2 Gec STS

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Module 2: Historical Antecedents In Which Social Considerations

Changed The Course Of Science And Technology
I. Intended Learner Outcomes
 Trace the historical development of Science and Technology (S & T) in the world.
 Research and present a short project on a historical innovation in Science and
Technology and its impact on society.
II. Preparation
Picture Analysis
1. Show students a series of historical images related to S&T, such as ancient

tools, early scientific instruments, or key technological innovations.
2. Ask students to analyze the images and make educated guesses about the
significance and context of each item.
III. Presentation
Ancient Civilizations (Prehistory to 6th Century BCE):
 Prehistoric humans developed basic tools and technologies for hunting,

agriculture, and shelter, demonstrating early applications of science and
engineering.
 Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations made significant contributions to

mathematics, astronomy, and architecture. The Babylonians developed
advanced mathematical techniques, while the Egyptians built impressive
structures like the pyramids based on their understanding of engineering
principles.
 The Chinese civilization made significant strides in various technological

fields, including papermaking, printing, compasses, and gunpowder, which
later had profound impacts on global development.
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

CARMEN CAMPUS LUZ P. ROLDAN, M.ED
R. M. Durano Ave., Poblacion, Carmen ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 1
City, Philippines 6005
Page 2 of 7
Classical and Medieval Period (6th Century BCE to 15th Century CE):
 Greek philosophers, such as Pythagoras, Euclid, and Aristotle, laid the

foundations of scientific thought and contributed to the fields of mathematics,
geometry, and natural philosophy.
 The Islamic Golden Age (8th to 14th centuries) saw advancements in

mathematics, optics, and medicine. Scholars like Al-Khwarizmi, Ibn al-
Haytham, and Avicenna made significant contributions to various scientific
disciplines, preserving and expanding ancient knowledge.
 Medieval European scholars, through the establishment of universities and

monastic centers, preserved and transmitted ancient texts and knowledge,
contributing to fields like astronomy and alchemy.
Renaissance and Scientific Revolution (15th to 17th Century):
 The Renaissance witnessed a resurgence of interest in classical knowledge,

humanism, and empirical observation, fostering the pursuit of science and
arts.
 Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system,

challenging the prevailing geocentric views and initiating a paradigm shift in
astronomy.
 Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Galileo Galilei's telescopic

observations, and the formulation of the scientific method by Francis Bacon
and René Descartes laid the groundwork for modern science.
 Isaac Newton's laws of motion, universal gravitation, and development of

calculus provided a unifying framework for understanding the physical world.
Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution (17th to 18th Century):
 The Enlightenment emphasized reason, individualism, and empirical inquiry,

promoting scientific advancements and challenging traditional beliefs and
authority.

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 Benjamin Franklin's experiments in electricity contributed to the

understanding of electrical theory.
 James Watt's improved steam engine sparked the Industrial Revolution,

transforming transportation, manufacturing, and society.
19th Century:
 The 19th century saw tremendous advancements in various scientific

disciplines. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection
revolutionized the understanding of biology and led to the development of the
theory of genetics by Gregor Mendel.
 The work of Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell in electromagnetism

laid the groundwork for modern electrical technologies.
 The development of the telegraph and later the telephone revolutionized

communication, connecting people across great distances.
20th Century:
 The 20th century witnessed an explosion of scientific discoveries and

technological innovations. Albert Einstein's theories of relativity transformed
physics and led to advancements like nuclear power and GPS technology.
 The discovery of antibiotics revolutionized medicine, leading to significant

improvements in public health and the treatment of infectious diseases.
 The computer revolution began with the invention of early computing devices
and the subsequent development of the internet, fundamentally changing the
way information is accessed and shared.
Contemporary Era (21st Century):
 The 21st century has seen rapid advancements in biotechnology,

nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence, leading to breakthroughs in
medicine, materials science, and various other fields.

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 Space exploration and the development of satellite technologies have

expanded our understanding of the universe and provided valuable
applications such as global positioning systems (GPS) and weather
forecasting.
 The digital age has transformed communication, entertainment, and the way
we interact with technology, with the widespread use of smartphones, social
media, and virtual reality.
The History Of Science And Technology In The Philippines
 Pre-Colonial Era:
 Indigenous Knowledge: Before the arrival of colonizers, Philippine

communities developed advanced knowledge in agriculture, herbal
medicine, metallurgy, and shipbuilding, showcasing their ingenuity
and understanding of their environment.
 Navigational Skills: Filipino seafarers, known as "lakan," engaged in

extensive maritime trade, demonstrating remarkable navigational
skills and shipbuilding techniques that facilitated interactions with
neighboring Southeast Asian countries.
 Spanish Colonial Period (1521-1898):
 Introduction of Western Sciences: Spanish colonization brought

Western knowledge and education to the Philippines. Spanish friars
established schools and universities to propagate Christianity,
significantly influencing the early foundations of education and
scientific inquiry in the country.
 Botanical Studies: The establishment of botanical gardens by

Spanish authorities facilitated the study and classification of
Philippine plant species, making valuable contributions to the fields of
botany and pharmacology.

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 Irrigation and Agricultural Innovations: Spanish authorities introduced

new agricultural methods and irrigation systems, such as the
"banaue" rice terraces, which remain engineering marvels and
exemplify early agricultural technologies.
 American Colonial Period (1898-1946):
 Modernization Efforts: American colonization aimed to modernize the

Philippines, which included the establishment of modern schools and
universities that emphasized scientific education.
 Scientific Research: The American colonial government initiated

scientific research in the country, leading to the discovery of new
plant species, fossils, and archaeological findings.
 Public Health Initiatives: Efforts to combat diseases led to the

establishment of laboratories and medical facilities, contributing to
advancements in public health.
 Japanese Occupation and World War II (1941-1945):
 Adaptation and Local Innovations: During the Japanese occupation,

access to foreign resources was limited, leading to local innovations
and adaptations. Filipinos developed improvised radios, medical
equipment, and weapons, showcasing their resourcefulness in
challenging times.
 Post-Independence Era (1946-Present):
 Expansion of Higher Education: After gaining independence, the

Philippines invested in higher education, leading to the establishment
of various scientific and technical institutions.
 Scientific Research and Space Exploration: The Philippines entered

the space age with the launch of its first microsatellite, Diwata-1, in
2016, showcasing the country's progress in space technology
research and applications.
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 Information Communication Technology (ICT) and Digital Innovation:

The Philippines has witnessed significant growth in ICT and digital
innovation, with the proliferation of mobile technology and internet
access.
Throughout history, science and technology have co-evolved, with discoveries in

one field often leading to advancements in others. The interplay between
scientific inquiry, technological innovation, and societal needs continues to
shape the ever-evolving landscape of S&T in the modern world, influencing
every aspect of our daily lives.
Throughout its history, the Philippines has demonstrated resilience and

adaptability, using science and technology to address challenges and contribute
to global advancements. The country's diverse cultural heritage and social
context continue to shape its scientific progress and technological innovations.
IV. Practice
Timeline Creation
1. Work in groups to create a timeline of major milestones in the history of

S&T.
2. Each group can focus on a different time period, and
3. Present your timelines to the class, explaining the significance of each

event.
V. Performance
VI. References:
Alata, E. J. P., et al. 2021. “A Course Module for Science, Technology, and
Society.” GEC Series. Rex Book Store. 2021
McNamara, D.J., et al. 2018. “Science, Technology, and Society.” C & E Publishing,
Inc.

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Serafica, J. P. J., et al. 2018. “Science, Technology, and Society.” First Edition. Rex
Book Store
The British Museum - "Science and Technology" section:
https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/science-and-technology
The Smithsonian's National Museum of American History - "Science and Medicine"
collection: https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/subjects/science-medicine-
technology


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Page 1 of 7

Module 2: Historical Antecedents In Which Social Considerations

I. Intended Learner Outcomes

1. Show students a series of historical images related to S&T, such as ancient

Ancient Civilizations (Prehistory to 6th Century BCE):

 Prehistoric humans developed basic tools and technologies for hunting,

 Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations made significant contributions to

 The Chinese civilization made significant strides in various technological

CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

 Greek philosophers, such as Pythagoras, Euclid, and Aristotle, laid the

 The Islamic Golden Age (8th to 14th centuries) saw advancements in

 Medieval European scholars, through the establishment of universities and

Renaissance and Scientific Revolution (15th to 17th Century):

 The Renaissance witnessed a resurgence of interest in classical knowledge,

 Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system,

 Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Galileo Galilei's telescopic

 Isaac Newton's laws of motion, universal gravitation, and development of

Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution (17th to 18th Century):

 The Enlightenment emphasized reason, individualism, and empirical inquiry,

CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

 Benjamin Franklin's experiments in electricity contributed to the

 James Watt's improved steam engine sparked the Industrial Revolution,

 The 19th century saw tremendous advancements in various scientific

 The work of Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell in electromagnetism

 The development of the telegraph and later the telephone revolutionized

 The 20th century witnessed an explosion of scientific discoveries and

 The discovery of antibiotics revolutionized medicine, leading to significant

Contemporary Era (21st Century):

 The 21st century has seen rapid advancements in biotechnology,

CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

 Space exploration and the development of satellite technologies have

The History Of Science And Technology In The Philippines

 Indigenous Knowledge: Before the arrival of colonizers, Philippine

 Navigational Skills: Filipino seafarers, known as "lakan," engaged in

 Spanish Colonial Period (1521-1898):

 Introduction of Western Sciences: Spanish colonization brought

 Botanical Studies: The establishment of botanical gardens by

CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

 Irrigation and Agricultural Innovations: Spanish authorities introduced

 American Colonial Period (1898-1946):

 Modernization Efforts: American colonization aimed to modernize the

 Scientific Research: The American colonial government initiated

 Public Health Initiatives: Efforts to combat diseases led to the

 Japanese Occupation and World War II (1941-1945):

 Adaptation and Local Innovations: During the Japanese occupation,

 Post-Independence Era (1946-Present):

 Expansion of Higher Education: After gaining independence, the

 Scientific Research and Space Exploration: The Philippines entered

 Information Communication Technology (ICT) and Digital Innovation:

Throughout history, science and technology have co-evolved, with discoveries in

Throughout its history, the Philippines has demonstrated resilience and

1. Work in groups to create a timeline of major milestones in the history of

2. Each group can focus on a different time period, and

3. Present your timelines to the class, explaining the significance of each

CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

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