NCM 119/L 3RD EXAM REVIEWER

Metacommunication can be defined as 'communication about

communication'.

1. Intrasender Conflict:
This type of conflict occurs when a role sender requires a role
receiver (i.e., the focal person) to perform contradictory or
inconsistent roles. For example, a role sender may request the
role receiver to do something that cannot be done without
violating a rule, yet the role sender attempts to enforce the rule.

2. Intersender conflict
a receiver experiences conflicting messages from one or more
COMMUNICATION sources. A conflicting expectation.
Definition: the process of generating meaning among things or
groups using signs, symbols, and semiotic standards that are example: a staff nurse receives instruction from the doctor
sufficiently mutually understood. which is inconsistent with the needs or expectations for the
nurse.
Modes of Communication
a. Verbal Directions of Communication:
b. Non-Verbal a) Downward Communication
c. Written b) Upward Communication
d. Visual c) Horizontal Communication
e. Listening d) Diagonal or Crosswise Communication

Distorted Communication - A 1. Downward Communication:

linguistic irregularity or anomaly that departs or deviates from
the intended meaning of a sign is referred to as a distortion, Traditionally, the emphasis in business organizations has been
Intentional distortion distorts a message's perception, allowing on downward communication. This is because of the
for pre-planned and purposeful misrepresentations of a hierarchical nature of organizations where all communication
communicated sign. basically and naturally flows from top to bottom. It is the
communication that comes from superiors and flows down to
a) Metacommunications the subordinates.
b) Intersender Conflict
d) Other Causes Methods of Downward Communication:
c) Intrasender conflict
1. The oral communication is mostly through information
Intentional distortion of communication - filtering information: channels.
2. The written downward communication takes the form of
 flattery orders, circulars, policy statements, memos and procedural
 hesitation documents. Example, a CEO (Chief Executive Officer) or a
 fear General Manager issuing instructions or sending letters to
 suspicion various departmental heads.

Metacommunication objective of downward communication:

Think of receiving communication as buying a new gadget. The
store owner is the sender, the gadget is the message, and you're
the receiver.
If the store owner simply hands over the gadget to you, it's the
simplest type of communication. Such communication is devoid
of any higher levels of communication or metacommunication.
However, that rarely happens. The store owner will typically
give you the gadget with a package, an instruction manual, a
warranty, and perhaps some accessories. All these additional
things refer to or say something more about the gadget, the
original message.
1. To give specific directions about a job
2. To explain procedures
3. To apprise subordinates of their performance
4. To explain the significance of a job given to a subordinate
with respect to the organization's goals
II. Upward Communication:
As the term suggests, this channel of communication pushes
information upwards.
It starts from the people at the lowest level of an organisation
and reaches the top.
An open-door policy, social gatherings, reports, direct
correspondence, counseling, etc. are some common methods of
upward communication.
Methods of upward communication:
(a) Periodical meetings - monthly meeting
(b) Written Representations - proposals
(c) Informal Gatherings - parties
(d) Suggestion Schemes- recommendation box
Objective of upward communication
(i) Feedback
(ii) Outlet for held-up Emotions
(iii) Positive Suggestions
(iv) Harmony
III. Lateral or Horizontal Communication:
This kind of communication takes place between departments
or people on the same level in an organizational structure. It is
one of the most frequently used channels of communication.
Face-to-face discussions, telephonic talks, periodical meetings,
memos, etc. are the ways of carrying out this type of
communication. It is very important for the smooth functioning
of every organisation as it promotes understanding and
coordination between various departments.
example nurses coordinate with medtech, radtech, pharmacist
IV. Diagonal or Crosswise Communication:
Diagonal or crosswise communication envisages a horizontal
flow of information as well as interaction across different levels
of an organization's hierarchy. Communication flows across
different levels in an organisation among people who may not
have direct reporting relationships. Diagonal communication is
used to speed up the flow of information.
It makes effective efforts for achieving organizational goals. A
great deal of communication does not follow the organizational
hierarchy, but cuts across well-drawn lines. Channels of such
communication are general notices, informal meetings, formal
conferences, lunch hour meetings, etc.
objectives of diagonal communication
(1) To help in proper coordination
(ii) To communicate effectively whether laterally, horizontally
and diagonally
(iii) To improve mutual understanding
(iv) To boost the morale of lower level staff through interaction
across all the levels in the organisation
Some of the most frequently mentioned differences in gender
communication are that,
(1) women are more vocal than men;
(2) women are more verbally skilled than men;
(3) men are more action oriented in their use of language, while
women are more relationship oriented;
(4) men are more competitive in their language use, while
women are more cooperative; and
(5) the above differences lead to regular communication
frictions between men and women (Cameron, 2007).
According to Study, men seem to smile less than
women, and women use much more euphemisms, such as non-
verbal signs to listen and grasp.
Men will also try to touch more than to demonstrate dominance
by patting someone's back while speaking women will attempt
to make connection by caressing arms or giving hugs
Growing up boys and girls are typically kept separate, which
prevents trhem from interacting with people of different genders
As a result, men and women communicate differently, and both
sexes typically interact with various reasons.
When it comes to males and females communicating with each
other and the opposite sex, sometimes they tend to speak a
language others do not understand. When men speak to a
women they want that women to obey and listen to everything
they say. When men communicate with other men their egos
gets bigger then what they really are. Women communicating
with other women can go two ways either really good or really
bad.
Why is it so hard for genders to communicate with each other?
Business Writing and Reporting Skills
1. Determine the message's primary goal
2. Collect and assess the necessary date and information
3. Divide and organize the material into main categories
4. Write the first draft of the message in a conversational way, if
possible.
6. Examine the text
5. Take into account the intended recipient
Writing a Report || Memo Writing
A memo's purpose in business is to communicate or seek
information from people inside your company. It's critical to
think about the memo's main argument and who should get it. A
memo written in a clear, courteous, and professional tone
eliminates the possibility of misinterpretation.

Writing a Report || Minutes of Meeting

are written notes taken during a meeting. They emphasize the

most important subjects being debated, motions being made or
voted on, and activities to be carried out.

Steps:
1. Pre-Planning
2. Record - Taking
3. Writing or transcribing the minutes
4. Sharing the meeting minutes.
5. Filing or storage of minutes for referencing in the future.

Decide what you want to achieve.

goals and objective of the presentaiton:

a. to recognize the countries who have been affected with

covid19
b. to identify the highest and lowest affected countries in
asia, africa, and america.
c. to provide solutions to the acessibility of vaccines.

Consider who you're writing for.

 if names are included: make sure to write accurately
 make sure to consider the background of the audience
 use simple and understandable language/words (cliches
and jargons)

"char or todo na to!!!!"

"hereunto thereunto hypersensitivity"

make a rough outline

 diagrams.
 illustration
 charts
 script