x20x40cm for elevation of walls m² 500.00 8,000 4,000,000
402 Plastering of ground floor walls d=400kg/mᶾ m² 2167.00 2,500 5,417,500
403 Plastering of ground floor decking d=400kg/mᶾ m² 856.00 3,200 2,739,200
404 Reinforced concrete for pillars, lintels and beams m3 36.40 180,000 6,552,000
405 hollow blocks decking with a 4 cm thick concrete m²
dosed at 300kg/m³) 426.80 12,600 5,377,680
406 Reinforce concrete for the stair case m3 8.32 180,000 1,497,600
SUB TOTAL 400 35,583,980
82
500:MASONRY - ELEVATION OF FIRST
FLOOR
501 Blocks of 15x20x40cm for elevation of walls m² 906.00 6,500 5,889,000
502 Plastering of first floor walls d=400kg/mᶾ m² 6167.00 3,000 16,501,000
503 Plastering of first floor decking d=400kg/mᶾ m² 856.00 3,200 2,739,200
504 Reinforced concrete for pillars, lintels and beams m3 36.80 180,000 6,624,000
505 hollow blocks decking with a 4 cm thick concrete m²
dosed at 300kg/m³) 660.00 12,000 7,920,000
506 Concrete for the stair case m3 8.40 180,000 1,512,000
SUB TOTAL 500 41,185,200
600:MASONRY - SECOND AND THIRD
FLOOR
601 Blocks of 20x20x35cm for elevation of walls/ m²
STAIRS 1836.00 12,000 22,032,000
602 Plastering of floorS d=400kg/mᶾ/DECKING m² 3800.00 6,200 23,560,000
603 Reinforced concrete for pillars, lintels and final m3
beam 72.40 180,000 13,032,000
SUB TOTAL 600 58,624,000
700: ROOFING
701 Complete treated assembled roof trusses m3 9.80 125,000 1,225,000
702 5x8cm purlins fixed to the roof trusses m3 4.60 125,000 575,000
703 Noggings of 5x8cm m3 4.60 125,000 575,000
704 Ceiling boards of 4mm thick plywood and m²
ceiling barten 536.00 2,000 1,072,000
705 Tole bac of 6/10ᵉ m² 1600.00 6,500 13,900,000
706 Top ridging sheets ml 1248.00 2,000 1,496,000
707 Aluminum fascia fixed on hard wood boards ml 130.00 2,000 260,000
708 Aluminum roof guter ml 117.34 3,000 352,020
SUB TOTAL 700 18,455,020
800: METAL WORK AND JOINERY
801 Metallic doors with all accessories of 100x210 U 2.00 65,000 130,000
802 Metallic doors with all accessories of 90x210 U 78.00 50,000 3,900,000
83
803 Wooden doors, frames and all accessories of
80x210 U 60.00 40,000 2,400,000
804 Wooden doors, frames and all accessories of
70x210 U 60.00 40,000 2,400,000
805 Alu Window of 140x120cm U 68.00 45,000 3,060,000
806 Alu Window of 120x120cm U 26.00 30,000 780,000
806 Alu Window of 60x60cm U 60.00 125,000 11,500,000
807 Alu Window of 90x120cm U 0.00 0 0
808 Alu windows of 60x60cm for toilets U 0.00 0 0
809 Window protectors for the ground floor m² 60.00 12,000 720,000
810 Alu hand rails on stair cases ml 9.40 30,000 282,000
811 Alu ballustrades on balcony ml 18.00 30,000 540,000
SUB TOTAL 800 25,712,000
900: ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
901 13mm PVC rigid conduit pipes roll 30.00 15,000 450,000
902 TH 2.5 V.G.V cables for sockets roll 71.00 16,500 1,171,500
903 1.5 V.G.V cables for lighting roll 12.00 15,000 180,000
904 Fluorescent lamps (120) mark Philips U 30.00 5,000 1,150,000
905 Round economic bulbs with holders U 20.00 3,500 70,000
906 Supply of main switch U 3.00 20,000 60,000
907 3pin sockets including cups U 36.00 2,500 90,000
908 One way switches U 18.00 1,500 27,000
909 Two - way switches U 198.00 2,000 1,196,000
910 Plastic cups, connectors and misscelanous Ls 98.00 50,000 4,900,000
911 complete earth cables and rod U 112.00 50,000 1600,000
SUB TOTAL 900 17,894,500
1000: PAINTING
1001 Priming of internal and external walls with white m²
wash 8100.00 250 1525,000
1002 Two coats of water based paint on internal walls m²
and ceiling 2100.00 600 1,260,000
1003 Two coats of water resistant paint on external m²
walls 2100.00 400 840,000
84
1004 Oil paint on metallic doors,skirting 30cm from m²
floor level internally and externally 82.50 2,500 206,250
1005 Tiling of the floors of the toilets m² 27.00 5,500 148,500
1006 Tiling of the walls of the toilets m² 84.00 5,500 462,000
1007 Tiling of the floors with vitrified tiles of m²
50x50cm 1,224.16 7,000 11,569,120
1008 Tiling of kitchen walls with 20x30cm tiles m² 126.00 6,000 756,000
SUB TOTAL 1000 15,766,870
1100: PLUMBING AND SANITARY
WORKS
1101 PVC pipes of Ø 100 U 36.00 3,500 126,000
1102 PVC pipes of Ø 63 U 36.00 3,000 108,000
1103 Construction of kitchen slab U 4.00 60,000 240,000
1104 Supply and fixing of toilet pots U 12.00 50,000 600,000
1105 Supply and fixing of hand basin and showers U 12.00 45,000 540,000
1106 Construction of a septic tank and a soak away pit U 1.00 1,300,000 1,300,000
1107 Installation of toilet mirrows U 60.00 12,000 720,000
1108 Rain water pipes Ml 48.60 2,000 97,200
1109 Construction of inspection chambers U 12.00 12,000 144,000
SUB TOTAL 1100 3,875,200
1200:EXTERNAL WORKS
1201 Rain water (run-off) gutters of 30x40 dept ml 126.00 5,000 630,000
1202 Concreting of external veranda (dosed at m²
300kg/m³) 73.00 14,000 1,022,000
1203 Prefabricated concrete slabs on gutters at
entrances (1.2m wide) U 36.00 12,500 450,000
SUB TOTAL 1200 2,102,000
SUMMARY
100: PRELIMINARY WORKS 600,000
200: EARTH WORKS 907,700
300: FOUNDATION 16,068,670
GROUND FLOOR 35,583,980
85
500:MASONRY - ELEVATION OF FIRST
FLOOR 41,185,200
SECOND FLOOR 58,624,000
700: ROOFING 18,455,020
800: METAL WORK AND JOINERY 15,712,000
900: ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION 17,894,500
1000: PAINTING 15,766,870
1100: PLUMBING AND SANITARY
WORKS 3,875,200
1200:EXTERNAL WORKS 2,102,000
TOTAL AMOUNT WITHOUT TAXES 272,775,140
This bill has been closed at the sum of TWO HUNDRED AND SEVENTY TWO MILLIONS SEVEN
HUNDRED AND SEVENTY FIVE THOUSAND ONE HUNDRED AND FOURTY FRS.
86
CHAPTER FIVE
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
5.1: Summary of Project
This project is the proposed structure to be constructed at Mile 2 extension Layout, locality in
Limbe. The purpose of this is to solve the problem of accommodation of the rapid growing
population and civilization among the growing student community in Limbe and to provide
standard engineering structure that can beautify the image of the town. This project was
designed based on the present population and the future population. With these hypotheses
about the population and for standardization of the building, it was deemed necessary to
propose a G+3 storey building for this reason. This project is made of four levels that is, the
ground floor, first, second and third floors ground and first floor being apartments while second
and third are well equiped single rooms.
The principal purpose of this project is the designing of the structural elements of the
building. The elements studied were: the roof, the, beams, columns, foundation, stairs. After
all the drafting and the design of the elements, the project was now quantified and estimated to
know the cost and in order to maintain the cost after it was estimated. The project was
programmed to know the contract duration of execution. Above all, this project is for the
purpose of accommodation and principally concerned with the designing of the structural
elements of the building which are reinforced concrete and wood.
5.2: Conclusion
The main reason for this project was to seek a solution to the accommodation problem for the
students. The cost of this project should not be a discouraging factor as it is always said that
“cheap things in the genesis are always expensive in the end “. All these solutions have been
achieved on documents and as money is the key to every project, the researcher propose that
that, this project should be executed under the supervision of a seasoned engineer in the
National Order of Civil Engineers in Cameroon.
87
5.3: Recommendations
base on the research carried out, the researcher has the following recommendations
To The Ministry Of Housing and Urban Development (MINDHU)
The Limbe City Council And Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning (through the regional
or divisional delegation) should strictly study the various accommodation drawings for
student’s residential hostels submitted to them and make sure that they are of engineering
standards and hence will not undergoes structural failure.
secondly, before the approval drawings plans for student’s residential hostels and other
building constructions, the Limbe city council and the ministry of Housing and Urban
Development should make sure that the architect and the engineer that produced the drawings
are certified in the respective National orders.
to HIPAL administration.
each supervisor should visit his or her student in the enterprise where he/she is carrying the
research at least
88
REFERENCES
Donn E. Hancher © 2003 by CRC Press LLC section 1 number 2 of Civil Engineering Hand
Book.
R. Chudley MCIOB and R. Greeno BA (Hons) FCIOB FIOP FRSA Building
construction handbook, Fifth edition 2004
A.H. ALLEN Reinforced concrete design to BS 8110 simply explains.
U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA3433-05
2011
Engineer manual 1110-1-1905 30th October 1992
Tah George; Lecture notes on surveys 2011/2012.
Mr. ASONGNA SABASTIEN lectured notes on Quantities and Estimates
Mr. Edween tamjang: class notes on structural analysis.2013/2014
Zang valentine. Past project 2012/ 2013
89
APPENDICES
 3d Perspective views
90

Conception and Design of A Student Hostel Case Study: Mile 2 Layout Extension, Limbe.

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Conception and Design of A Student Hostel Case Study: Mile 2 Layout Extension, Limbe.

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON REPUPBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN

THE HIGHER INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM & LOGISTICS

CONCEPTION AND DESIGN OF A STUDENT

A Project Submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of the Higher

REGISTRATION NUMBER: HIPAL/UBa/125/22

MR. KUGHONG WALTERS

Name: KEYEB DARWIN DINGKAH

Signature of Candidate: Date: 20 July 2023

To my late uncle MR SAMA SIDRON.

Table 3.1:Nature of materials used in this project ................................................................... 15

1.1 Background of Study

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3.1 Main Question

i. What are the principles to be implemented when designing hostels?

1.3.2 Specific Question

1.4 Objective of the Study

1.4.1 Main Objective

 To describe clearly the principles to be implemented during the architectural, structural,

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

 To clearly describe the various phases of construction of the studied project.

1.5 Significance of the study

Moreover, characteristic strength of concrete can be easily monitored or supervised to make

1.6 Definition and Interpretation of Some Terms Used in the Project.

2.1 Conceptual Review.

Foundation Selection Criteria for Buildings

2. SOIL BEARING CAPACITY

1. Site condition assessment from site and soil investigation report.

HOW TO SELECT A SUITABLE TYPE OF FOUNDATION?

2. BEARING CAPACITY FAILURE

The foundation must be safe against a bearing capacity failure.

2. Construction Techniques and Materials: Sustainable construction practices and materials

4. Environmental Factors: Environmental considerations play a significant role in the design

PRESENTATION OF THE PROPOSED BENEFICIARY OF THE PROJECT

GEOGRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF LIMBE

PROJECT CONCEPTION AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY

3.1 Preliminary Studies

 The topography of the land

3.1.1 Site Preparations

3.4 Characteristics Of Materials And Equipment Used

R p e = practical resistance in tension = 120 bars

E = Young’s Modulus of elasticity = 250 Mpa

3.4.2 Unit Weight Of Materials

Values of Dead Loads

Specific weight of concrete (RC) 24Kn/ m2

Specific weight of soil 19kN/ m2

Tolle back sheet zinc 0.6kN/m2

Rafter and purlin (hard wood is used) 10KN/m2

Ceiling board 0.025KN/m2

Roofing felt and screed 2.00KN/ m2

Floors in hollow block (164ucm) 2.8kN/ m2

Sand screed 0.50kN/ m2

Plastering underneath floors 0.20kN/ m2

15 x 20 x 30 cement blocks 1.3kN/ m2

Rendering and tiling on toilet 0.9kN/ m2

Terrazzo paving 0.022kN/ m2

VALUES OF LIVE LOADS

Conference room 4kN/ m2

Source: field work, July 2023

3.4.3. Analysis, Design and Detailing

3.1.3 Structural Study

3.2 Conception of the Project

SN Functional Areas Of The Residential Building.

3.2.1 Architectural Designs