What is politics?

Ideas for the collective good of society.

These good ideals are arrived at by decisions and debates.
It comprises power-relation.

David easton - authoritative allocation of values

(where - Power + legitimacy = Authority)

Insert picture of political system of David easton.

CRITICISM

Robert dahl argues that a value free science is impossible.

Saying “even efficiency itself is a value”.
He points out that public administration inevitably involves the toils of
ethical consideration.

Herbert simon
The principles occur in mutually contradictory pairs.
e.g. ‘look before you leap’ and ‘he who hesitates is lost’.
Although the two principles of the pair will lead to exactly opposite
organizational recommendation, there is nothing in the theory to indicate
which one to apply.
(centralization vs decentralization)

The problem has arisen from treating as ‘principles of administration’

what really are only criteria for describing and diagnosing administrative
situations.

(the unity of command says, there should be a single entity commanding. But
what if there requires a command in field of specialization?
These principles say nothing about the qualifications. A political leader
commands education minister , who is specialist in his field , to do
something which doesn’t produces a specialized output.)

-at the last it becomes a matter of “what is right, what is wrong?”

which can be decided by human being's own set of knowledge and values;
principles are left in a puddle.

Principles are to be considered designs of an effective administrative

organization , but none of them is of sufficient importance to suffice the
entire model.
Mutually incompatible advantages must be balanced against each other , just
as an architect weighs the advantage of additional closet space against the
advantages of a larger living room.

Rationality versus reason-ability

Propensity of human beings is socializing

A transition is happening
Difference between traditional and modern society
-individual liberty, in modern society.
-disorganization happening.

Rural to urban ,
Isolated life
Loss of sense of life.

European society, the church lost its authority, ushered with freedom ,
But didn’t know what to do with it.

Fragmentation leads to disruption of life. -- ethics of authenticity book

J. S. mill , better to be an Socrates, pig -- in urban setting ,

Alienation , thinking - aiding Elton mayo.

Informal groups would form, in modern and corporate society.
The groups will provide identity to the human, and in turn give purpose of life.
Myth of sysyphus, boulder pushing.
The outcome and purpose of it , is nothing.
Which makes it absurd. (the goal of the organization, should be related to the people
working in, so they have a meaning in it too.

vantage
ostentation
Transgression
Mundane
Metaphysical
Regicide, parricide
Carceral archipelago

Crime and punishment

Ancient punishments were brutal but unfocused.
Modern punishment are less painful but more intrusive psychological control.
 Modern societies , focus on making docile bodies, “does not only do what we want but do
it precisely in the way that we want” by micro-managements.
Ex-training of soldiers.
{but didn’t this happen in early ages? Recruiting task forces, lading the with swords}

The normalizing judgement, one way of modern disciplinary approach.

It is a means of control, because fro virtually any level of achievement, there’s even higher
level possible.
The threat of being judged ‘abnormal’ constrains us moderns at every turn.
{what does ‘abnormal’ mean to him? Is this abnormality crime? If not, then why this crime
section}

Through hierarchical observation + normal judgments = deployment of force and

establishment of truth.it both elicits the truth about people through examination and
controls their behaviour through norms.
{ aren’t we choosing everything for us, by our own self}
{what is polarity of visibility, public execution in early age-protecting the offenders too in
modern age}