VISHWANATH ACADEMY

PHYSICS (042)
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
(………………………………………………)
SESSION: - 2023-24

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO

AMIY SHUKLA
MR. ANIL KUMAR
XII (SCIENCE) PGT - PHYSICS
ROLL NO. -
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my

subject teacher Anil Kumar as well as our principal ma’am Dr. Charu
Khare, who gave me the golden opportunity to do this project titled ‘
“To investigate the relation between the ratio output and input
voltage no of turns secondary and primary coil of self designed
transformer”. They helped me in doing a lot of literature search
regarding the project topic due to that I came to know about so many
new things (literature searching, syntaxing & drafting of a document,
plagiarism concerns, abstract writing skills etc.).
Lastly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped
me in finalizing this project report within a specific time frame.
 INDEX

S.NO CONTENT PAGE.NO

1. 1
INTRODUCTION
2. 2
THEORY
3.
APPARATUS
REQUIRED 5
4.
PROCEDURE
FOLLOWED 7
5. USES OF 8
TRANSFORMER
6. 9
CONCLUSION
7. 10
PRECAUTION
 INTRODUCTION

Transformer is a device which increase or decrease the voltage. It is based on the principle of
mutual induction According to this principle. The amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an emf is induced in the coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for charging the ac voltages. A
transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformer are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control
circuit, transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in
high voltage power circuits, it may weight 100 of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a Step-up transformer. A transformer
which decreases the AC voltages is called a Step-down transformer. An essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.

Page1
 THEORY

• When an altering emf is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts
falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which
induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good transformer,
whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with secondary, and then
the induced emf induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each
turn of primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the emf induced in the
primary and secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary and secondary
coils of the transformer and

d ɸ/ dt = rate of change of flux in each,

turnoff the coil at this instant
We have,
Ep= -Np d ɸ/ dt (1) and,
Es= -Ns d ɸ/ dt
(2)

Since the above relation and true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1 we get,
Es / Ep = -Ns / Np
(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of the back emf induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E-Ep) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back emf further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E-Ep / Rp
E-Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore.
Page 2
E-Ep= 0 or Ep= E Thus back emf= input emf hence equation 3 can be written as.
Es / Ep= Es/ E= output emf / input emf = Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

• IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

Es< E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip= value of primary current at the same instant.
And,
Is= value of the secondary current at this instant,
Page 3
then,
input power at the instant = Ep Is
And,
output power at the same instant = Es Is
if there are no losses of power in the transformer.
Then,
Input power = output power. or
Ep Ip = Es Is. or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K

• IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current is secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence , whatever we gain in voltage , we lose in current in the same ratio.
Page 4
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we
gain in current in the same ratio.

Thus a step up transformer is reality steps down the current and a step down transformer steps
up the current

APPARATUS REQUIRED

IRON ROD
COPPER WIRE

VOLTMETER AMMETER
Page 5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Page 6
 Procedure

Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of turns of thin
Cu wire on thick paper ( say 60 ) . this constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller no of turns
( say 20 ) of the thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. Is a step down
transformer.

Connect p1, p2 to A.C mains and measure the input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter
and ammeter respectively.

Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1 and s2.

Now connect s1 and s2 to A.C mains and again measure voltage and current through
primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.

Repeat all steps for other transformer by changing number of turns in primary and secondary
coil.

Page 7
 USES OF TRANSFORMER

• In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner etc.

• A step down transformer is used for welding purpose.

• A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
• A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
• Transformer are used in voltage regulator and stabilized power supplies.
• Transformer are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long distance.
• Small transformer are used in radio sets, telephone, loud speakers and electric bells etc.

Page 8
 CONCLUSION

• The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depend upon the ratio
( Ns/ Np) with respect to the input voltage.

• There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.

Page 9
PRECAUTIONS

Page 10
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

➢ NCERT TEXTBOOK
➢ PHYSICS LAB MANNUAL
➢ WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM