Wo ‘Machine Elements 2Lecture & Drafting Manual Lesson! Lesson I CAMS INTRODUCTION ‘The lesson deals with the discussion of different types of cams, kinds of follower, and the basic de: fof cars; both in analytical and graphical methods. Discussion is limited only to the disk cam or plate cam. Inthe analytical method, five types of disk cam follower are discussed namely: radial point ot knife-edge-type follower, offset pointtype follower, radial roller-type foiiower, offset roller follower, oscillating roller type follower, translating flat-faced follower, ano oscillating flat-Faced follower, ‘The different types of follower motion are also discussed such as uniform motion, uniformly accelerated motion. simple harmonic motion, cycloidal motion, and polynomial motion. Inthe graphical method, construction of the disk cam profile is discussed for each type of follower motion, inthis lesson, drafting activities are to be performed by the students; the author for the student drafting exercises prepares ‘our plates. [tthe end of the lesson, addtional problems are provided for the students to further enhance their learning process in solving the problems in cam. LESSON OBJECTIVES Study ofthe lesson will enable the students to: Be aware of the different classifications of car Enumerate and define the different types of plate cam follower; Identify and define the different nomencl.:ures in disk cam; Solve problems in cam analysis involving the different types of follower motion; Draw the follower displacement, velocity, acceleration, and jerk diagrams for each type of motion or combination of ‘types of motion of the follower; 6, Design and construct the plate cam profile for each type of follower motion or combination of follower rm and 7. Solve problems in cam design and analysis provided at the end of this lesson. (CAM DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL INFORMATION Com is 2 mechanical element used to drive another element, called the follower, through a specified motion by direct contact. 2 Com-isa link (plate, cylinder, or other solid) with a surface of contact so designed as to produce the desired motion. of another body, called follower, or of the cam itself. 2 Cam- is a mechanism component that causes another body, known as follower, to conform to a definite path of motion. 1 Acamis an irregularly shaped machine member which serves as a driving link and which imparts motion toa driven link called the follower, which either rolls or slides on the driver 2 A-cam mechanism usually consists of cam (the driver), the follower (the driven element), and the frame (the support for the cam and follower). Among the common types of cam followers are the knife-edge, flatface, roller, conical, and other offset types. IMPORTANCE OF CAM MECHANISM. Cam is a very important mechanism because It provides the simplest means of achieving almost any desired follower motion. It Is 2 frequently occurring element in many types of machines, especially In automatic machines such as ‘machine tools, printing presses, internal combustion engines, and mechanical calculators.Machine Elements 2Lecture & Drafting Manual Lesson | COMPONENTS OF CAM MECHANISM. Cam mechanism has three basle components, as follows 1, Cam-the driver 2. Follower - the driven element 3. Frame the support for the cam and follower CLASSIFICATIONS OF CAM. 1. Disk Cam, Plate Cam, oF Radial Cam + Iisa disk with a contoured edge that rotates about an axis perpendicular to the disk, transmitting motion to the cam follower that remains in contact with the edge of tho disk. Figure 1.1 below illustrates a disk cam with a translating motion output to the follower. Figure 1.1, Disk Cam 2. Ofindical Cam or barrel cam ‘+ Cis a type of cam with wedges or groove formed on the surface of a cylinder; the motion transmitted to the follower is either translating (reciprocating) or oscillating, It may have a follower guided so as to move in a straight line along an element of the cylinder (Figure 1.2) This may have follower pivoted so as to move about an axis perpendicular to the cam axis (Figure 1.3) + The roller follower cannot have pure rolling contact because of the difference in the surface speed at the top and botzom af the groove. It is sometimes made in the form ofthe frustum of a cone (Figure 1.4) with the apex on the 2s of revolution of the cam. Although this promotes pure rolling action, it also introduces an undesirable thrust, tending to move the roller way from the cam. Figure 1. Cylindrical or Barrel Cam with Reciprocating Output Motion a] ! Ft‘Machine Elements 2Lecture & Drafting Manual Lesson | Figure 1.3. Cylindrical Cam with Oseillating Output Motion Figure 1.3. Cylindrical Com with Cone-shaped Roller Tb 4. Conical Cam ‘+ Itis a type of cam with wedge or groove formed on the surface of a cone and transmitting either translating, (reciprocating! or oscillating motion. As illustrated below is a conical cam transmitting a reciprocating motion to the follower; movement of the follower is as shown in figure 1.5 below. Figure 1.5. Conical Cam Pail 5. Positive-motion cam mechanism Positive-motion cam mechanism is cam in which the follower is compelled to move in 2 definite path by constraining surfaces and without the application of external force. itis a mechanism in which provision is made for controlling the motion of the follower in both directions by the «ve of two contact surfaces As shown in the figure 1.6 below, the mechanism used a grooved disk and roller follower. In figure 1.7 below, mechanism is constructed by Providing two contact surfaces on the follower, located on opposite sides of the cam axis, both bearing on the same cam, The wiotion imparted by the cam to the follower is translating or reciprocating, Figure 1.5. Positive-motion cam mechanism (grooved disk and roller) Follower ! Cam‘Machine Elements 2Lecture & Drafting Manual Lesson | Figure 1.7. Positive-motion eam mechanism (two contact surfaces on the follower both beating on the same cam) i | | Follower Cam 5, Translating (Wedge) Cam * _Atranslation or wedge cam mechanism is the one in which the profile ofthe is cut on one side of a block or sheet of metal or other material, and the cam has a reciprocating motion along a surface, as illustrated in figure 1.8 below. The same motion, reciprocating, is imparted to the follower during the rise and return movements. Figure 1.8. Translating or Wedge Cam 6. End or Face Cam ‘= As shown in figure 1.9 below, the cam profile is constructed at the end of a cylindrical element and imparting 2 reciprocating motion to the follower. Figure 1.9. End or Face Cam ‘TYPES OF FOLLOWER FOR A DISK CAM cam mechanisms are also classified according to the type of follower; the following are the different types of cam follower. 1. Point or Knife-edge Follower ‘* This type of follower has no practical application. Its used merely as an ad in the analysis of cam and follower motion. tts suitable only for very light service because the edge cannot be effectively lubricated, pressure is ‘concentrated on this purtion, and wear Is likely to be excessive. ‘© As shown in figure 1.10 below, the follower point is in contact with the cam surface or profile; and with the follower axis passing through the center of rotation of the cam, the follower is said to be radial point follower. 4 iMachine Elements 2Lecture & Drafing Manvel Lesson | Figure 1.11 tistrates an off-set Point follower because the follower axis Is not passing through the axis of rotation of the cam, Figure 1.10, Radial Knife-edge or Pint Follower Figure 1.11, Offset Point or Knite-edlge Follower 2. Roller Cam Follower (Translating or reciprocating) + This type of follower is using roller on the point of contact with cam surface for smooth operation. The follower is guided (frame) so as to rmove with rectilinear motion (translating or reciprocating). If the follower axis is psssing through the cam center of rotation, the follower is said to be radial roller follower (Figure 1.12) Figure 1.13 illustrates an Off-set roiler follower. Figure 1.12, Radial Roller Follower Figure 1.13. Offset Roller Follower 3. Oscillating Roller Follower © Oscillating Roller follower is also known as Pivoted roller follower, illustrated in Figure 1.14 below. The follower is pivoted about a fixed point while receiving an oscillating motion from the cam. Figure 1.14. Cscllating roller foliower‘Machine Elements 2Lecture & Drafting Manual Lesson | 4, Flat aced Follower (Translating or Reciprocating) + A reciprocating flat-taced follower can be either In-line or Offset, as shown in figure 1.15 and Figure 4.16, respectively, However, these two tvpes are kinematically equivalent. This means that given a particular cam, the output motion of an inline or offset reciprocating fat-faced follower will be the same Figure 1.15. Indine Fat-foced Follower Figure 1.16, Off-set Flat-faced Follower 5. Oscillating Flatfaced Follower (Oscillating) * Oscillating flat-faced follower is also known as a pivoted flat-faced follower, As shown in figure 1.17 below, the follower is pivoted about a fixed axis while receiving an oscillating motion from the cam. Figure 1.17. Oscillating Flatfaced Follower 6. Oscillating Spherical-faced Follower ‘+ As shown in Figure 1.18, illustrates an oscillating sphericalfaced follower pivoted about a fixed point as receiving an oscillating motion from the cam. Figure 1.18. Spherical-faced Follower (Oscillating) CAM NOMENCLATURE Figure 1.19, below, illustrates the construction of a plate or disk cam with its nomenclatures, Parameters, terminologies, ‘and parts of the cam construction are defined below.Machine Elaments 2.ecture & Drahing Manus! Laon! Figure 1.19. Disk Cam Nomenclatures é_— Tranziating Roller Follower — Total Follower Travel Normal-to-Cam " Contour Pressure Angle Fou Lo Cam Shaft °F Motion Pitch Point 3 Base Circle— Prime Circle Pitch Curve 5 ‘Cam Surface (Contour) Rotation 6 Station Point Number Definition of Terms Si Teace Point - a point on the follower that corresponds tothe contact point ofa fictitious knife-edge folower that ‘would give the sme output motion as the actual follower. For a roller follower, the trace point coincides with the center of the roller. os Pitch Curve - path of the trace point relative to the cam. For a flat-faced follower, the pitch curve is the same as the cam surface. © + Base Circle - the smallest circle tangent to the cam surface. 4, rime Circle - the smallest circle tangent tothe cam pitch surface, Fora cam with knife-edge or flat-faced follower, the prime circle Is the same as the base circle. oo Pressure Anale - an angie between the direction of motion of the direction of motion of the trace point and the line (of action, also called the common normal (ine normal to both the cam and the follower face, or roller, at the point of contact). ©& Stroke - the distance between the extreme positions ofthe follower. DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM Displacement Diagram - the relations between the successive positions of the driver and follower in a cam motion, ‘whose abscissa: are linear distances arbitrarily chosen to represent angular motion of the cam and whose ordinates are the corresponding displacements of the follower from its initial position.OO ‘Machine Elements 2Lecture & Drafhing Manual Lon 1 Figure 1.20. Displacement diagram a watt |< Return ition of inflection Pcifts ~ Follower Displacement 030 6 (aR 180° 20" 270° 300° 330° 360" 9 cement 150° 210" Cara Angular Dis TYPES OF FOLLOWER MOTION 1. Straight line, uniform motion, or constant veloeity metion 2. Parabolic motion, gravitational motion, or uniformly accelerated motion 3. Simple harmonic motion (SHM) 4. Cycloidal motion 5. Polynomial motion ANALYSIS OF THE FOLLOWER MOTIONS To analyze the follower motion, let us consider the following parameters: + hor L= the stroke or the distance between the extreme positions of the follower; follower, mm or inches. ‘+ B= the cam angle or the tota! angle through which the cam turns to cause the follower to move the distance, h, degrees, radians. + @=angle turned by the cam of distance, s, degrees, radians. + s=any distance displaced by the follower at any angle, 0, turned of the cam, mm, inches, ‘+ V=velocity of the follower, or the first derivative of s with respect to time, m/s, fps. ‘+ 2 =2cceleration of the follower, or the 2” derivative of s with respect to time, m/s?, fps? ‘+ _J=jerk which isthe 3 derivative of s with respect to time, or the time rate of change of acceleration, or the rate of ‘application of inertia force. Jerk is important to cam designers because of its effect in terms of wear, noise, and stress. Uniform Motion ‘+ This is the simplest type of follower motion. It gives a constant velocity for the rise and return movement of the follower. The acceleration and jerk are infinite at the beginning and end of motion causing extreme shock at these points. For these reasons, application of this is not practical but some modifications had been done for low speed applications ‘+ To analyse this type of motion consider the discussion below. F the maximum lift of the Figure 1.21. Uniform Motion AnalysisMachine Elements 2Lecture & Drafting Manual Lesson! isplacement Equation ! s= stk | Where, s= follower displacement at any tine, mm, inches k= velocity con:tant, mm/s, lnehes/ S1= ita dsplacement ofthe follower, mm, inches t= time seen vEovetion V = So constant ae ai Acceleration Equation: a c dt oa Jerk Equation: J = =0 dt &.# 11 The follower dwells between 0 and 60°, rises with constant velocity between 60° and 180°, dwells from 280° to 240°, and returns with constant velocity from 240° to 360" show the follower displacement, Velocity, acceleration, and jerk diagrams Solution Displacement Diagram 4 ° 60° 180° 240° a0) Velocity Diagram ‘Acceleration Diagramjachne Elements 2Lecture & Drafting Manual if « ® | i rk Diagram | IMPLE HARMOWIC MOTION ‘To analyse Simple Harmonic Motion, consider the generating circle shown below. Let radius CE rotating at constant angular velocity, together with point E moving on the rim of the generating circle. AS point £ moves, consider its projection. point P, also moves on the horizontal diameter of the circle. For one revolution of point E, point P completes on reciprocating motion on the lirizontal diameter, The type motion of point is called simple harmonic motion ‘igure 1.22. Generating Circle for SHM. , Generating Circle ‘+ From the figure shown, consider the instantaneous position of radius CE with an angular displacement of 4, and. point P witha linear displacement of s from A. s=AC-BC were, BC = Reosé AC=R 2 = radius of the generating circle 1 Then, s = R - Reos 24 = cos) ‘+ Forcam follower application, consider the figure below. 10‘Machine Elements 2Lecture & Drafting Manual Lesson | Figure 1.23. SHM Application to Cam Follower n arbitrary angle displaced by the generating circle, radians. the cam angle when the generating circle turns angle,¢, radians. = the angle the cam turns through while the generating circle is turning through 180° or x radians. Angle Relations ea Si eve ¢ (5) ft FOLLOWER DISPLACEMENT EQUATION Eq. 2. Displacement Equation.Machine Elements 2Lecture & Drafting Manual Lesson | VELOCITY EQUATION Differentiating displacement equation with respect to time, oat (x2) (2)# (s4)/ ( a\|# =! sin(n2]](%) 22 (2% )) sin x a2 BIB) a” (38) B)] a « Where, $7 = «= angular vlocity of the cam that is considered constant ad/s xho | (x v= 2h inf Zo Velocity equation 2» (j ) m ACCELERATION EQUATION Differentiating velocity equation with respect to time, 2-¢ (Se )l(-3) 8) (a) wher, =o Then, ante Zo \cceleration equation “ M(2) snot JERK EQUATION Differentiating acceleration equation with respect to time # Gels) 8 who* wnere, So = 0 mre 1=-{286") 30) Jerk equation NOTE: SHIN cams are easy to manufacture and hence quite popular. However, there are points in the motion for which the jerk is infinite (theoretically). For this reason, harmenie mation is not used for high-speed applications, but rather, is limited ‘to medium-speed applications. x #3] The follower dwells from 0° to 30°, rises with SHM from 30° to 150°, dwells from 150° to 210°, returns with SHM from 210° to 330°, and dwells from 330° to 360°. Show the follower displacement, velocity, acceleration, and jerk diagrams. ‘Assuming h= 60 mm and @ = 5 rad/s. Solution: To illustrate the beliavior of Simpie Harmonic Moticn (SHM) in the cam follower, consider the displacement, velocity, acceleration, and jerk diagrams shown below. Displacement Diagram. ‘ss shown below, angular displacement of the cam from 30° to 150° isthe rise movement of the follower; and the cam displacement from 210° to 360° is the retura movement of the follower. 0 30° 90° 150° 210° 270° 360° °Machine Elements 2Lecture & Orating Manu Velocty tearm 360° 30° 270° 360° Jerk Dioaram J © eS ' ANALYSIS OF PARABOLIC MOTION OR CONSTANT ACCELERATED AND DECELERATED MOTION ‘To analyse parabolic motion of cam follower, consider the figure below. Figure 1.24. Parabolic Motion Analysis nals: ’As shown in the figure, AC is constant accelerated motion and CB is constant decelerated motion. Distance AC Is equal to distance CB that is equal to h/2. Considering the uniformly accelerated part of the follower, AC. Parabolic equation is s=Ce? eq s = Vet + tat? 2 Where, @= the cam angle, rad. Cea constant 5 follower displacement at any time, t. 13Machine Elements 2Lecture & Drafting Manual Lesson | DISPLACEMENT EQUATION a, Follower displacement from Ato Cand 0s 0s fi/2. Let, b= the cam angie turned through while the follower is given a rise of distance h, rad When the follower displacement is h/2, the cam has tutned through an angle 1/2, therefore equation 1 becomes Meco: «.h(2)_ 2h Sac(8) men 4(2) is ta Sabstuting £9, 0.n92, 8 -( 2h Se Displacement equation 6 } 6. Foloweratstacement rom cto and & < > s=h t-a{-d) B Velocity Equation for follower distance A to Cand 0 <0 < /2 VELOCITY EQUATION ds 2h co V=—=|(—|Q0e/— re =or, ir it ne cam, rad/s. a 3 jea( ) ‘Where, d6 / dt = «0 = angular velocity of the cam, rad/s 4 v ro Velocity Equation 1b, Velocity Equation of the follower from C to B and B/2<0 Aen ; mys \a0" =o: : tae’ 60 min : — 5 muster! 4 00m Dwell 8 ee 300° SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION. stom mes megan TD Ex. # 2] Draw the displacement-time diagram of the follower with the following movements: Follower rises 60 mm in 120” with simple harmonic motion, dwells for 60°, returns in 120" with simple harmonic motion, and dwells for 60°. Solution: To draw the follower displacement diagram, follow the following steps: Lay out the follower displacement as ordinates in accordance with the given scale. Lay out the cam angular displacement as abscissas in accordance with the given scale. Divide the cam angular displacement forthe follower rise movement into desired equal divisions. Divide the cam angular displacement for the follower movement into desired equal divisions. Draw a semi circle at the left side of the origin or ordinates with diameter equal to the follower maximum lift and divide it into equal divisions, equal to the nurher of divisions of cam angular displacement for the rise movement. 6. For each division in the rim of the semi circle, project a horizontal line intersecting with the vertical line corresponding to the cam angular displacement, 2. Trace the oes of point of nterseton fo show the cue fr simple harmon matin. 2. Fortheretum movement ofthe fllower flow spe 7. (Ges Cmae, ower qe € oweents C8) po tea Diagram on comm b sea 4 ot te 120° 180° 300° 360° PARABOLIC MOTION: Ex. #3] Draw the displacement-time diagram of the follower with the following movement with parabolic motion, dwells for 60°, returns in 120° with parabolic motion, and dwells for 60°. Solution: To draw the follower displacement, follow the following steps: 1. Lay out the follower displacements as ordinates in accordance with the specified scale, 4Machine Elements 2Lecture & Drafting Manual Lesson 1 2. Layout the cam angular displacements as abscissas in accordance with the specified scale. 3, _ Divide the cam angular displacement for the rise movement into desired equal divisions. 4 Draw an inclined line from the origin and divide it into divisions with odd units based from the number of divisions the half portion of the rise movement, Draw line connecting the last odd unit and the mid point of h, then draw parallel lines for ather divisions. For each division, draw horizontal line intersecting with vertical line corresponding to the cam angular division, then trace the locus of points to form a curve for parabolic =rotion. 7. For the return movement, follow steps 6 to 7, excer* t dwell the inclined line will be drawn from the end of the upper we CoMnes pace Diagram: 0 120° 180° 300° 360° SEAT WORK Prob] Plot a displacement diagram for a follower that is to rise and fall 2s follows: rise 30 mm in 4 seconds with uniform acceleration; rise 30 mm in & seconds with constant deceleration; rest 6 seconds; fall 40 mm with harmonic mation; rise 20 ‘mm in 3 seconds with uniform velocity; fall 40 mm at once; and rest 4 seconds. Scale: Follower displacement, full size; Cam displacement, as desired. Solution: Computations 25Machine Elements 2Lecture & Dratting Manual Lesson t GRAPHICAL LAYOUT OF CAM PROFILE In constructing the cam profil, the principle of kinematic inversion should be employed, imagining the carn to be stationary and allowing the follower to rotate to the direction of cam rotation. It is assumed that, to determine the exact shape af a cam surface, the required motion has been completely determined « graphically, analytically, or numerically. Thus a complete displacement diagram can be drawn to scale for the entire cam rotation. The purpose of motion isto layout the proper cam ‘shape to achieve the follower motion represented Uy thit displacement diagram. tor Knife-edge follower {mn this mechanism, the follower has contact with the cam along a line represented by the point in all positions. Ths style of follower is suits ble only for very light service because the edge cannot be effectively lubricated, pressure is concentrated on this position, and wears likely to be excessive. ‘The figure below shows the principles of construction for determining the contour of a cam with a radial point or knife-edge ‘oliower. ttshows a graph of the desired follower motion as a function of the angular displacement of the cam angle. For each division of the cam angle, the corresponding displacement is projected on to the axis of the follawer. To make the graphical construction easier, it is necessary to invert the mechanism and to hold the cam stationary while the follower moves around wt Procedure: 1, Rotate the follower about the center of the cam in a direction opposite that of the proposed cam rotation, while keeping the cam fixed. 2. Move the follower point radially outward (or inward for the return stroke) the correct ariount for each position of the follower axis. 3. Draw the cam outline by use of French curve. ‘An illustration ofthis follower is illustrated in the figure below. Figure 1.27: Cam Profile for Radial knife-edge Follower Figure 1.28. Cam Profile for Offset Knife-edge Follower rob. # 1] A cam isto be keyed to the cam shaft which turns uniformly counterclockwise, The shape of the cam is to be such that the point of the follower will be raised with uniform motion by 2 inches while the the cam makes one-hatt turn, and, lowered with Simple narmonic Motion to the original position during the second half-tuin of the cam. The diameter of base Circle is 3 inches. Given: Figure Shown Stroke = 2 inches Base Circle Diameter =3 inches Cam Direction of Rotation = Counterclockwise Follower Motions: Rise Movement Return Movement = Simple Harmonic Motion Required: Construct the cam profile,Machine Elements 2Lecture & Drafting Manual Figure PROCEDURE flse Movement ofthe Fotower Layout the follower with the axis passing through the center of rotation of the 2. Draw the base circle through the follower point A with Qas act ter 3. Divide one-half the base circle into, say six, equal angular divisions by six radial lines 3 Qa, Qb, Qe, Qd, Qe, & AF; 4. Divide the foliower stroke, distance AB, into as many equal parts as there are > Port Guide ‘alve spring Clearance “--Retainer Adjusting 1 nat Tappet ie il): degrees. The cam rotational speed is 60 rpm. For uniform motion, parabolic motion, simple harmonic motion, and ceatsdal mation, determine a) the mathematical expression fr the daplacement, velocity, acceleration, and jerk b) 32‘Machine Elements 2Lecture & Drafting Manual % Lesson | ‘cam for a four-cyce internal ‘cam fo 2 fourcycle internal combustion engine exhaust vale is designe to have a perio af valve opening that lasts for 320" of crankshaft rotation Asis usual, the cam rotates at one-half canktalt sped. xe cam i designed fr conmant acceleration and deceleration with an acceleration decleratlon rt of 3: find a) the maximum voy of the vale ding the opening peri and b) the maximum acceleration of he vale, The engine speeds 3600 rpm and Figure 3.32, Cogine evhaust Valve Lay out plate cam to move a reciprocating roller follower (diameter of roller is 1 inch) in a vertical line passing through the center of rotation of the cam. The base circle is to have a diameter of 4 inches and the cam is to rotate clockwise at 1L5 rpm. The follower is to rise 4 inches during the first 20 seconds; to rest during the next § seconds; to drop 4 with uniform motion during 10 seconds; and to rest 5 seconds. Draw the displacement diagram of the follower for the following movements with the corresponding cam angular displacement: 0-30" follower remains stationary 30°-90° rises 20 mm with uniform acceleration + continue rising 30 mm with harmonic deceleration remains stationary 180° returns 20 mm with uniform motion 210°- 300°: continue returning to its original position with simple harmonic motion 300°- 360°: remains stationary Scales: Follower displacement - triple the size; Cam displacement -30° = 1 inch, Draw the isplacement-time diagram, Follower rises SO mm ir, 120" with constant velocity, retures 25 mm in 90° with constant velocity, dwells for 60, and returns 25 mm in 90° with constant velocity. brew the displacement diagram of the follower. Follower rises 1 inch in 60° with simple harmonic mation, dwells for 30°, rise another 1 inch in 60° with simple harmonic motion and dwels for the remaining 30° raw the displacement diagram. Follower rises 50 mm In 90° with simple harmonic motion, dwells for 45°, returns in ‘180° with parabolic motion, and dwell for 45" raw the follower displacement diagram. Follower rises 40 mm in 120° with parabolic motion, returns 20 mm in 90° with simple harmonic motion, dwels for 30, returns the final 20mm In 90° with uniform motion, and dwells fr 30°, 3Machine Elements 2Lecture & Drafting Manual Lesson! PROBLEMS (Graphical) Prob. #1} Design & plate cam io glve tho following vertical motion to the follower, which is a roller 4" (13 mm} in diameter, raise 15 * (38 mm} with accelerated harmonic motion for the first 90 degrees turn of the cam; remain stil the next 60 degrees tum of the cam; raise 1.5” (38 mm) with retarded harmonic motion the next 90 degrees turn of the cam; drop instantly 1” (25 mm); lower 2° (51 mm) with uniformly accelerated and retarded motion the last 120 degrees turn of the cam. The cam is to turn uniformly clockwise. The diameter of the hve cicle Is 3° (76 mm). Execute the design for each of the following: a) the axis of the follower is passing through the center of rotation of the cam. bb) _ The center of the following in its starting position ison a line bisecting the second quadrant (45° with the vertical.) Prob. # 2] Draw the profile of 2 plate cam turning uniformly clockwise to give motion to a "(19 mm) diameter roller follower ‘whose center is on a scraight line passing 1” (25 mm) to the left of the axis of the cam. The highest position of center of roller is to be on a plane 2.75 inches (70 mr) above the axis of the cam. The motion of the follower is to be down 1 inch (25 mm! ‘with harmonic motion in one-fourth revolution; still one-fourth revolution; down % inch (13 mm) at once; up 1.5 inches (38 mm) with harmonic moticn in one-half revolution, Label the pitch line (curve) of cam and find the radius of the base circle, prob, # 3] Design a plate cam to give the following motion to the follower: raise 1.5 inches (38 mm) one-thied turn; drop instantly 2 inches (S1 mm); and raise 0.5 inch (13 men) with uniform motion the last one-third turn. The follower is 2 roller 10.75 inch (19 mm) in diameter. The center of the roller in its starting position is 2.25 inches (57 mm) from the center of the ‘crankshaft and is to the right of the camshaft on a line making 60 degrees with the horizontal through the camshaft center. ‘The cam is to turn counterclockwise. Motinn of the follower is vertical. prob. # 4] Design = plate cam to give the following motion to the follower: raise 1.5 inches (38 mm) with harmonic motion during the fist one-third turn; remain stil during the second one-third turn and return to its orginal position with uniformly Scctlerated ond retarded motion during the last one-third turn. The follower isa roller % inch in diameter. The center of the aster ins starting positon is 2.25 inches (57 mm) from the center of the camshaft and isto the right of the camshaft on the line making 60 degrees with the horizontal through the camshaft center. The cams to turn counterclockwise, 34