< l l ' f.

-'' ~ ( ~ '

1} Write down the objective of MAR POL 73/78 and when did it enter into force?
(4-marks)

Objectives of MARPOL 73/78

-To preserve the marine environment in an attempt to completely eliminate
pollution by oil and other harmful substances (1-mark)
-To minimize accidental spillage of such substances. (1-mark)
• MARPOL 73/78 entered into force in 1983. (1-mark)
• Annex VI entered into force in 2005. (1-mark)

2} What are the special areas of Annex I (oil pollution prevention)?

(4-marks)

SPECIAL AREAS o(Annex I

MEDITERRANEAN SEA/ BALTIC SEA/ BLACK SEA/ (1-mark)
RED SEA/ GULF AREA/ GULF OF ADEN/ ANTARCTIC AREA/ (1-mark)
NW EUROPEAN WATERS (NORTH SEA/ IRISH SEA/ CELTIC SEA/ ENGLISH CHANNEL.)
(1-mark)
OMAN AREA OF ARABIAN SEA/ SOUTHERN SOUTH AFRICAN WATERS/ (1-mark)

3} Briefly describe MARPOL 73/78 and enumerate the six Annexes of MAR POL.
(6-marks)

• MAR POL 73/78 is the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978. ("MAR POL" is short for marine
pollution and 73/78 short for the years 1973 and 1978.) (3-marks)

Annex I- Regulations for the prevention of pollution by oil (0.5-mark)

Annex II- Regulations for the control of pollution by noxious liquid substances in
bulk (0.5-mark)
Annex Ill- Regulations for the prevention of pollution by harmful substances carried
by sea in packaged form (0.5-mark)
Annex IV- Regulations for the prevention of pollution by sewage from ships
(0.5-mark)
Annex V- Regulations for the prevention of pollution by garbage from ships
(0.5-mark)
Annex VI- Regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships (0.5-mark)

Page 1 of 23
 4} Explain the Garbage management plan.
(4-marks)

Garbage management plan

• All ships (100 grt and above), every ship (certified to carry 15 persons or more),
and every fixed or floating platform (1-mark)
• Includes written procedures for minimizing, collecting, storing, processing and
disposing of garbage, including the use of the equipment on board. (1-mark)
• Designates the person responsible for maintaining the plan. (1-mark)
• In the working language of the crew. (1-mark)

5} What are the items prohibited for shipboard incineration?

(6-marks)

INCINERATION OF FLWG SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED:

• ANNEX I, II, Ill cargo residues & related contaminated packing materials
(1-mark)
• Garbage containing more than traces of heavy metals (1-mark)
• Refined petrole.um products containing halogen compounds (1-mark)
• Sewage sludge & sludge oil either of which is not generated on board the ship
(1-mark)
• Exhaust gas cleaning system residues (1-mark)
• PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) (0.5-mark)
• Polyvinyl chlorides (PVC) (0.5-mark)

6} State the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS}
Regulation.
(6-marks)

SO LAS
• Most important treaty dealing with maritime safety. The 1st version adopted in
1914 in response to the Titanic disaster. (1-mark)
• The 2nd and 3rd versions introduced in 1929 and 1948 respectively. (1-mark)
• The IMO adopted a new version of SO LAS in 1960. (1-mark)

Page 2 of 23
• As the amendment procedures appeared slow, IMO introduced a new version of
SOLAS in 1974 to include the tacit acceptance procedure. The new procedure has
led to numerous amendments in SOLAS since 1974. (2-marks)
• The Convention in force today is often referred to as SOLAS, 1974, as amended.
(1-mark)

7) Write down short notes about the International Convention on Standards of

Training, Certification and Watch keeping for Seafarers {STCW).
(4-marks)

• It was adopted by IMO in 1978. (1-mark)

• Set training and certification standard for masters, officers, and watch personnel
on seagoing merchant .ships. (1-mark)
• It came into effect in 1984 after the ratification by pre-requisite number of
countries. (1-mark)
• At the behest of US Coast Guard, IMO had to make a major amendment to STCW
Convention in 1995. The 2010 Manila amendments entered into force in Jan
2012. (1-mark)

B) Briefly explain STCW Code.

(6-marks)

• The regulations contained in the Convention are supported by sections in the

STCW Code. (1-mark)
• Generally speaking, the Convention contains basic requirements which are then
enlarged upon and explained in the Code. (1-mark)
• Part A of the Code is mandatory. The minimum standards of competence
required for seagoing personnel are given in detail in a series of tables.
(2-marks)
• Part B of the Code contains recommended guidance which is intended to help
Parties implement the Convention. The measures suggested are not mandatory
and the examples given are only intended to illustrate how certain Convention
requirements may be complied with. (2-marks)

Page 3 of 23

~~--- ~ --- -- __________________,.

 9) What are the substances of "Reverse list" (permitted list) to dump as per
London Convention 1996 Protocol?
(6-marks)

1. Dredged material (0.5-mark)

2. Sewage sludge (0.5-mark)
3. Fish waste, or material resulting from industrial fish processing operations
(1-mar.':)
4. Vessels and platforms or other man-made structures at sea (1-mark)
5. Inert, inorganic geological material (0.5-mark)
6. Organic material of natural origin (0.5-mark)
7. Bulky items primarily comprising iron, steel, concrete and similar unharmful
materials (1-mark)
8. C02 streams from C02 capture processes. (1-mark)

10}Sta!e the codes of entry in Oil Record Book Part I

(8-marks)

{A) Ballasting or deaning of oil fuel tanks (1-mark)

(B) 'O>isch:Jrge of dirty ballast or cleaning water from oil fuel tanks referred to under
_; :ction {a) (1-mark)
(Cj l:ollection, transfer and disposal of oil residues {sludge and other oil residues)
(1-mark)
(D) Non-automatic starting of discharge overboard, transfer or disposal otherwise of
bilge water which has accumulated in machinery spaces (1-mark)
{E) Automatic starting of discharge overboard, transfer or disposal otherwise of bilge
water which has accumulated in machinery spaces (1-mark)
(F) Condition of the oil filtering equipment (1-mark)
(G) Accidental or other exceptional discharges of oil (1-mark)
(H) Bunkering of fuel or bulk lubricating oil (0.5-mark)
{I) Additional operational procedures and general remarks (0.5-mark)

Page 4 of 7.3
 .........

11) Describe the condition of discharging oily mixtures from machinery space of
ship outside special areas.(Reg. 15A- Annex I}
(6-marks)

• Any discharge of oil or oily mixtures from ships of 400grt and above shall
be prohibited except when all the followings are satisfied: (1-mark)
• The ship is proceeding en route. (1-mark)
• The oily mixtures is processed through an oil filtering equipment meeting
the requirement of reg.14 of Annex I. (1-mark)
• The oil content of the effluent without dilution does not exceed 15ppm.
(1-mark)
• The oil mixture does not originate from cargo pump-room bilges on oil
tankers. (1-mark)
• The oily mixture, in case of oil tankers, is not mixed with oil cargo
residues. (1-mark)

12} Describe the condition of discharging oily mixtures from machinery space of
ship in special areas.(Reg. 158- Annex I}
(8-marks)

• Any discharge of oil or oily mixtures from ships of 400grt and above shall
be prohibited except when all the followings are satisfied: (1-mark)
• The ship is proceeding en route. (1-mark)
• The oil content of the effluent without dilution does not exceed 15ppm.
(1-mark)
• The oil mixture does not originate from cargo pump-room bilges and is
not mixed with oil cargo residues on oil tankers. (2-marks)
• In respect of the Antarctic area, any discharge into the sea of oil or oily
mixtures from any ship shall be prohibited. (1-mark)
• The oily mixtures is processed through an oil filtering equipment of a
design approved by the Administration and specification recommended
by the Organization. (1-mark)
• Any ship of 10,000 grt and above shall have oil filtering equipment of a
design approved by the Administration and with arrangement to be
automatically stopped with alarm when oil content exceeds 15ppm.
(1-mark)

Page 5 of 23
 13}State the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'
Ballast Water and Sediments
(8-marks)

• To react to the growing concerns about environmental impact of ballast

water discharge, IMO adopted in 2004 the Convention to control the
environmental damage from ballast water. (2-marks)
• The Convention has been ratified by enough countries to enter into force
on September 8, 2017. (1-mark)
• The goals are to minimize damage to the environment by:
(i) minimizing the uptake of organisms during ballasting. (1-mark)
(ii) minimizing the uptake of sediments during ballasting. (1-mark)
• At least 95% ballast water exchange at sea (min. 200Nm from shore/ min.
depth 200 metres/ the flow through or sequential method). (1-mark)
• Chemical or mechanical treatment (UV-radiation, filter, de-oxygenation,
cavitation, ozone ... ) (1-mark)
• Control measures include International Ballast Water Management
Certificate/ Ballast water management plan/ Ballast water record book
(1-mark)

14}Briefly explain MARPOL Annex VI.

(8-marks)

Annex VI
• In 1997, a new annex was added to the International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). Entered into force in 2005
(1-mark)
• Sets limits on Sulphur oxide and Nitrogen oxide emissions from ship exhausts
(1-mark)
• Prohibits deliberate emissions of ozone depleting substances (1-mark)
• Prohibits VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) emission (1-mark)
• Sets designated emission control areas (1-mark)
• Sets more stringent standards for SOx, NOx and particulate matter (1-mark)
• In 2011, IMO adopted the mandatory technical and operational energy efficiency
measures to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from ships; these measures
were included in Annex VI and entered into force on 1 Jan 2013. (2-marks)

Page 6 of23
 15)Brief/y explain SOPEP and its contents.
{8-marks)

MARPOL Annex I, Regulation: 37

Every oil tanker of lSOgt and above and every ship (other than an oil tanker) of
400gt and above shall carry on board a shipboard oil pollution emergency plan
(SO PEP) approved by the Administration. (4-marks)
SOPEP contents:
• Action plan containing duty of each crew during oil spill, including emergency
muster and actions (0.5-mark)
• General information about the ship and the owner of the ship, etc. (0.5-mark)
• Steps and procedure to contain spilt oil into the sea (0.5-mark)
• Onboard reporting procedure and requirement (0.5-mark)
• Authorities (port state control, oil clean-up team, etc.) to contact and reporting
requirements (0.5-mark)
• Drawing of fuel lines & other oil lines with positions of vents, save all trays, etc.
(0.5-mark)
• General arrangement of ship with location of all the oil tanks with capacity,
content, etc. (0.5-mark)
• Location of SO PEP locker and inventory list of contents inside. (0.5-mark)

16} Write down about the Shipboard Marine Pollution Emergency Plan {SMPEP).
{4-marks)

• Reg.17 of Annex II requires that all ships of lSOgrt and above carrying noxious
liquid substances in bulk carry an approved SMPEP for noxious liquid substances.
(2-marks)
• It may be combined with a SO PEP, since most of their contents are the same and
one combined plan on board is more practical than two separate ones in case of
an emergency. The combined one should be referred to as a shipboard Marine
Pollution Emergency Plan {SMPEP). (2-marks)

Page 7 of 23
,..

17} What are the sewages on board?

(4-marks)

• Drainage and other wastes from any form of toilets & urinals {1-mark)
• Drainage from medical premises {dispensary, sick bay, etc ... ) via wash basins,
wash tubs and scuppers located in such premises {1-mark)
• Drainage from spaces containing living animals {1-mark)
• Other waste water when mixed with the drainages defined above. {1-mark)

1B)Explain the different sewage disposal system on board.

(6-marks)

• "Sewage treatment plant" approved by administration; type conforming

standards & test methods developed by the organization of the marine
environment protection committee {or) {2-marks)
• "Sewage comminuting & disinfecting system" approved by administration; such
system shall be fitted with temporary storage of sew when ship is less than 3
nautical-miles from nearest land. {or) {2-marks)
• Holding tank constructed to the satisfaction of the administration: {2-marks)

19} What are the ozone depleting substances?

(8-marks)

• CFC and HCFCs- {mostly used in refrigeration, air conditioning) {1-mark)

• Halons- {used as fire suppression agents and fire-fighting) {1-mark)
• Carbon tetrachloride (Tetrachloromethane)- {used as solvent in laboratories
and chemical and pharmaceutical industry). {2-marks)
• 1,1,1,-trichloroethane- {used as solvent in laboratories and chemical and
pharmaceutical industry). {1-mark)
• Methyl bromide- {used in fumigation, soil treatment, pest control, quarantine)
{1-mark)
• Hydrobromofluorocarbons- {used in fire suppression systems and fire-fighting)
{1-mark)
• Bromochloromethane -{used in the manufacture of biocides) {1-mark)

Page 8 of23
 20) What are the requirements of incinerator performance by reg.16 Annex. VI?
(6-marks)

• Monitoring of flue gas outlet temp shall be required at all times (1.5-mark)
• Waste shall not be fed into a Continuous-feed shipboard incinerator when the
temperature is below the min allow temp of 850°C. (1.5-mark)
• For Batch-loaded shipboard incinerators, the unit shall be designed so that the
temp in the combustion chamber shall reach 600°C within 5 minutes after start-
up and will thereafter stabilize at a temp not less than 850 oc. (1.5-mark)
• It must be ensured that the flue gas outlet temp monitoring system is
operational. (1.5-mark)

21} What shall the VOC Management Plan of a tanker carrying crude oil contain as
a minimum?
(4-marks)

• Written procedures for minimizing VOC emissions during the loading, sea passage
and discharge of cargo. (1-mark)
• Consideration to the additional VOC generated by Crude Oil Washing;
(1-mark)
• Identify a person responsible for implementing the plan. (1-mark)
• Written in the working language of the master and officers and, if the working
language is not English, French or Spanish, include a translation to one of these
languages. (1-mark)

22}Describe EEDI / SEEMP of MARPOL Annex VI.

(8-marks)

• To significantly reduce C02 emissions, the mandatory measures (EEDI/SEEMP)

entered into force on 1 January 2013. The regulations apply to all ships of and
above 400gt. (2-marks)
• MAR POL Annex VI, Chapter 4 introduces two mandatory mechanisms:
(1) the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), for new ships,
(2) the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) for all ships.
(2-marks)

Page 9 of23
• The EEDI is a performance-based mechanism that requires a certain minimum
energy efficiency in new ships. Ship designers and builders are free to choose the
technologies to satisfy the EEDI requirements in a specific ship design.
{2-marks)
• The SEEMP is a mechanism for operators to improve the energy efficiency of
ships. It is a special tool to measure and control Green House Gas emission from
the already existing shipping fleet known as Ship Energy Efficiency Management
Plan. {2-marks)

23} What does port state inspector verify during inspection?

(4-marks)

Inspections are carried out under the authority of international conventions to

verify that: .
• Vessel maintains valid documents and certificates in accordance with relevant
conventions {1-mark)
• Vessel is fit for intended service (e.g. hull and machinery) (1-mark)
• Vessel is not a pollution risk (1-mark)
• Vessel provides the crew a healthy and safe working environment (1-mark)

24} Describe psc initial inspection, detailed inspection and detention of a vessel.
(3.1.1.1.3) Book.9, Page.3 (12-marks)

• PSC initial inspection is to verify that necessary certificates and documents are
valid. The inspectors judge the general appearance and condition of the vessel.
(2-marks)
• Detailed Inspections are warranted when the vessel does not pass the criteria to
determine whether the ship is substandard or not. (2-marks)
• Grounds for a detailed inspection:
- A report or notification received from another authority (1-mark)
- A report or complaint from the master, a crew member (or any person or
organization with a legitimate interest in the safe operation of the ship or in
the prevention of pollution) (1-mark)
- The finding of serious deficiencies during the initial inspection (1-mark)

• In many instances, the problems are rectified while the inspector is still aboard
and allowed to leave the port on schedule. (1-mark)
• Other deficiencies require further action to rectify and the ship is detained.
(1-mark)

Page 10 of23
• Once detained, inspectors verify deficiencies are rectified before the ship is
allowed to proceed to sea. (1-mark)
• Additionally, the inspector may:
Notify flag State of the detention (1-mark)
- Allow the ship to proceed to another port for repairs if it cannot be repaired
at the local port, notifying the authority of the vessel's next port of call and
the flag State. (1-mark)

25} State the key benefits for the states which are party to OPRC 90 and OPRC-
HNS. {10-marks)

• Access to an international platform for co-operation and mutual assistance in

preparing for, and responding to, major oil and HNS pollution incidents and a
mechanism for establishing co-operative arrangements with other States Parties.
(2-marks)
• A means for urgently accessing relevant technical assistance and response
resources in the event of an oil or HNS incident. (2-marks)
• A framework for the development of national and regional capacity to prepare
for, and respond to, oil and HNS incidents. (2-marks)
• Participation in a network for the exchange of new research and development
information, best practices and practical experiences in oil and HNS response.
(2-marks)
• Access to training and support for developing the essential preparedness and
response structures and legislation, at national and regional levels, through IMO's
Integrated Technical Cooperation Programme. (2-marks)

26}Describe Oil Pollution Act of 1990 {OPA90}. {8-marks)

• The OPA90 amended the Clean Water Act and addressed the problems of oil
pollution incidents in US navigable waters. (2-marks)
• It created a comprehensive prevention, response, liability, and compensation
regime to deal with vessel- and facility-caused oil pollution to U.S. navigable
waters. (2-marks)
• OPA provides greater environmental safeguards by:
(1) Setting new requirements for vessel construction and crew licensing & manning
(0.5-mark)
(2) Mandating contingency planning, (0.5-mark)
(3) Enhancing federal response capability, (0.5-mark)
(4) Broadening enforcement authority, (0.5-mark)
(5) Increasing penalties, (0.5-mark)

Page 11 of 23
(6) Creating new research and development programs, (0.5-mark)
(7) Increasing potential liabilities, and (0.5-mark)
(8) Significantly broadening financial responsibility requirements. (0.5-mark)

27}Explain Biological Sewage Treatment system. (10-marks}

• Bacteria break down the sewage into an acceptable substance for discharge.
Aeration process helps bacteria multiply and digest the sewage, converting it into
a sludge. (3-marks)
• Three watertight compartments: an aeration compartment, settling
compartment and a chlorine contact compartment. (1-mark)
• Sewage enters the aeration compartment where it is digested by aerobic
bacteria and microorganisms, (1-mark)
• Then flows into the settling compartment where the activated sludge is settled
out. (1-mark)
• The clear liquid flows to the chlorine contact compartment to kill any remaining
bacteria. Chemical tablets are placed in the compartment and require
replacement as they are used up. (3-marks)
• The activated sludge in the settling tank is continuously recycled and builds up,
must be discharged only in a decontrolled area. (1-mark)

28}Explain Chemical Sewage Treatment system

(10-marks}
• Minimizes the collected sewage, treats it and retains it until it can be discharged
in a decontrolled area. Reception facilities may be available in some ports to take
this retained sewage. (3-marks)
• Any liquid from water closets is treated and used as flushing water for toilets
(1-mark)
• Various chemicals are added for odour and colour removal and also to assist
breakdown and sterilization. (1-mark)
• Comminutor is used to physically break up the sewage and assist the chemical
breakdown process. (1-mark)
• Solid material settles out in the tank and is stored prior to discharge into the
sullage tank (1-mark)
• The liquid is recycled for flushing use. (1-mark)
• Daily test to check the chemical dosage rates is to prevent odours developing and
also to avoid corrosion as a result of high levels of alkalinity. (2-marks)

Page 12 of23
 29} Describe food waste comminutor. (10-marks)

• It reduces food scraps to a finely chopped residual, which is rinsed out of the unit
with a steady stream of water. The effluent is a slurry of water and food bits.
(1-mark)
• The volume of the food waste can be reduced by comminuting or grinding.
(1-mark)
• Comminuted or ground food waste must be able to pass through a screen with
mesh size no greater than 25mm for disposal into the sea. (1-mark)
• Such comminuted or ground food waste is stored in suitable receptacles for
subsequent discharge into the sea. (1-mark)
• This requirement generally applies to food wastes and the comminutor or
disposer is installed in the galley area. (1-mark)
• Such comminuted or ground food waste shall not be discharged into a ship's
sewage treatment system. (1-mark)
• It is recommen·ded that the discharge from shipboard comminutor be directed
into a holding tank when the vessel is operating within an area where discharge is
prohibited. (2-marks)
• Residues of shell and crustaceans (mussels, crabs, lobsters etc.) shouldn't be
ground since the mineral substances let the cutters of the comminutor get dull.
(2-marks)

3D} Briefly explain MLC2006.

(4-marks)
• Convention adopted by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in 2006.
(1-mark)
• Sets out seafarers' rights to decent conditions of work and helps to create
conditions of fair competition for shipowners. (1-mark)
• Globally applicable, easily understandable, readily updatable and uniformly
enforced. (1-mark)
• Global legal instrument and fourth pillar of the international regulatory regime
for quality shipping, complementing the key IMO Conventions (SO LAS, STCW,
MARPOL). (1-mark)

Page 13 of23
 31} What are the basic aims of MLC2006?
(4-marks)

• To ensure comprehensive worldwide protection of the rights of seafarers (the

Convention is sometimes called the seafarers' Bill of Rights; (2-marks)
• To establish a level playing field for countries and ship-owners committed to
providing decent working and living conditions for seafarers, protecting them
from unfair competition on the part of substandard ships. (2-marks)

32}Explain organization goal and its functions.

{6-marks)

• Goal is a desired result or outcome that a person or a system envisions, plans and
commits to acbieve a personal or organizational desired end-point in some sort
of assumed development. (1-mark)
• It is roughly similar to purpose or aim. Many people endeavor to reach goals
within a finite time by setting deadlines. (1-mark)
Four basic functions;
• (1) Provide guidance and direction (1-mark)
• (2) Facilitate planning (1-mark)
.• (3) Motivate and inspire employees (1-mark)
• (4) Help organizations evaluate and control performance (1-mark)

33} How does goals affect individual performance?

(4-marks)

• Direct action and effort toward goal-related activities and away from unrelated
activities. (1-mark)
• Energize employees. Challenging goals lead to higher employee effort than easy
goals. (1-mark)
• Affect persistence. Employees exert more effort to achieve high goals.
(1-mark)
• Motivate employees to use their existing knowledge to attain a goal or to acquire
the knowledge needed to do so. (1-mark)

Page 14 of 23
(6) Creating new research and development programs, (0.5-mark)
(7) Increasing potential liabilities, and (0.5-mark)
(8) Significantly broadening financial responsibility requirements. (0.5-mark)

27}Explain Biological Sewage Treatment system. (10-marks)

• Bacteria break down the sewage into an acceptable substance for discharge.
Aeration process helps bacteria multiply and digest the sewage, converting it into
a sludge. (3-marks)
• Three watertight compartments: an aeration compartment, settling
compartment and a chlorine contact compartment. (1-mark)
• Sewage enters the aeration compartment where it is digested by aerobic
bacteria and microorganisms, (1-mark)
• Then flows in~o the settling compartment where the activated sludge is settled
out. (1-mark)
• The clear liquid flows to the chlorine contact compartment to kill any remaining
bacteria. Chemical tablets are placed in the compartment and require
replacement as they are used up. (3-marks)
• The activated sludge in the settling tank is continuously recycled and builds up,
must be discharged only in a decontrolled area. (1-mark)

2B}Explain Chemical Sewage Treatment system

(10-marks)
• Minimizes the collected sewage, treats it and retains it until it can be discharged
in a decontrolled area. Reception facilities may be available in some ports to take
this retained sewage. (3-marks)
• Any liquid from water closets is treated and used as flushing water for toilets
(1-mark)
• Various chemicals are added for odour and colour removal and also to assist
breakdown and sterilization. (1-mark)
• Comminutor is used to physically break up the sewage and assist the chemical
breakdown process. (1-mark)
• Solid material settles out in the tank and is stored prior to discharge into the
sullage tank (1-mark)
• The liquid is recycled for flushing use. (1-mark)
• Daily test to check the chemical dosage rates is to prevent odours developing and
also to avoid corrosion as a result of high levels of alkalinity. (2-marks)

Page 12 of23
 29) Describe food waste comminutor. (10-marks)

• It reduces food scraps to a finely chopped residual, which is rinsed out of the unit
with a steady stream of water. The effluent is a slurry of water and food bits.
(1-mark)
• The volume of the food waste can be reduced by comminuting or grinding.
(1-mark)
• Comminuted or ground food waste must be able to pass through a screen with
mesh size no greater than 25mm for disposal into the sea. (1-mark)
• Such comminuted or ground food waste is stored in suitable receptacles for
subsequent discharge into the sea. (1-mark)
• This requirement generally applies to food wastes and the comminutor or
disposer is installed in the galley area. (1-mark)
• Such comminuted or ground food waste shall not be discharged into a ship's
sewage treatment system. (1-mark)
• It is recommen·ded that the discharge from shipboard comminutor be directed
into a holding tank when the vessel is operating within an area where discharge is
prohibited. (2-marks)
• Residues of shell and crustaceans (mussels, crabs, lobsters etc.} shouldn't be
ground since the mineral substances let the cutters of the comminutor get dull.
(2-marks)

3D} Briefly explain MLC2006.

(4-marks)
• Convention adopted by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in 2006.
(1-mark)
• Sets out seafarers' rights to decent conditions of work and helps to create
conditions of fair competition for shipowners. (1-mark)
• Globally applicable, easily understandable, readily updatable and uniformly
enforced. (1-mark)
• Global legal instrument and fourth pillar of the international regulatory regime
for quality shipping, complementing the key IMO Conventions (SO LAS, STCW,
MARPOL). (1-mark)

Page 13 of23
 -

31} What are the basic aims of MLC2006?

(4-marks)

• To ensure comprehensive worldwide protection of the rights of seafarers (the

Convention is sometimes called the seafarers' Bill of Rights; (2-marks)
• To establish a level playing field for countries and ship-owners committed to
providing decent working and living conditions for seafarers, protecting them
from unfair competition on the part of substandard ships. (2-marks)

32}Explain organization goal and its functions.

(6-marks)

• Goal is a desired result or outcome that a person or a system envisions, plans and
commits to achieve a personal or organizational desired end-point in some sort
of assumed development. (1-mark)
• It is roughly similar to purpose or aim. Many people endeavor to reach goals
within a finite time by setting deadlines. (1-mark)
Four basic functions;
• (1) Provide guidance and direction (1-mark)
• (2) Facilitate planning (1-mark)
• (3) Motivate and inspire employees (1-mark)
• (4) Help organizations evaluate and control performance (1-mark)

33} How does goals affect individual performance?

(4-marks)

• Direct action and effort toward goal-related activities and away from unrelated
activities. (1-mark)
• Energize employees. Challenging goals lead to higher employee effort than easy
goals. (1-mark)
• Affect persistence. Employees exert more effort to achieve high goals.
(1-mark)
• Motivate employees to use their existing knowledge to attain a goal or to acquire
the knowledge needed to do so. (1-mark)

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 c:D c ~ 9 S i-q c.:- ·
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34} Describe tasks and workload management.

(6-marks)

• In any career, or personal pursuit, planning and managing a workload is an

essential skill. (1.5-mark)
• Efficient planning is particularly important because managers will be under
pressure to keep costs under control and to increase staff workloads in response
to the needs of internal and external clients. (1.5-mark)
• Planning and managing a workload well facilitates a better work/life balance,
enables better relationships with colleagues. (1.5-mark)
• It is necessary to plan and manage one's workload to achieve his/her maximum
potential without becoming stressed or compromising the quality of your work.
(1.5-mark)

35} What are the attributes of goals? Why do open-ended goals lead to failure?
(8-marks)
1. Specific
Shall include specific actions, behaviors & desired results. Also establish what,
where and why. (1.5-marks)
2. Measurable
Goals must be measurable to assure success. When setting goals, it is important
to describe how each result will be measured. (eg. set clear steps and timelines)
(1.5-marks)
3. Achievable
Goals must be achievable with current resources (skills, tools and resources)
(1.5-marks)
4. Realistic
Realistic goal is to maintain motivation levels and avoid frustration.
Realistic goals are not set beyond our natural abilities. (1.5-marks)
5. Timely
Successful goal setting must set forth measurable points for starting, ending,
review and assessment. A successful goal has deadlines and endings.
(1.5-marks)
Open-ended goals often fail because individuals have not had set dates to
review, measure and revise. (0.5-mark)

Page 15 of 23
 36} What is planning and explain importance of effective planning?
(8-marks)
• Planning is the process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to
achieve a desired goal. Planning is a fundamental property of intelligent behavior.
(2-marks)
• Effect on people and your professional life
It will improve your career prospects and help you achieve your maximum
potential. (2-marks)
• Effect on your colleagues
Tasks are interrelated within projects, so your colleagues may not be able to
start or complete their tasks until you have completed yours. (2-marks)
• Effect on life outside of work
Poor planning may cause you to work beyond normal office hours and create
stress in your home life. If you plan and manage your workload more effectively,
you will feel more in control of your work; this should help to reduce the stress.

(2-marks)
37} Explain the management planning and describe the essential steps in
planning?
(16-marks)
• Management planning is the process of assessing an organization's goals and
creating a realistic, detailed plan of action for meeting those goals. The basic
steps in the management planning process involve creating a road map that
outlines each task the company must accomplish to meet its overall objectives.
(2-marks)
• Establish Goals
The first step is to identify specific company goals. This should include a detailed
overview of each goal, including the reason for its selection and the anticipated
outcomes of goal-related projects. Where possible, objectives should be
described in quantitative or qualitative terms. (2-marks)
• Identify Resources
Each goal should have financial and human resources projections associated
with its completion. For example, a management plan may identify how many
people it will require and how much it will cost to meet the goal of increasing
output by 25 percent. (2-marks)
• Establish Goal-Related Tasks
Eacrr goal should have tasks or projects associated with its achievement. It will
need to outline the tasks required to meet that objective. Examples of tasks
.
might include increasing the staff or developing advanced training techniques.

Page 16 of23
 (2-marks)
• Prioritize Goals and Tasks
Prioritizing goals and tasks is about ordering objectives in terms of their
l·
importance. The tasks deemed most important will theoretically be approached 1
and completed first. (2-marks) i
j
• Create Assignments and Time/ines
As the company prioritizes projects, it must establish timelines for completing
associated tasks and assign individuals to complete them. This process should
consider the abilities of staff members and the time necessary to realistically
complete assignments. (2-marks)
• Establish Evaluation Methods
A planning process should include a strategy for evaluating the progress toward
goal completion throughout an established time period. One way to do this is
through requesting· a monthly progress report from department heads.
(2-marks)
• Identify Alternative Courses of Action
Even the best-laid plans can sometimes be thrown off track by unanticipated
events. A management plan should include a contingency plan if certain aspects
of the master plan prove to be unattainable. Alternative courses of action can be
incorporated into each segment of the planning process, or for the plan in its
entirety. (2-marks)

38}Enumerate the typical traits of bad behavioured employee.

(8-marks)

• Overly self-promotional- someone who is too full of him or herself is toxic to a

team. (1-mark)
• Unwilling to change- It is to be wary of candidates who believe they already
know everything. Candidates need to be hungry to learn and value acquiring new
skills and knowledge. (2-marks)
• Negativity- candidate who never seems satisfied and complains excessively will
likely be a detriment to a team. (2-marks) .,
• Apathetic- Employees need to be passionate about their work to keep up with I I
changing business models, products, customers. (2-marks)
• Quick to blame others- A candidate who is quick to blame others for mistakes or
shortcomings may not be the right person to join a team. (1-mark)

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r
39)Explain decision making and processes.
(8-marks)

Decision making is the act of choosing between two or more courses of action.
It involves choosing between possible solutions to a problem. (2-marks)
(i) Process by Intuition
Uses a 'gut feeling' about possible courses of action.
Although seemed as a magical'sense', it is a combination of past experience and
one's personal values.
More appropriate when the decision is of a simple and to be made quickly.
Worth examining a gut feeling closely to see why, and whether the feeling is
justified. (2-marks)
(ii) Process by Reasoning
Uses the facts and.figures to make decisions.
Ignore emo~ional aspects and issues from the past. (2-marks)
(iii) Process by both Reasoning and Intuition

More complicated decisions require a more formal, structured approach.

It is useful to start with reason, and gather facts and figures. Then intuition.
(2-marks)

40)Enumerate the types of leaders most commonly found.

(6-marks)

1) Autocratic or Authoritarian (1-mark)

2) Paternalistic (0.5-mark)
3) Bureaucratic (0.5-mark)
4) Charismatic (0.5-mark)
5) Democratic or participative (0.5-mark)
6) Laissez-faire (0.5-mark)
7) Task-oriented (0.5-mark)
8) People-oriented or relations-oriented (0.5-mark)
9) Transactional (0.5-mark)
10) Transformational (0.5-mark)
11) Servant (0.5-mark)

Page 18 of 23
 1

41}Discuss the communication process between sender and receiver.

(16-marks)
In details, communication process consists of the following eight steps:
1. Developing idea by the sender:
Sender develops or conceptualizes an idea to be sent. It is also known as the
planning stage since in this stage the communicator plans the subject matter of
communication. (2-marks)
2. Encoding:
Converting or translation of the idea into a perceivable form that can be
communicated to others. (2-marks)
3. Developing the message:
After encoding the sender gets a message (oral/ written/ symbolic or nonverbal)
that can be transmitted to the receiver. (2-marks)
4. Selecting the medium:
Medium (speaking/ writing/ signaling/ gesturing/ etc.) is the channel or means
of transmitting the message to the receiver. (2-marks)
5. Transmission of message:
The sender actually transmits the message through chosen medium. In the
communication cycle, the tasks of the sender end with the transmission of the
message. (2-marks)
6. Receiving the message by receiver:
The message can be received in the form of hearing, seeing, feeling and so on.
(2-marks)
7. Decoding:
Decoding is the receiver's interpretation of the sender's message. The receiver
converts the message into thoughts and tries to analyze and understand it.
Effective communication can occur only when both the sender and the receiver
assign the same or similar meanings to the message. (2-marks)
8. Feedback:
Feedback means receiver's response to sender's message. It increases the
effectiveness of communication. It ensures that the receiver has correctly
understood the message. Feedback is the essence of two-way communication.
(2-marks)

Page 19 of23
 42} What is communication and describe 10 communication skills.
(12-marks)

Communication is the process of exchanging information between two or more

parties. In this process, one party transmits message by using a medium and the
other party receives the message. In the communication process, information
flows from sender to receiver. (2-marks)
Communication skills
(1) listening: Good listener is a good communicator. (1-mark)
(2) Nonverbal Communication: Body language, eye contact, hand gestures, and ..
tone. (1-mark)
(3) Clarity and Concision: as few words as possible clearly and directly.
(1-mark)
(4) Friendliness: friendly tone, a personal question, or simply a smile.
(1-mark)
(5) Confidence: Confidence ensures your co-workers that you believe in and will
follow through with what you are saying. (1-mark)
(6) Empathy: understand and respect their point of view. (1-mark)
(7) Open-Minded ness: Be open to listening to and understanding the other
person's point of view. (1-mark)
(8) Respect: People will be more open to communicating with you if you respect
them and their ideas. (1-mark)
(9) Feedback: provide employees with constructive feedback. (1-mark)
(10) Picking the right medium: thoughtful means of communication(1-mork)

43} What are the causes offailure of communication?

(8-marks)

(i} Stress and out-of-control emotion.

When stressed or emotionally overwhelmed, it is more likely to misread other
people, send confusing or off-putting nonverbal signals, and lapse into unhealthy
knee-jerk patterns of behavior. Take a moment to calm down before continuing
a conversation. (2-marks)
(ii} Lack of focus.
One cannot communicate effectively when multitasking (eg. planning what to
say next, daydreaming, checking text messages, or thinking about something
else). It is almost certain to miss nonverbal cues in the conversation.
(2-marks)

Page 20 of23
 I
.
(iii) Inconsistent body language.
If you say one thing, but your body language says something else, your listener
will likely feel you're being dishonest. For example, you can't say "yes" while
shaking your head no. (2-marks)
(iv) Negative body language.
You don't have to agree, or even like what's being said, but to communicate
effectively without making the other person defensive, it's important to avoid
sending negative signals such as crossing your arms, avoiding eye contact, or
tapping your feet. (2-marks)

44)Describe the stages to develop your work group to high performance

(10-marks)

Following stages are extremely helpful to move the work group to high
performance.
(i) Forming.
In this stage, group members get to know one another and it is a good time to
look at how the group is organized .. Issues are questions of whether each person
feels like they belong to the group, whether members can be trusted and who is
in charge. (2.5-marks)
(ii) Storming.
When group members get to know each other better, the storming stage begins.
This stage is characterized by a bid for power. This is an excellent time to focus
on team building to ensure that people can get to know one another and not get
stuck in seeing each other as competitors. (2.5-marks)
(iii) Norming.
The group has begun to be effective. Trust begins to emerge and differences are
appreciated. The issues become how to strengthen relationships, open
communication and provide positive and constructive feedback. (2.5-marks)
(iv) Performing.
At this point, the group is asking "How can we do our best?" and is filled with
enthusiasm and focused on creative problem solving. Characteristics include
harmony, productivity, effective problem-solving and full development of the
potential of the group and the individuals in the group. (2.5-marks)

Page 21 of23
 45)Describe the benefits of effective delegation. (8-marks)

Benefits for company

• Quality of work improved by employees who have direct knowledge of products
and services to make decisions and complete tasks. (2-marks)
• Better job because of personal accountability even though responsibility
ultimately with the individual who made the delegation. (1-mark)
• Motivation enhanced by expanding the types of tasks involved. (1-mark)

Benefits for manager

• More time to do their own jobs. Can focus on managerial tasks such as planning
and control. (1-mark)
• Can benefit from the development of subordinates' skills. (1-mark)
• With a more highly skilled workforce, can have more flexibility in making
assignment~ and be more efficient decision makers. (1-mark)
• Can have high personal power with their staff and to be highly valued by their
organization. (1-mark)

46)Explain the risk assessment and its aim. (4-marks)

Risk assessment is the process by which:

• Hazards are identified. (1-mark)
• The risk associated with that hazard is analyzed or evaluated. (1-mark)
• Appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard are determined.
(1-mark)
The aim of the risk assessment process is to remove a hazard or reduce the level
of its risk by adding precautions or control measures, as necessary. (1-mark)

47}Describe the benefit of risk assessment.

(6-marks)
• It creates awareness of hazards and risks. (1-mark)
• It identifies who may be at risk. (employees, visitors, contractors, public, etc.)
(1-mark)
• It determines if existing control measures are adequate or if more should be
done (2-marks)
• It prevents injuries or illnesses when done at the design or planning stage
(1-mark)
• It prioritizes hazards and control measures. (1-mark)

Page 22 of23
 48}Describe the process of risk assessment. (8-marks)

In general, to do an assessment, you should:

(1) Identify hazards. (1-mark)
(2) Evaluate the likelihood of an injury or illness occurring, and its severity.
(1-mark)
(3) Consider normal operational situations as well as non-standard events such as
shutdowns, power outages, emergencies, etc. (1-mark)
(4) Review all available health and safety information about the hazard such as
MSDSs, manufacturer's literature, informations from reputable organizations,
results of testing, etc. (1-mark)
(5) Identify actions necessary to eliminate or control the risk. (1-mark)
(6) Monitor and evaluate to confirm the risk is controlled. (1-mark)
(7) Keep any doeumentation or records that may be necessary. (1-mark)
(8) Documentation may include detailing the process used to assess the risk,
outlining any evaluations, or detailing how conclusions were made. (1-mark)

Page 23 of 23