Life Span Development 14th Edition Santrock Test Bank

Life-Span Development 14th Edition
Santrock Test Bank

Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://testbankdeal.com/dow
nload/life-span-development-14th-edition-santrock-test-bank/
Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
CHAPTER 7: PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY

CHILDHOOD
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The Reggio Emilia approach is a(n):

a. nutrition program for young children.
b. educational program for young children.
c. program for training kindergarten and elementary school teachers.
d. parenting education program.
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 209
2. Her pediatrician has just told Sandra that her 4-year-old son, Manuel, has gained 6
pounds in the last year. Sandra should:
a. be alarmed, because this is too much weight gain.
b. be concerned, because this is too little weight gain.
c. be positive and change Manuel’s diet.
d. be content that this is normal for Manuel’s age.
Answer: d
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 210
3. During early childhood, on average, girls are _____ than boys.

a. much lighter
b. more fair
c. slightly smaller
d. considerably taller
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 210
4. By the end of early childhood, girls have more _____ tissue than boys.
a. fatty
b. muscle
c. epithelial
d. nervous
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 210
Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 1
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or
distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in
whole or part.
5. When looking at the heights and weights of preschool children around the world, we
know that there are:
a. congenital differences.
b. ethnic differences among them.
c. no visible differences.
d. cases of hyperthyroidism.
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 210
6. What have been found to be the two most important contributors to height differences
among children worldwide?
a. Nationality and culture
b. Education and exercise
c. Prenatal care and emotional challenges
d. Ethnic origin and nutrition
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 210
7. Who among the following 5-year olds is MOST likely to be the tallest?
a. Timothy, White boy, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, and later-born
b. Tina, White girl, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, and firstborn
c. Tyrone, African American boy, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, and firstborn
d. Tucker, African American boy, rural, lower-socioeconomic-status, and later-born
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 210
8. Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is
true?
a. The development that occurs inside the brain ends at the onset of adolescence.
b. By the time a child is 3 years of age, the brain is 25 percent of its adult size.
c. By age 6, the brain has reached about 95 percent of its adult size
d. The brain of a 5-year-old is 60 percent the size of an adult brain.
Answer: c
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 211
9. _____ is a process in which nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat
cells.
a. Centration
whole or part.
b. Myelination
c. Tropism
d. Neurogenesis
Answer: b
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 211
10. One of the major changes in brain development between the ages of 3 and 15
involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the
nervous system. This change is brought about by _____.
a. centration
b. myelination
c. tropism
d. neurogenesis
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 211
11. Scientists have found that there are _____ the brains of children between the ages of 3
and 15.
a. dramatic changes in local patterns within
b. phenomenal increases in the overall size of
c. insignificant anatomical changes in
d. marked deceleration of growth in
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 211
12. Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid
growth takes place in the _____ lobe areas of the brain.
a. temporal
b. parietal
c. frontal
d. occipital
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 211
13. Toby is 3 years old. His parents are concerned because he is always running and
jumping around. He cannot seem to sit still. Even when watching his favorite movie on
TV, he fidgets and wiggles. It is especially frustrating to his parents when Toby does not
sit still through dinner. Which of the following should Toby’s parents do?
whole or part.
a. Have him tested for attention deficit disorder

b. Start him on a behavior modification program
c. Provide structured, cognitively challenging activities for Toby to develop his attention
span
d. Be assured that his behavior is normal for his age
Answer: d
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 211
14. When 4- and 5-year olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they are
demonstrating their:
a. cognitive skills.
b. fine harboring skills.
c. gross motor skills.
d. reflective skills.
Answer: c
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 211
15. Fred and Wayne are 4-year-olds and friends. When they are together, they often
wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their level of activity often
aggravates their parents, we know that these activities will:
a. help the boys develop gross motor skills.
b. stop when their brains become better myelinated.
c. be temporary as they will not be friends for long.
d. help the boys overcome narcolepsy.
Answer: a
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 211
16. Gross motor skills are to fine motor skills as _____ is to _____.
a. jumping; writing
b. running; swimming
c. laughing; shouting
d. hopping; walking
Answer: a
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 211-212
17. Debra is very active. She loves to tumble and show off. She is always trying out what
her parents consider to be hair-raising stunts. She also loves races and believes she can
run faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is most
whole or part.
characteristic of:
a. 1-year-olds.
b. 2-year-olds.
c. 3-year-olds.
d. 5-year-olds.
Answer: d
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 212
18. Three-year old Ashley is putting a jigsaw puzzle together, and, as is typical of her
age, she:
a. places the pieces awkwardly.
b. is focused and excels at the task.
c. cannot identify the correct sections.
d. is precise in joining the bits.
Answer: a
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 212
19. Four-year old Nathan is good at stacking his playing blocks to make tall structures.
However, he still knocks them over occasionally. Which of the following is the MOST
likely reason for this?
a. His gross motor skills are deficient.
b. He tries to place each block perfectly on top of the other, upsetting those already
stacked.
c. His coordination skills are not developing normally for his age.
d. He is showing signs of dyslexia.
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 212
20. Leopold asks his pediatrician how many hours of sleep his young child should be
getting each night. He is told _____ hours.
a. 8 to 9
b. 7 to 8
c. 9 to 10
d. 11 to 13
Answer: d
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 212
21. Children can experience a number of sleep problems including narcolepsy which is
whole or part.
characterized by:
a. extreme daytime sleepiness.
b. difficulty going to sleep.
c. difficulty staying asleep.
d. nightmares.
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 212
22. Researchers have found that children who have sleep problems:
a. exhibit no related outcomes in adolescence.
b. are usually underweight.
c. are unlikely to show any variations in brain development.
d. are more likely to use alcohol in adolescence.
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 212
23. Short sleep duration in children is linked with being:

a. dyslexic.
b. myopic.
c. overweight.
d. paraplegic.
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 212
24. Which of the following should be minimized in order to improve the eating behavior
of children?
a. Competing activities
b. A predictable schedule
c. Eating healthy food yourself
d. Making mealtimes pleasant occasions
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 213
25. Which of the following determines the categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk
for being overweight?
a. Weight
b. Average calories consumed daily
c. Waist-to-hips ratio
whole or part.
d. Body mass index

Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 213
26. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, only children and
adolescents at or above the _____ percentile are classified as obese.
a. 97th
b. 95th
c. 90th
d. 88th
Answer: a
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 213
27. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a person with a BMI at
the 90th percentile is:
a. obese.
b. overweight.
c. at risk of being overweight.
d. underweight.
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 213
28. Gina, 6, has a BMI in the 95th percentile. According to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, she would be classified as:
a. obese.
b. overweight.
c. at risk for being overweight.
d. not at risk for being overweight.
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 213
29. Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true?

a. Children who are overweight at age 3 are also at risk of being overweight at age 12.
b. There is no indication that overweight young children will become overweight adults.
c. Obesity is not linked to type 2 (adult-onset) diabetes in children.
d. In 2005, the United States had the highest rate of child obesity in the world.
Answer: a
whole or part.
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 213
30. Guidelines recommend that preschool children engage in _____ of physical activity
per day.
a. half an hour
b. two hours
c. one hour
d. four hours
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 213-214
31. Which of the following is a factor in increasing the physical activity of preschool
children?
a. Family members watching sports on TV together
b. Parents’ perception that it is safe for their children to play outside
c. Participating in sedentary outdoor play
d. Incorporation of an “observe and learn” activity curriculum
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 214
32. Shawn’s mother took him to the doctor as he complains of fatigue frequently. His
doctor diagnosed his condition as _____ that results from a failure to eat adequate
amounts of quality meats and dark green vegetables.
a. growth hormone deficiency
b. binge eating disorder
c. iron deficiency anemia
d. hemophilia
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 214
33. Young children from _____ families are the most likely to develop iron deficiency
anemia.
a. urban
b. elementary
c. nuclear
d. low-income
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
whole or part.
Page(s): 214
34. The leading cause of death in young children in the United States is:
a. heart disease.
b. malnutrition.
c. motor vehicle accidents.
d. domestic violence.
Answer: c
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 214
35. Which of the following statements regarding parental smoking is true?

a. Children are at risk for health problems when they live in homes in which a parent
smokes.
b. Most children and adolescents in the United States are exposed to tobacco smoke in the
home.
c. Children exposed to tobacco smoke in the home are no more likely to develop asthma
than children in nonsmoking homes.
d. Parental smoking is the leading cause for death in young children in the United States.
Answer: a
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 215
36. Which of the following can be modified to create conditions that enhance the child’s
safety and reduce the likelihood of injury?
a. Decrease home/school partnerships
b. Reduce playground hazards
c. Reduce pool fencing
d. Reduce frequent parent protective behaviors
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 215
37. The poor are the majority in nearly _____ of the nations of the world.
a. one-fifth
b. half
c. two-thirds
d. 10 percent
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 215
whole or part.
38. Deaths in young children due to HIV/AIDS especially occur in countries:

a. in the northern hemisphere.
b. with high rates of poverty and low levels of education.
c. where other common children’s health problems like malnutrition do not exist.
d. where the society is affluent.
Answer: b
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 215
39. Many of the deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by a
reduction in:
a. nutrition.
b. sanitation.
c. poverty.
d. education.
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 215
40. The second Piagetian stage of development is the preoperational stage, which lasts
from approximately _____ years of age.
a. 1 to 3
b. 2 to 7
c. 4 to 10
d. 5 to 12
Answer: b
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 216
41. Patricia, 6, loves to decorate books by drawing pictures and putting in words to
describe them. Her ideas are more balanced now. She has started to analyze and
understand things. However, she is egocentric and holds what her parents describe as
“magical beliefs.” Patricia is in Piaget’s _____ stage of development.
a. sensorimotor
b. concrete operational
c. formal operational
d. preoperational
Answer: d
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 216
42. Piaget’s preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children at this
whole or part.
age:
a. do not yet perform reversible mental actions.
b. cannot yet form stable concepts.
c. are unable to reason.
d. cannot operate electronic devices like TVs.
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 216
43. Three-year-old Betty’s favorite pastime is scribbling designs. She says the drawings
represent her parents, cat, bicycle, and home. This indicates that Betty is in the _____
substage of Piaget’s preoperational stage.
a. symbolic function
b. intuitive thought
c. operational
d. sensorimotor
Answer: a
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 216
44. Three-and-a-half-year-old Ruth draws a picture with lavender, purple, and blue colors
intermixed with green, yellow, and brown. “It’s a boat on the ocean at sunset, with
whales jumping all around it!” she explains to her teacher. Which of the following does
this explain?
a. Animism
b. Conservation
c. Intuitive thought
d. Symbolic function
Answer: d
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 216
45. The inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s
perspective is known as _____.
a. animism
b. empathy
c. egocentrism
d. symbolism
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 217
whole or part.
46. While talking with his grandmother on the phone, five-year old Danny suddenly
exclaims, “Oh, look at that pretty bird!” When his grandmother asks him to describe the
bird, Danny says, “Out there, out there! Right there, Grandma!” He finally gets frustrated
and hangs up. This is an example of:
a. animism.
b. egocentrism.
c. intuitive thought.
d. symbolic function.
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 217
47. A young child might be heard saying, “That tree pushed the leaf off and it fell down.”
The child’s belief that the tree is capable of action is referred to as _____.
a. egocentrism
b. conservation
c. animism
d. kineticism
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 217
48. “My computer doesn’t like me—it keeps eating my pictures,” says 3-year old
Kimberly. This is an example of:
a. animism.
b. intuitive thinking.
c. conservation.
d. egocentrism.
Answer: a
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 217
49. The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4

and 7 years of age, is characterized by the use of:
a. reversible mental actions.
b. egocentric views.
c. primitive reasoning.
d. symbolic thought.
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 218
whole or part.
50. Ethan, age 4, reasons that every time he sees a lightning bolt in the sky, angels are
turning on their flashlights. Ethan’s primitive reasoning about lightning is characteristic
of:
a. symbolic function.
b. intuitive thought.
c. egocentrism.
d. centration.
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 218
51. Piaget called the second substage in preoperational thought “intuitive” because of the
absence of the use of _____ in children in that stage.
a. symbolic function
b. primitive reasoning
c. centration
d. rational thinking
Answer: d
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 218
52. Juan and his little sister, Anne, are each given a large cookie. Their mother breaks
Anne’s cookie into four pieces to help her eat it more easily. Juan immediately begins to
cry and says that it is not fair for his sister to get so many cookies when he only has one.
Juan is showing a lack of:
a. constancy.
b. conservation.
c. intuition.
d. symbolic function.
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 218
53. Which of the following best describes the relation between centration and
conservation?
a. Conservation requires centration.
b. Centration is due to lack of conservation.
c. Centration is reflected in lack of conservation.
d. Conservation is independent of centration.
Answer: c
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 218
whole or part.
54. Centration inhibits the ability to categorize items because it prevents one from:
a. focusing only on one feature.
b. considering combinations of features.
c. taking a perspective that is different from one’s own.
d. distinguishing between animate and inanimate objects.
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 218
55. In general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changes in physical
arrangement:
a. do not change an object’s basic properties.
b. affect an object’s inherent features.
c. determine the total volume needed for a given task.
d. must be considered before the characteristics of an object can be determined.
Answer: a
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 218
56. In Piaget’s theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates:

a. that the child is at the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.
b. that the child is unable to think fluidly.
c. centration.
d. rational thought.
Answer: c
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 219
57. According to Rochel Gelman, _____ is especially important in explaining

conservation.
a. the age of the child
b. heredity
c. attention
d. intuition
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 219
58. Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky’s term for:

a. a young adult’s cognitive development achieved through interaction with children.
whole or part.
b. the variety of work that a child can do with ease at a particular stage of cognitive
development.
c. how the environment and a child’s genetically programmed learning ability interact
during a critical period.
d. the range of tasks difficult for a child to master alone but that can be learned with help
from adults.
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 220
59. A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development (ZPD) if:
a. the toddler has mastered all the skills necessary.
b. parents or teachers do not interfere.
c. the task is more difficult than the child can do alone.
d. the toddler uses no help from a parent or teacher.
Answer: c
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 220
60. Kevin is just learning to walk. He can take a few steps by himself if he uses both
hands to hold on to a piece of furniture for support, but he can walk out into the middle of
the room only if one of his parents holds his hands. Which of the following represents the
lower limit of Kevin’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) for walking?
a. Kevin learning to run after he has mastered walking by himself
b. Kevin going back to crawling when he becomes frustrated trying to walk by himself
c. Kevin walking alone by holding onto a piece of furniture with his hands
d. Kevin learning to walk by having his parents hold one of his hands
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 220
61. Sharon, 3, can solve 4-piece jigsaw puzzles on her own, but needs her parents’ help to
solve 6-piece jigsaw puzzles. Which of the following represents the upper limit of
Sharon’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) for solving such puzzles?
a. Sharon moving on to 10-piece puzzles
b. Sharon solving a 6-piece puzzle on her own
c. Sharon helping her 2-year old brother with 4-piece puzzles
d. Sharon mastering 4-piece puzzles
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 220
whole or part.
62. Which of the following did Vygotsky call the “buds” or “flowers” of development?
a. Tasks a child can accomplish independently
b. Intuitive thinking and rational thinking
c. A child’s cognitive skills in the process of maturing
d. A child’s gross motor skills that are fully developed
Answer: c
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 220
63. When adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints,
assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed. As the children
demonstrate they can do more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw these
supports. This shows the adults’ involvement in the children’s:
a. zone of proximal development.
b. development of conservational abilities.
c. enhancement of intuitive reasoning.
d. process of centration.
Answer: a
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 220
64. Which of the following refers to teachers’ adjustment of their level of support and
guidance to the level of skill of the student?
a. Accommodation
b. Regulation
c. Scaffolding
d. Assimilation
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 220
65. Over the past week, Walter has been trying to learn to tie his shoelaces. Initially, his
mother was holding his hands and working his fingers through the process, but now that
Walter’s gotten better at it, she only guides him verbally. Which of the following is this
an example of?
a. How heredity shapes cognitive development
b. Intuitive reasoning
c. Scaffolding
d. Conservation
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 220
whole or part.
66. When four-year-old Jared plays, he often talks to himself. This form is self-talk is
used for self-regulation. Developmentalists call this:
a. mindstream.
b. self-articulation.
c. lisping.
d. private speech.
Answer: d
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 220
67. Which of the following describes what Lev Vygotsky believed about the development
of thought and language?
a. Thought and language are merged early in development and later separate.
b. Thought depends on language, so they are merged throughout development.
c. Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development.
d. Thought and language are two separate functions that remain independent throughout
development.
Answer: c
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 220
68. In the development of language and thought:

a. internal speech precedes private speech.
b. internal and external speech develop simultaneously.
c. external speech precedes internal speech.
d. external speech develops after internal speech.
Answer: c
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 220
69. Michelle, 4, talks to herself frequently, especially when she is trying to solve a
difficult problem. Lev Vygotsky would say that Michelle is:
a. engaging in egocentric and immature thinking.
b. likely to be socially competent.
c. functioning at the upper limit of her zone of proximal development (ZPD).
d. engaging in scaffolding.
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 220
whole or part.
70. Amy, age 3, walks by her grandmother’s collection of glass animals and says, “Those
are a ‘no-no’; don’t touch.” It would appear that Amy is using _____ to regulate her own
behavior.
a. mindstream
b. intuitive reasoning
c. private speech
d. symbolic function
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 220
71. Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky’s educational applications?

a. IQ should be assessed to test a child’s learning capabilities.
b. A child should learn on his/her own to realize his capabilities.
c. A child’s use of private speech reflects immaturity and egocentrism.
d. Teaching should begin toward the upper limit of a child’s zone of proximal
development.
Answer: d
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 220
72. Which of the following scenarios best represents Lev Vygotsky’s view of mental and
behavioral development?
a. A teacher assigns challenging tasks that students must complete on their own.
b. An instructor helps students with laboratory work, showing them how to do things the
students cannot yet do.
c. A teacher waits patiently for students to come up with good answers and assesses their
learning capabilities.
d. An instructor systematically offers standardized tests to students to evaluate their
mental abilities on varying subjects.
Answer: b
Blooms: Analyze
Page(s): 221
73. Which of the following educational strategies would Vygotsky say should be
incorporated into the classroom?
a. Making each child responsible for his/her work, without relying on peers or teachers
for support
b. Formal, standardized tests to assess children’s learning
c. Discouraging distractions like self-talk or private talk
d. Offering just enough assistance to the child to accomplish the task
Answer: d
whole or part.
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 221
74. Vygotsky’s view of the importance of _____ on children’s development fits with the
current belief that it is important to evaluate the contextual factors in learning.
a. autonomy
b. sociocultural influences
c. economic status of teachers
d. scaffolding
Answer: b
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 221
75. In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky, the conceptual shift is one from:
a. the individual to collaboration.
b. collaboration to sociocultural activity.
c. construction to discovery.
d. socializing to operational thought.
Answer: a
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 221
76. Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through:

a. self-discovery.
b. social interaction.
c. reorganization of existing knowledge.
d. transforming previous knowledge.
Answer: b
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 221
77. “Tools of the Mind” is a program that is grounded in _____ theory of cognitive
development.
a. Vygotsky’s
b. Erikson’s
c. Sternberg’s
d. Piaget’s
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 222
78. In a “Tools of the Mind” classroom, _____ has a central role.
whole or part.
a. nutrition
b. didactic lecture
c. dramatic play
d. abstract presentation
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 222
79. Tale is in a “Tools of the Mind” classroom. His teacher guides him to plann his own
message by drawing a line to stand for each word he says. Tale then repeats the message,
pointing to each line as he/she says the word. Finally, Tale writes on the lines, trying to
represent each word with some letters or symbols. This process is called:
a. model drawing.
b. scaffolding writing.
c. word visualizing.
d. positive role-play.
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 222
80. Which of the following is a criticism of Vygotsky’s theory?

a. Vygotsky was specific about age-related changes and generalized all individuals.
b. Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinking.
c. Vygotsky particularly described how changes in socioemotional capabilities contribute
to cognitive development, which is highly subjective.
d. Vygotsky laid no emphasis on guidance which plays an important role in learning.
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 223
81. _____ attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection
and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult
circumstances.
a. Salient
b. Relevant
c. Executive
d. Sustained
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 224
82. _____ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or
whole or part.
other aspect of the environment.

a. Salient
b. Relevant
c. Executive
d. Sustained
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 224
83. A police officer visits Ben and Heather’s class to discuss safety rules. To attract the
children’s attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and lots of jars of bubbles for the
children to blow. Later, Heather tells her parents all about the balloons and bubbles but
cannot remember any of the safety rules the officer presented. Heather obviously paid
more attention to what was _____.
a. salient
b. relevant
c. habituated
d. intended
Answer: a
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 224
84. A police officer visits Timothy and Evelyn’s class to discuss safety rules. To attract
the children’s attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and lots of jars of bubbles for
the children to blow. Later, Timothy tells his parents all about the safety rules the officer
discussed. Timothy obviously paid attention to what was _____.
a. salient
b. relevant
c. habituated
d. superfluous
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 224
85. After the age of _____, children attend more efficiently to the dimensions of the task
that are relevant.
a. 3 or 4
b. 4 or 5
c. 6 or 7
d. 5
Answer: c
Blooms: Understand
whole or part.
Page(s): 224
86. When experimenters ask children to judge whether two complex pictures are the
same, preschool children tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining all
of the details before making a judgment, exhibiting a lack of:
a. conservation.
b. attention to the salient.
c. centration.
d. planfulness.
Answer: d
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 224
87. In Central European countries, such as Hungary, kindergarten children participate in

exercises designed to improve their _____. An eye-contact exercise, in which the teacher
sits in the center of a circle of children and each child is required to catch the teacher’s
eye before being permitted to leave the group, is an example of this type of exercise.
a. hand-to-eye coordination
b. attention
c. social skills
d. creativity
Answer: b
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 224
88. In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to _____ if there is no

rehearsal of the information.
a. 30 seconds
b. 15 minutes.
c. 5 hours
d. 2 days
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 225
89. Irene is taking a test where she hears a random list of numbers, which she is then
asked to repeat in the right order. Irene is having her _____ memory tested.
a. recognition
b. implicit
c. procedural
d. short-term
Answer: d
whole or part.
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 225
90. Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer
period. In this context, rehearsal means:
a. preparing for a memory-span test.
b. doing mental exercises daily to keep the mind sharp.
c. repeating information after it has been presented.
d. taking regular memory-span tests.
Answer: c
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 225
91. Research with the memory-span task suggests that:

a. short-term memory increases during early childhood.
b. long-term memory reaches maturation by early childhood.
c. memory span depends on one’s ethnic origin.
d. heredity is a major factor affecting memory.
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 225
92. In a study comparing the memory spans of preschool and elementary school children,
the latter group consistently scored better. This apparent increase in memory span with
age could be explained partly by how:
a. the peer group plays a part in short-term memory.
b. older children rehearse the digits more than younger children do.
c. elementary schools practice scaffolding.
d. memory-span tests are not always an accurate measure of short-term memory.
Answer: b
Blooms: Analyze
Page(s): 225
93. Six-year-old Shirley, a witness to a robbery, was asked to testify at the trial. The
defense argued that her testimony would be invalid because:
a. at her age, she has no long-term memories.
b. her memories are highly susceptible to suggestion.
c. she is more likely to embellish her memories.
d. children cannot recall details of events sequentially.
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 225
whole or part.
94. The theory of _____ refers to awareness of one’s own mental processes and the
mental processes of others.
a. self-awareness
b. recognition
c. mind
d. consciousness
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 226
95. With regard to perception, by _____ years of age, a child recognizes that another
person will see what is in front of his/her own eyes instead of what is in front of the
child’s eyes.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 227
96. Alan, who is 18 months old, hates spinach but says “Yum!” when he sees his mother
eating her favorite spinach casserole. This indicates that:
a. he will also like spinach when he grows up.
b. he recognizes that someone else may have different desires from his own.
c. he has started to recognize false beliefs.
d. he has started to understand that people can have ambivalent feelings.
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 227
97. The realization that people can have false beliefs develops in a majority of children
by the time they are _____ years old.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 227
whole or part.
98. One of the criticisms of “false-belief tasks” as indicators of understanding the

thoughts of children is that:
a. the false-belief task is a complicated one that involves a number of factors.
b. this kind of task has at least four possible outcomes.
c. the false belief tasks are too simple.
d. it is only by the preschool years that children have a deepening appreciation of the
mind itself.
Answer: a
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 228
99. It is only by age 7 that children begin to recognize all of the following EXCEPT:
a. there can be more than one correct opinions on an issue.
b. people’s behaviors do not necessarily reflect their thoughts and feelings.
c. people have different interpretations of the same event.
d. people can have ambivalent feelings.
Answer: d
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 228
100. Several operations, such as inhibition and planning, that are important for flexible,
future-oriented behavior and may also be connected to theory of mind development are
known as:
a. operational thought.
b. instrumental activities.
c. executive function.
d. intuitive reasoning.
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 228
101. A group of children were put through a task where they were asked to say the word
“night” when they see a picture of a sun, and the word “day” when they see a picture of a
moon and stars. This is an example of a(n) _____ function, which describes several
functions—such as inhibition and planning—that are important for flexible, future-
oriented behavior.
a. executive
b. social
c. recall
d. dynamic
Answer: a
Blooms: Apply
whole or part.
Page(s): 228
102. Approximately _____ children is estimated to have some sort of autism spectrum
disorder.
a. 1 in 50
b. 1 in 150
c. 1 in 300
d. 1 in 500
Answer: b
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 229
103. It is now accepted that autism is linked to:

a. genetic and brain abnormalities.
b. personality characteristics of the parents.
c. ineffective vaccination.
d. proximity to toxic waste disposal sites.
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 229
104. Cynthia is showing a number of behaviors different from children her age, including
deficits in social interaction and communication as well as repetitive behaviors or
interests. She is indifferent toward others and prefers to be alone. She is more interested
in objects than people. It is MOST likely that she suffers from _____.
a. insomnia
b. narcolepsy
c. anemia
d. autism
Answer: d
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 229
105. Which of the following statements regarding autism in children is true?

a. Higher-functioning children with autism show reasonable progress in understanding
others’ desires.
b. Children with autism have difficulty in understanding others’ beliefs and emotions
solely due to theory of mind deficits.
c. Children with autism are a homogeneous group.
d. Children with autism usually perform well on false-belief tasks.
Answer: a
Blooms: Understand
whole or part.
Page(s): 229
106. Pointing to a tree, young Leo says, “Bird flied away.” Leo’s interesting but incorrect
use of the “-ed” word ending shows that he is trying to learn the _____ rules of language.
a. phonological
b. morphological
c. pragmatic
d. syntactic
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 230
107. Zelda, 3, is always asking questions like “Where Daddy is going?” and “What
Mommy is doing?” This indicates that she is yet to learn the auxiliary-inversion rule and
to apply rules of:
a. pragmatics.
b. morphology.
c. syntax.
d. phonology.
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 231
108. Jean Berko’s experiment involving “wugs” demonstrated that the young children
who took part in the experiment knew:
a. the phonological rules.
b. the rules of syntax.
c. the pragmatic rules.
d. the morphological rules.
Answer: d
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 231
109. By the time they enter first grade, it is estimated that children know about _____
words.
a. 1,200
b. 8,000
c. 14,000
d. 5,000
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 231
whole or part.
110. Around _____ years of age, children learn to change their speech style to suit the
situation.
a. 6 to 7
b. 7 to 8
c. 2 to 3
d. 4 to 5
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 232
111. Five-year old Donna speaks in shorter, simpler sentences to her baby brother, in a
very informal way with friends, and uses a more formal language with her father’s
friends. Donna is demonstrating her grasp of:
a. pragmatics.
b. morphology.
c. syntax.
d. phonology.
Answer: a
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 232
112. Developmentally appropriate practices at the kindergarten level are likely to be:
a. child-centered.
b. standardized.
c. academic-centered.
d. achievement-oriented.
Answer: a
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 234
113. The _____ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable
freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.
a. child-centered kindergarten
b. Montessori approach
c. developmentally appropriate practice
d. developmentally inappropriate practice
Answer: b
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 234
whole or part.
114. Nurturing is a key aspect of the _____, which emphasizes the education of the whole
child and concern for his/her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development.
a. child-centered kindergarten
b. Montessori approach
c. developmentally appropriate practice
d. Reggio Emilia approach
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 234
115. Dorothy is enrolled in a preschool where she spends much of her time in
unstructured activity. She plays with different toys she chooses, and her teacher facilitates
rather than teaches. Which of the following approaches is Dorothy’s preschool using?
a. Kindergarten
b. Rogerian
c. Montessori
d. Success-oriented
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 234
116. Which of the following is a criticism related to the Montessori approach?

a. It lays too much emphasis on social interaction.
b. It does not employ self-corrective materials.
c. It lays too much emphasis on imaginative play.
d. It neglects children’s socioemotional development.
Answer: d
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 235
117. Educators refer to this type of schooling as _____, which is based on knowledge of
the typical progress of children within an age span, as well as the uniqueness of the child.
a. the child-centered kindergarten
b. developmentally appropriate practice
c. the Montessori approach
d. the success-oriented approach
Answer: b
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 235
118. In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and
poor education for young children in the United States through:
whole or part.
a. Maria Montessori Program.

b. Emancipation Undertaking.
c. Reggio Emilia Project.
d. Project Head Start.
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 235
119. Early Head Start was established in 1995 to serve children from _____ years of age.
a. 4 to 5
b. 2 to 4
c. 5 to 10
d. birth to 3
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 235
120. Which of the following is true about Head Start programs?

a. They only provide for low-income families.
b. They focus on children of a particular ethnic origin.
c. They have negative effect on young children’s language development.
d. They are funded by the private corporate sector.
Answer: a
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 235
121. Two current controversies in early childhood education, as given in the text, involve:
a. curriculum and universal preschool education in the United States.
b. the quality of inner-city schools and free education to all.
c. the use of corporal punishment in schools and the use of uniforms.
d. Christian holidays for all and boarding schools.
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 237
122. Competent early childhood programs should focus:

a. on cognitive development and socioemotional development.
b. exclusively on cognitive development.
c. on preoperational skills.
d. on academics alone.
Answer: a
whole or part.
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 237-238
123. Which of the following was cited by Zigler and his colleagues supporting universal
preschool in the United States?
a. It is more important to improve preschool education for young children who are
disadvantaged rather than funding preschool education for all 4-year-old children.
b. The quality of inner-city schools has often been found to be of questionable quality.
c. Research has proven that the gains attributed to preschool and kindergarten education
are often overstated.
d. Universal preschool would bring billions of dollars of cost savings because of a
diminished need for remedial and justice services.
Answer: d
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 238
124. Critics of universal preschool education argue that:

a. quality preschools prepare children for school readiness and academic success.
b. research has not proven that nondisadvantaged children benefit from attending a
preschool.
c. the gains attributed to preschool and kindergarten education are often understated.
d. quality preschool programs increase the likelihood that the child will drop out of
school later.
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 238
125. According to critics of universal preschool education:

a. quality preschools prepare children for school readiness and academic success.
b. it is more important to improve preschool education for young children who are
disadvantaged rather than funding preschool education for all 4-year-old children.
c. preschool programs decrease the likelihood that once children go to elementary and
secondary school they will be retained in a grade or drop out of school.
d. there is too much pressure on young children to achieve and it does not provide any
opportunities to actively construct knowledge.
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 238
Identification Questions: Researchers/Theorists
126. This researcher showed that when the child’s attention to relevant aspects of the
conservation task is improved, the child is more likely to conserve.
whole or part.
Answer: Rochel Gelman

Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 219
127. A cognitive theorist who emphasized the social contexts of learning and the
construction of knowledge through social interaction.
Answer: Lev Vygotsky
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 221
128. An Italian physician-turned-educator, who at the beginning of the twentieth century

crafted a revolutionary approach to young children’s education in which children are
given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.
Answer: Maria Montessori
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 234
Identification Questions: Terms
129. A common nutritional problem in early childhood, which results from the failure to
eat adequate amounts of quality meats and dark green vegetables. and causes chronic
fatigue.
Answer: Iron deficiency anemia
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 214
130. The substage of preoperational thought in which the young child gains the ability to
mentally represent an object that is not present.
Answer: Symbolic function substage
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 216
131. The inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and the perspective of
another.
Answer: Egocentrism
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 217
132. The awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s appearance does not change
its basic properties.
whole or part.
Answer: Conservation
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 218
133. The range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but that can be
learned with the guidance and assistance of adults or more-skilled children.
Answer: Zone of proximal development
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 220
134. The awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others.
Answer: Theory of mind
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 226
135. Aubrey is in a school that takes into account the typical development of children
within an age span, as well as the uniqueness of the child. It also emphasizes the
importance of creating settings that encourage active learning and reflect the child’s
interests and capabilities. This view represents a _____.
Answer: developmentally appropriate practice (DAP)
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 235
Short Answer Questions
136. Define what Piaget meant by an operation. What would be one task that
preoperational children fail at because they lack operations?
Answer: An operation is a reversible mental action that allows children to do mentally
what before they could only do physically. Tasks that illustrate lack of operations could
be conservation, serration, the three mountain task, etc
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 216
137. Briefly describe the two stages of preoperational thought. Provide an example of
children’s thinking at each stage.
Answer: The Piagetian preoperational stage in cognitive development can be divided into
two substages: the symbolic function substage and the intuitive thought substage.
The symbolic function substage occurs roughly between the ages of 2 and 4. In this
substage, the young child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not
present but still suffer from limitations like egocentrism and animism.
whole or part.
The intuitive thought substage occurs between approximately 4 and 7 years of age when
children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to questions.
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 217-218
138. What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)? What are its lower and upper
limits? How could you use peer scaffolding to teach children mathematics within the
zone?
Answer: The zone of proximal development (ZPD), developed by Lev Vygotsky, consists
of the range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be learned
with the guidance and assistance of adults or more-skilled children. The lower limit of the
ZPD is the level of skill reached by the child working independently. The upper limit is
the level of additional responsibility the child can accept with the assistance of an able
instructor.
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 220
139. List three ways that Lev Vygotsky’s theory can be incorporated in classrooms.
Answer: Some of the ways that Vygotsky’s theory can be incorporated in classrooms are:
1) Assess the child’s zone of proximal development.
2) Use the child’s ZPD in teaching.
3) Use more-skilled peers as teachers.
4) Place instruction in a meaningful context.
5) Transform the classroom with Vygotskian ideas.
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 221
140. Briefly state two criticisms leveled against Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive
development.
Answer: One criticism of Vygotsky’s theory is that Vygotsky was not specific enough
about age-related changes. Another criticism is that Vygotsky did not adequately describe
how changes in socioemotional capabilities contribute to cognitive development.
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 223
141. Describe two reasons for developmental changes in memory span.

Answer: One of the reasons that memory span improves with age is that rehearsal of
information is important in increasing short-term memory. Older children rehearse the
digits more than younger children do. Speed—especially the speed with which memory
items can be identified—and efficiency of processing information are important, too.
Blooms: Understand
whole or part.
Page(s): 225
142. Identify the factors that can influence the accuracy of a young child’s memory.
Answer: Several factors can influence the accuracy of a young child’s memory. There are
age differences in children’s susceptibility to suggestion. Preschoolers are the most
suggestible age group in comparison with older children and adults. There are individual
differences in susceptibility. Some preschoolers are highly resistant to interviewers’
suggestions, whereas others immediately succumb to the slightest suggestion.
Interviewing techniques can produce substantial distortions in children’s reports about
highly salient events.
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 225
143. Briefly describe what is meant by a child’s “theory of mind”? What is one way to
measure theory of mind?
Answer: Even young children are curious about the nature of the human mind. They have
a theory of mind, which refers to awareness of one’s own mental processes and the
mental processes of others.
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 226
144. What are the criticisms of the Montessori approach to early education? Based on the
text and in class discussion, do you agree with these criticisms?
Answer: Critics of the Montessori approach believe that it neglects children’s
socioemotional development. For example, although Montessori fosters independence
and the development of cognitive skills, it deemphasizes verbal interaction between the
teacher and child, and between peers. Montessori’s critics also argue that it restricts
imaginative play and that its heavy reliance on self-corrective materials may not
adequately allow for creativity and for a variety of learning styles.
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 235
145. What are the current areas of controversy in early childhood education?
Answer: Two current controversies in early childhood education involve (1) what the
curriculum for early childhood education should be, and (2) whether preschool education
should be universal in the United States.
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 237
whole or part.

Life Span Development 14th Edition Santrock Test Bank

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Life Span Development 14th Edition Santrock Test Bank

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Life-Span Development 14th Edition

Santrock Test Bank

CHAPTER 7: PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The Reggio Emilia approach is a(n):

3. During early childhood, on average, girls are _____ than boys.

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 1

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 2

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 3

a. Have him tested for attention deficit disorder

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 4

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 5

23. Short sleep duration in children is linked with being:

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 6

d. Body mass index

29. Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true?

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 7

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 8

35. Which of the following statements regarding parental smoking is true?

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 9

38. Deaths in young children due to HIV/AIDS especially occur in countries:

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 10

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 11

49. The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 12

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 13

56. In Piaget’s theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates:

57. According to Rochel Gelman, _____ is especially important in explaining

58. Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky’s term for:

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 14

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 15

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 16

68. In the development of language and thought:

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 17

71. Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky’s educational applications?

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 18

76. Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through:

78. In a “Tools of the Mind” classroom, _____ has a central role.

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 19

80. Which of the following is a criticism of Vygotsky’s theory?

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 20

other aspect of the environment.

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 21

87. In Central European countries, such as Hungary, kindergarten children participate in

88. In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to _____ if there is no

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 22

91. Research with the memory-span task suggests that:

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 23

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 24

98. One of the criticisms of “false-belief tasks” as indicators of understanding the

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 25

103. It is now accepted that autism is linked to:

105. Which of the following statements regarding autism in children is true?

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 26

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 27

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 28

116. Which of the following is a criticism related to the Montessori approach?

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 29

a. Maria Montessori Program.

120. Which of the following is true about Head Start programs?

122. Competent early childhood programs should focus:

Santrock, Life-Span Development: 14e TB-7 | 30

124. Critics of universal preschool education argue that:

125. According to critics of universal preschool education: