Flexural Beam Analysis &

1
Design
Reinforced Concrete II
CENG 411

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

 Minimum steel allowed (ACI 318-19)
2

0.25 f c
 bw d
A s,min 
= max 
fy
ACI 9.6.1.2
 1.4 b d
 f
w
 y

bw = width of section
d = effective depth of section

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

3 Design of Beams For Flexure
The main two objectives of design are to satisfy the:
1) Strength and 2) Serviceability requirements

1) Strength
Φ M n  Mu
M d Design moment strength (also known as moment resistance)

M u Internal ultimate moment

Mn Theoretical or nominal resisting moment.

M u = 1.2M D + 1.6M L
Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
4 Design of Beams For Flexure
Derivation of design expressions h d

Assume As

ΦMn = Mu b
Beam cross section

Solve for 

0.85f c'  2M u 
ρ = 1− 1− ➔ A s = bd
fy   0.85 f ' b d 2 
 c 
Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
5 Design of Beams For Flexure
Design aids can also be used:

0.85f c'  2M u 
ρ = 1− 1−
fy   0.85 f ' b d 2 
 c 

Calculate:

Then  is found from tables and figures of design aids.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

6 Design Aids

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

7 Design of Beams For Flexure

2) Serviceability
The serviceability requirement ensures adequate performance at the service load
without excessive deflection and cracking.

Two methods are given by the ACI for controlling deflections:

1) by calculating the deflection and comparing it with code-specified maximum
values.
2) by using member thickness equal to the minimum values provided in by the
code as shown in the next slide.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

 Minimum Beam Depth
8
ACI 318-19 (9.3.1)

h d

As

b
Beam cross section

l = span length measured from center to center of support.

h  hmin

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

 ACI 318-19 (20.5.1)
9 Detailing issues:
 Concrete Cover
➢ Concrete cover is necessary for protecting the reinforcement
from fire, corrosion, and other effects. The concrete cover is
measured from the concrete surface to the closest surface of
steel reinforcement.

Side
cover

Bottom
cover

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

 Detailing issues:
10
Spacing of Reinforcing Bars
•The ACI Code specifies limits for bar spacing to permit concrete to
flow smoothly into spaces between bars without honeycombing.
According to the ACI code, S  Smin must be satisfied, where:

bar diameter, d b ACI 318-19 (25.2.1)


S min = max 25 mm

4/3 maximum size of coarse aggregate
•When two or more layers are used, bars in the Clear
distance
upper layers are placed directly above the bars
in the bottom layer with a clear distance between Clear spacing S
layers not less than 25 mm. ACI 318-19 (25.2.2)

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

 Estimation of applied moments Mu
11
Beams are designed for maximum moments along the spans in both
negative and positive directions.

Positive moment Negative moment

Tension at bottom Tension at top
Needs bottom reinforcement Needs top reinforcement

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

 Estimation of applied moments Mu
12
The magnitude of each moment is found from structural analysis of the beam. To
find the moments in a continuous (indeterminate) beam, one can use: (1)
indeterminate structural analysis (2) structural analysis software (3) ACI
approximate method for the analysis.

Continuous Beams
Simply Supported Beams
Indeterminate
Determinate

–
+ +

Moment Diagram Moment Diagram

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
 Estimation of applied moments Mu
13

Simply Supported Beams Continuous Beams

–
+ +

Moment Diagram Moment Diagram

Section at midspan Section over support

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

 Estimation of applied moments Mu
14
Approximate Structural Analysis ACI 318-19 (6.5)

ACI 318-19 Code permits the use of the following approximate moments for the design
of continuous beams, provided that:
(a) Members are prismatic (similar section dimensions)
(b) Loads are uniformly distributed
(c) L ≤ 3D (Unfactored live load does not exceed three times the unfactored dead load)
(d) There are at least two spans
(e) The longer of two adjacent spans does not exceed the shorter by more than 20 percent

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

15

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

 Estimation of applied moments Mu
16
Approximate Structural Analysis
ACI 318-19 (6.5.2)
More than two spans

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

1
 Estimation of applied moments Mu
17 ACI 318-19 (6.5.2)
Approximate Structural Analysis
Two spans

l n = length of clear span measured

face-to-face of supports.

For calculating negative moments, l n

is taken as the average of the adjacent
clear span lengths.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

 Design procedures
18
Method 1: When b and h are unknown
1. Determine h (h>hmin from deflection control) and assume b.
2. Estimate beam weight and include it with the dead load.
3. Calculate the factored load wu and bending moment Mu.
4. Assume that Φ=0.9 and calculate the reinforcement (ρ and As).
5. Check solution:
a) Check spacing between bars
b) Check minimum steel requirement
c) Check Φ = 0.9 (tension-controlled assumption)
d) Check moment capacity (Φ M n ≥ Mu ?)
6. Sketch the cross section and its reinforcement.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

 Design procedures
19
Method 2: When b and h are known
1. Calculate the factored load wu and bending moment Mu.
2. Assume that Φ=0.9 and calculate the reinforcement (ρ and As).
3. Check solution:
(a) Check spacing between bars
(b) Check minimum steel requirement
(c) Check Φ = 0.9 (tension-controlled assumption)
(d) Check moment capacity (Φ M n ≥ Mu ?)
4. Sketch the cross section and its reinforcement.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

20
Example 1
Design a rectangular reinforced concrete beam having a 6 m simple span. A
service dead load of 25 kN/m (not including the beam weight) and a
service live load of 10 kN/m are to be supported.
Use fc’=25 MPa and fy = 420 MPa. wd= 25 kN/m & wl = 10 kN/m

6m
Solution:-
b & d are unknown
1 Estimate beam dimensions and weight wu=50.5 kN/m
hmin = l /16 =6000/16 = 375 mm
Assume that h = 500mm and b = 300mm 6m
Beam wt. = 0.5 x 0.3 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m
2 Calculate wu and Mu
wu = 1.2 D+1.6 L =1.2(25+3.75)+1.6(10)
=50.5 kN/m 227.3 kN.m
Mu = wul2/8 = 50.5(6)2/8 =227.3 kN.m
Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
21
Example 1
3- Assume that Φ=0.9 and calculate ρ and As
d = 500 – 40 – 8 – (20/2) = 442 mm
(assuming one layer of Φ20mm reinforcement and Φ8mm stirrups)

0.85 f c '  2 Mu 
ρ= 1− 1−
f y  Φ 0.85 f c' b d 2 

0.85(25)  2  227.3106 
ρ= 1− 1− = 0.0116
420  (0.9) 0.85 (25) 300 (442) 
2
 

As = ρ b d = 0.0116(300)(442) =1536 mm2

Use 5 Φ 20 mm (As)prov.=1571 mm2)

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

 W Number of bars
mm N/m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
22
6 2.2 28 57 85 113 141 170 198 226 254 283
8 3.9 50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503
10 6.2 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
12 8.9 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1018 1131
14 12.1 154 308 462 616 770 924 1078 1232 1385 1539
16 15.8 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608 1810 2011
18 19.9 254 509 763 1018 1272 1527 1781 2036 2290 2545
20 24.7 314 628 942 1257 1571 1885 2199 2513 2827 3142
22 29.8 380 760 1140 1521 1901 2281 2661 3041 3421 3801
24 35.5 452 905 1357 1810 2262 2714 3167 3619 4072 4524
25 38.5 491 982 1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927 4418 4909
26 41.7 531 1062 1593 2124 2655 3186 3717 4247 4778 5309
28 45.4 616 1232 1847 2463 3079 3695 4310 4926 5542 6158
30 55.4 707 1414 2121 2827 3534CENG4241 4948 5655 6362 7069
Dr. Muhammad Ajmal 411

32 63.1 804 1608 2413 3217 4021 4825 5630 6434 7238 8042
23 Example 1
4- Check solution
a) Check spacing between bars
300 − 2  40 − 2  8 − 5 20 5Φ20
sc = = 26 mm  d b = 20 mm
(5 −1)
 25 mm OK 300

Beam cross section

b) Check minimum steel requirement

0.25 f c 0.25 25
 bw d = (300)(442)=395 mm2
A s,min 
= max 
fy 420
 1.4
bw d =
1.4
(300)(442)=442 mm2
 fy 420

2
2
=442 mm < As)prov.=1571 mm OK
Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
 Example 1
24 c) Check Φ =0.9 (tension controlled assumption)
As fy 1571 420
a= = = 103.5 mm
0.85f c ' b 0.85(25)300
a 103.5
1 = 0.85 for f c ' = 25MPa  28 MPa  c = = = 121.7 mm
β1 0.85
d−c  442 −121.7  0.003 = 0.0079  0.005
ε t =   0.003 =  
 c   121.7 
for ε t  0.005  Φ = 0.90, the assumption is true ➔the section is tension controlled

d) Check moment capacity

𝑎
ΦMn = Φ𝐴 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
 103.5 
= 0.90 1571 420  442 −  = 231.7 10 N.mm = 231.7 kN.m
6

 2 
Φ𝑀𝑛 = 231.7 kN.m  M u = 227.3kN.mOK
Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
25
Example 1

5- Sketch the cross section and its reinforcement

500 442

5Φ20

300

Beam cross section

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

 Example 2
26
The rectangular beam B1 shown in the figure has b = 800mm and h =
316mm. Design the section of the beam over an interior support. Columns
have a cross section of 800x300 mm. The factored distributed load over the
slab is qu =14.4 kN/m2.
Use fc’ =25 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.
L1 = L2 = L3 = 6 m
S1 = S 2= S3 = 4 m
B1

Solution:
b & d are known
1- Calculate wu and Mu
wu=4(14.4) = 57.6 kN/m
ln = 6 – 0.3=5.7 m
wu

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

27
Example 2

Moment diagram using the approximate ACI method:

Design for the maximum negative moment throughout the beam:

Mu = wu(ln )2/10 = 57.6 (5.7)2/10

Mu = 187.5 kN.m
Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
28
Example 2
2- Assume Φ=0.9 and calculate ρ and As
d = 316 – 40 – (16/2) – 8 = 260 mm
(assuming one layer of Φ16 mm reinforcement and Φ8mm stirrups)

0.85f c '  2 Mu 
ρ= 1− 1−
fy  Φ 0.85f ' b d 2 
 c 
0.85(25)  2187.5106 
ρ= 1− 1− 2 
= 0.0102
420  (0.9) 0.85(25)800(260) 


As= ρ b d = 0.0102(800)(260) = 2120 mm2

Use 11 Φ16 mm (As,sup =11[(16)2/4]=2212 mm2)

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
29
Example 2

3- Check solution
a) Check spacing between bars
800 − 2 40 − 2 8 −1116
sc = = 52.8 mm  d b = 16 mm
(11−1)
 25 mm OK
b) Check minimum steel requirement
0.25 f c 0.25 25
 bw d = (800)(260)=620 mm2
= max 
fy 420
A s,min
 1.4
bw d =
1.4
(800)(260)=693 mm2
 fy 420

2
=693 mm2 < As,sup =2212 mm OK
Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
 Example 2
30
c) Check Φ =0.9
As f y 2212  420
a= = = 55 mm
0.85f c ' b 0.85(25)800
a 55
1 = 0.85 for f c ' = 25MPa  28 MPa  c = = = 64 mm
β1 0.85
d−c  260 − 64  0.003 = 0.0091  0.005
ε t =   0.003 =  
 c   64 
for ε t  0.005  Φ = 0.90, the assumption is true ➔the section is tension controlled

d) Check moment capacity

𝑎
ΦMn = Φ𝐴 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
 55 
= 0.9  2212 420  260 −  = 194.5106 N.mm=194.5 kN.m
 2 
ΦMn = 194.5 kN.m  M u = 187.5kN.mOK
Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
31
Example 2

4- Sketch the cross section and its reinforcement

11Φ16
316 260

800

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411