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ELK508E COMPUTER RELAYING

FOR POWER SYSTEMS

Solved Problems

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Protection Zones
•Draw the zones of protection for the power system shown
in Fig. 3 (Hint: there will be 14 zones).
•Which circuit breakers will open for a fault at (a) P1, (b) P2 and
(c) P3?

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Problem:
Motor Protection

(a) Desing a protection system for

the motor seen below using
Time delayed Overcurrent
relay
(b) Using Percentage Diff Relay 50

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Over current Protection (Remember)

İstantaneous overcurrent protection
Time delay overcurrent
50
protection

50

Phase fault protection

50

Ground fault protection

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Time (sn)

1000
Uzun dönem hafif aşırı
yüklenme bölgesi Rotor kilitlenme akımı

200
Motor yol alma bölgesi

100
Rotor kilitlenme zaman aralığı

Motor termal eğri

Aşırı yük koruma eğrisi
I 2t
Rotor kilitlenme bölgesi

10
Motor Kalkış Eğrisi

Tam yük akımı

Aşırı yük koruma rölesi

çalışma akımı ayar bölgesi
Rotor kilitlenme rölesi çalışma akımı ayar bölgesi

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 …. 1200

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Solution:

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Protection against phase faults- Use Instantaneous overcurrent

relay-50 for sever faults

Protection against ground faults- Use time delay overcurrent

relay-51G

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Generator/Rotor Differential Protection

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Pre-arc time
s

Radial Feder Protection Using Fuse

Min Fusing Current

Rated Current

Prospective Current
Amps, rms

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The input current to an overcurrent relay is 10 A.

Determine the relay operating time for the following current tap
setting (CTS) and time dial setting (TDS):
(a) CTS = 1.0 and TDS = ½;
(b) CTS = 2.0 and TDS = 1.5; (c) CTS = 2.0 and TDS = 7;
(d) CTS = 3.0 and TDS = 7; and (e) CTS = 12.0 and TDS = 1.
Use the overcurrent relay characteristics

 A  tp is the pickup or operating time

tp   p  B   TDS M is the ratio of |If|/|Ip|
 M 1 
A = 28.2, B = 0.1217 and p = 2.0
TMS=TDS, Is=Ip=CTS
Answer:
a: Operating time= 0.203s
b:Operating time= 1.95s
c:Operating time= 9.10s
d:Operating time=20.00s
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Example (Radial Feeder Protection Using ITOC Relay)

Design an inverse time protection scheme to provide protection for the following
figüre using Normal Inverse Time Protection

Trip Trip

Remember:
Relay b must provide protection load side after Bus B
Relay ab must provide primary protection for line AB, back
up protection for the load side
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Two stage protection

Three stage protection

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Solution( Use standart inverse time characteristic)

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Trip Trip

1-If there is a fault within the load side, Rb provide primary protection and for
a fault current of 600A, it will trip after 0.22 s.

2- Relay ab will trip for the same fault after 0.63s as a back up protection.
Also Rab provide primary protection for the line setion AB:

Trips, for a fault current of 800A within AB, 0.5s

Trips, for a fault current of 1000A within AB, 0.43s

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Instantaneous OC Protection

The closer the fault is to the source, the greater the fault
current magnitude, yet the longer the tripping time. The
addition of instantaneous overcurrent relays makes this
system of protection viable. If an instantaneous relay can be
set to see almost up to, but not including, the next bus, all of
the fault-clearing times can be lowered

Since the instantaneous relay must not see beyond its own
line section, the values for which it must operate are very
much higher than even emergency loads. Therefore, load is
not usually a consideration for the instantaneous relay
setting.

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Set the instantaneous relays at buses A and B.

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Check to see how the relay will perform for a minimum fault at
bus B. The minimum fault at bus B is 800 A, divided by the
relay pickup of 1350 A, giving a multiple of pickup of 0.59: the
relay will not operate.

Check to see how the relay performs at the maximum current of

1500 A. 1500/1350 gives 1.11:- barely above pickup.
This provides very little line protection and an instantaneous
relay would not be recommended in this situation.

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Check the secondary current by dividing the primary current

by the CT ratio: 2025/20 = 101.25 A. Current over 100 A may
cause saturation of the magnetic components and is too high
for electromechanical relays. Depending upon the specific
design, this current may also be too high for both solid-state
and digital relays.
select the next highest standard CT ratio of 40 : 1. The relay
current then becomes 2025/40 = 50.63 A. Depending upon the
actual breaker and CT configuration, this change in CT ratio
may require that the setting of the time overcurrent relays, e.g.
may have to be recalculated.

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Check the performance of the relay at minimum and maximum

current at bus A. Pickup at 1000 A is 1000/2025 = 0.49.
The relay will not pick up. Pickup at 3000 A, however, is
3000/2025 = 1.48 and the relay will pick up.

The decision whether or not to use an instantaneous relay

depends upon the clearing time of the time delay overcurrent
relay

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Directional Relaying

As a radial system (switch X open), circuit breakers (4) and (5)

receive no fault current for a fault at F1. In fact, for this system
configuration, breaker (4) is not required.

In the loop system (switch X closed) we cannot set relays at (4)

above those at (5) to be selective for a fault at F2, and still
maintain coordination between (4) and (5) for a fault at F1.
Directional relays are required.
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Occasionally, a point in the loop can be found when there is

sufficient difference between a fault in the forward direction
and one in the backward direction so that the settings alone
can discriminate between them.

For this to be a safe procedure usually a ratio of 4 : 1 between

forward and reverse faults would be required.
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With switch X closed, assume that the current through (4) and
(5) for a fault at F1 is 100 A and for a fault at F2 is 400 A.

Setting the relay at (4) for pickup at 25 A gives 4 × pu for the

fault at F1 and 16 × pu for the fault at F2. This relay must,
therefore, be directional to see faults only in the direction from
breaker (4) to breaker (3).

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Setting the relay at (5) at 125 A, however, allows it to have 3.2

× pu for the fault in its protected zone at F2, but less than 1.0 ×
pu for the fault at F1. It therefore does not have to be
directional.
However, such a condition may change with system growth
and pass unnoticed until a false trip occurs. It is therefore good
practice to use directional relays at both locations.

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THANKS to
Stanley H. Horowitz
Arun G. Phadke

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