Shear Analysis & Design of

1
Continuous Beam
Reinforced Concrete II
CENG 411

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

2 Introduction
 Shear Stress is defined as the magnitude
of the internal force acting parallel to the
area divided by the area.
 This stress is produced due to the sliding
of various layers of the material on one
another.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

3 Shear failure in Beams

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

4 Shear and Flexure Stresses
 In linear elastic beams, two types of stresses occurs.
 Flexural Stresses
𝑀𝑦
𝑓=
𝐼
 Shear stress :
𝑉𝑄
𝜈=
𝐼𝑏
Where,
M= Applied Moment at the section
𝑦 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑄 = 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝐼 = 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑏 = 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

5 Shear and flexural stresses

 The combined stress (called principal stresses) are calculated as:

2
𝑓 𝑓
𝑓𝑝 = ± + 𝜈2
2 2

 Which act on a direction inclined with respect to the beam axis by the
angle:
2𝜐
tan 2𝛼 =
𝑓

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

 Shear and Cracks in Beam
6

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

7 Cracks in Beams

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

8 Types of shear cracking
 Web shear cracks
➢ The cracks which start from the Neutral axis and spread
diagonally towards two faces. Usually appear at an
angle of 45o.

 Flexure-Shear Cracks
➢ The cracks which develops from the tip of a flexural
crack at the tension side of the beam and propagates
towards mid depth until it reaches the compression side
of the beam.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

9 Types of reinforcement
 The code allows the use of three
types of Shear Reinforcement
➢ Vertical stirrups
➢ Inclined stirrups
➢ Bent up bars

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

10 Critical Section
For RC members it is at a distance of d or at the face of
support.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 518

11 Typical support conditions and Critical Section

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

12 Shear Resistance Design
 The strength requirement for shear that has to be satisfied is:
𝜙𝑉𝑛 ≥ 𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝜙 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 0.75

 The nominal shear force is generally resisted by concrete and shear reinforcement:
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑉𝑐
= 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

 Shear Strength Provided by Concrete
13  ACI Code gives the following equations for calculating 𝑉𝑐 .

22.5.5.1.1 ACI 318-19

 𝑉𝑐 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 0.42𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 22.5.5.1.1 ACI 318-19
 In Table 22.5.5.1, the value of 𝑁𝑢 /6𝐴𝑔 shall not be taken greater than 0.05𝑓𝑐′
 The size effect modification factor, λs, shall be determined by
2
 𝜆𝑠 = 1+0.004𝑑
≤1 22.5.5.1.3 ACI 318-19
Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
14 Shear Strength provided by Web steel, Vs
 The requirements for RC members given by ACI318-19 is as follows.

 Vs for shear reinforcement in 22.5.8.5.2 shall be calculated by:

 Where α is the angle between the inclined stirrups and the longitudinal axis of the member,
s is measured parallel to the longitudinal reinforcement,

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 518

15
 Since
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠
𝜙 𝑉𝑛 = 𝜙𝑉𝑐 + 𝜙𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢
𝜙 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − 𝜙𝑉𝑐

𝑉𝑢 − 𝜙𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑠 =
𝜙

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 𝑉𝑢 − 𝜙𝑉𝑐
=
𝑠 𝜙

 Required spacing of stirrups

𝜙𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑠=
𝑉𝑢 − 𝜙𝑉𝑐

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 518

16 Spacing of Shear reinforcement
 As per ACI code maximum spacing of legs of shear reinforcement along the length of the
member and across the width of the member shall be in accordance with Table 9.7.6.2.2.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 518

17 Minimum shear reinforcement
 For non-prestressed beams, minimum area of shear reinforcement, Av,min, shall be provided
in all regions where 𝑉𝑢 > 0.083𝜙𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 except for the cases in Table 9.6.3.1. For these
cases, at least Av,min shall be provided where Vu > 𝜙Vc.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

18 Minimum Shear reinforcement
 ACI requirements are as follows:
➢ 0 ≤ 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 0.083𝜙 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝑁𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 theoratically.
➢ 0.083𝜙 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (except the cases*)
➢ 𝑉𝑢 > 𝜙𝑉𝑐 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡.
 *Cases
(a) Beams with h not greater than 250 mm
(b) Beams integral with slabs with h not greater than 600 mm and not greater than the larger of 2.5 times the
thickness of flange, and 0.5 times width of web.
(c) Constructed with steel fiber-reinforced normal weight concrete conforming to 26.4.1.5.1(a), 26.4.2.2(i),
and 26.12.7.1(a) and with fc′ ≤ 40 MPa with h not greater than 600 mm and 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 0.17𝜙 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
(d) Concrete one way joist system
➢ Note for the cases :
❖ No shear reinforcement is required if 0.083𝜙 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐
❖ Minimum shear reinforcement is required if 𝑉𝑢 > 𝜙𝑉𝑐

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

19 Minimum shear reinforcement
 Minimum shear reinforcement as per ACI can be found in following table.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 518

 Estimation of applied moments Vu
20
Approximate Structural Analysis ACI 318-19 (6.5)

ACI 318-19 Code permits the use of the following approximate shear for the design of
continuous beams, provided that:
(a) Members are prismatic (similar section dimensions)
(b) Loads are uniformly distributed
(c) L ≤ 3D (Unfactored live load does not exceed three times the unfactored dead load)
(d) There are at least two spans
(e) The longer of two adjacent spans does not exceed the shorter by more than 20 percent

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

21 More than two span

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

22 Two Span

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

23
Example
 Consider the building shown below of a monolithically
constructed reinforced concrete building. Above the ground
floor, the building has three floors and a roof. The building
may be considered braced. All stories are 3.5 m high.
Consider all beams and girders to act as Rectangular
sections.
 Walls are used around the perimeter and at all
gridlines. A 1-meter-high parapet wall is used at the roof. No
other walls are present in the building.
 CLEAR COVER TO STIRRUPS = 40 mm
 All beams and girders are provided with 8mm diameter
closed stirrups.
➢ Slab Thickness = 140 mm
➢ Superimposed Dead Load = 1.5 kN/m2
➢ Service Live Load = 4 kN/m2
➢ Walls at all Gridlines / Perimeter= 3 kN/m2
➢ fc’ = 30 N/mm2 fy = 420 N/mm2
➢ Cover to stirrups 40 mm
➢ Assume 8mm stirrups

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

24 Calculate the loads on beam B-2

 First, we need to decide on slab type.

 Is it One way or Two-way Slab?
 Longer Span=L1 = 6 m
 Shorter Span=L2 = 2.9 m
𝐿1 6
 = 2.9 = 2.07 > 2 → 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑦
𝐿2

Load Type Service Load

Slab Self Wt. 0.14 x 23.6 =3.304
SI D.L. 1.5
SI L.L. 4
Sum 8.804 kN/m2

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

25 Load on Beam
 We have to assume the initial size of the
beam.
 Using table 9.3.1.1
𝐿 8000
 ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 18.5 = = 432.43 𝑚𝑚
18.5

 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒
ℎ = 500 𝑚𝑚
𝑏 = 350 𝑚𝑚

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

 26 Load on Beam B-2
 For Floor Load, we take marked red area,
the tributary area for Beam B-2: Take HALF
distance to B-1 and HALF distance to B-3
2.9 2.9
+
2 2

Load Type Service Load Factored Load

Self Wt. B-2 0.35 x 0.5x 23.6 =4.13 1.2 x 4.13 = 4.956
Floor D.L. 2.9 2.9 1.2 x 13.93 = 16.72
4.804 x + =13.93
2 2
Floor L.L. 2.9 2.9 1.6 x 11.6=18.56
4x + = 11.6
2 2
Wall Load None None
Sum D.L. 18.06 kN/m 21.68 kN/m
Sum L.L. 11.6 kN/m 18.56 kN/m

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

27 Analysis of Beam B-2

 Recall ACI 318-19 approximate method

➢ (a) Members are prismatic (similar section dimensions)→ 𝑂𝐾

➢ (b) Loads are uniformly distributed → 𝑂𝐾

➢ (c) L ≤ 3D (Unfactored live load does not exceed three times the unfactored dead load) → 𝑂𝐾

➢ (d) There are at least two spans → 𝑂𝐾

➢ (e) The longer of two adjacent spans does not exceed the shorter by more than 20 percent →
𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑂𝐾

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

28 ETABS

 For the project, and other uses, we will use one of the most common commercial
structural analysis software available. We will use ETABS Pro. If you have not done so
yet, you should install it on your computer NOW. We will analyze B-2 on ETABS with
the following:
 Assume size 350 mm x 500 mm
 Material is concrete
 Beam has 3 spans – 6 m + 8 m + 8 m = 22 m
 Wu)DL ≈ 21.68 kN/m
 Wu)LL ≈ 18.56 kN/m

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

29 Load Cases

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

30 ETABS Results Case

Beam B-2

SFD B-2

BMD B-2

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

31 ETABS Results Case 1

Beam B-2

SFD B-2

BMD B-2

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

32 ETABS Results Case 2

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

33 ETABS Results Case 3

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

34 ETABS Results Case 4

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

35 ETABS Results Case 5

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

36 ETABS Results Case 6

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

37 Design Shear

Load 1 2 3 4 5 6
Dead Load 39.07 -71.85 70.86 -83.42 95.71 -58.57
LL1 44.84 -50.11 -6.79 -6.79 74.80 -57.27
LL2 -11.40 -11.40 67.45 -64.63 7.14 7.14
LL3 29.69 -65.29 73.43 -58.64 5.95 5.95
LL4 3.76 3.76 -12.77 -12.77 75.99 -56.08
LL5 41.08 -53.87 5.98 5.98 -1.19 -1.19
LL6 -7.64 -7.64 54.68 -77.39 83.12 -48.95
Sum 83.91 -137.14 144.29 -160.81 178.83 -115.84

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411