Gateway to Arabic

WAY TO ARABIC
Book Two

Dr. Imran Hamza Alawiye

ier learners of Arabic who have mastered the basics of reading and writing
Gender
All nouns Arabic are either masculine or feminine, no matter whether they are humans,^ animals or
in

objects, Unlike in English, there is no word for 'it' in Arabic. All nouns are referred to as 'he'
or 'she',

words
The following words, which are all to do with school, are divided into two lists, one of masculine
and the other of feminine words, Read the two lists out loud. What do you notice about the feminine
words?

Did you notice how ail the feminine words end in taa marbuta? 3

Nearly all Arabic words that end with toa marbuta are feminine.

2
Gender
tOCt til rr*e end C* Id tiG wtm rr^r rpiXTO
 . !

This is . . 0 dja 4 '

JL&

,
Make sure you learn tre
This is (feminine form)
correct spelling

Jl& is pronounced as if it were written with an alif: isu 0" '

££ bU |
$

6 is pronounced as if it were written with an aiif: oiLa O' ^ S!

" j

J
In Arabic, when we want to say 'this is' followed by a noun, the word we use for 'this is' will change,
depending on whether the noun is masculine or feminine.

I Jj6 is used before a masculine noun. e,g, i This is a book,

*

» " < 0 .
-
oJjfc is used before a feminine noun, e.g. 3 This is a ruler,

Exercise 2: Complete the sentences below by adding IXfc or 0 Jj& to match the gender of the
following noun.

1# 2
** A
This is a blackboard, l
9 This is a computer. L>“ -«• 1

* ** Thisis a pencil
1

This is a pen, 10 sharpener. 2b I

This is a ball. •/- J_l_ This is a ruler. o ,1? *

is J> o
f+

This is a pair of scissors. 12 This is a box.

$ o Ji i* ^

This is a chair, 13 This is a desk,

L

This is a table.
***
SJjlL __ 14 This is a bag.
4* 44

O This is an exercise ^^b ^

This is an eraser, ...

15 book.

This is a book. #
.16 This is a stapler, IL*Ld

Exercise 3: Copy the words from page 3 into your exercise book, adding the correct Arabic ft^m
'This is' before each word.

4
 1®#^ V 0 v

3^L>j a jjk :
^bijLa 1

s s s

1* Jt . s'

*
*
^IxS 1 Ju!i

!
!

/ / + ^
i* +*

*L^aJL>-
* t*
aJu* jij**
y" s

^^ ^ ^ #

iiU* a Jl& 4j jj a JuSi

!

l&s' S'
# ^ &
lJuU 11a
^ s' s'

#. °s* '
.
’t" S'
31*3^9 aJj*
1

3 S o Jjb
s' s S

& ^ Jf o £

d IJut
^ I

y" ^ ^

‘fi 5 -S ^ ^ ^
,
^
iiL*^ IJlA ,
apL* aJjfc

ss ^
to
jjsu^ aJj* ^ii ijjfc
^ > >

& s Si ^ A ^ ^ 0 ^ ^

0 Jj*> C~j lJUb

 ,

Adjectives
InArabic, adjectives {describing words) come after the nouns they describe.
When the noun is masculine, the adjective will also be masculine.
Likewise, when the noun is feminine, the adjective will also be feminine.
Adjectives are written after the nouns they describe.

Feminine Mascui.n® :

i? !

small
5
_y «
s'

j
rt*

!..?• j

large, big
y jj

i 1
.

**
short - , /3 4

^ ^ |
&
S^S |
tall, long : 1
i \

V^ -
t. .A-
_W_
t

j
-
i

't’T

^ ^r
-
t'. +
light

yV

V*

heavy -i
" J

**
"
j

l* .-
j

1. & S- s-s-
now 3>-Li** Aj>-
>
i* ’ •

2, Hr >
old Jv3
3,

U ^ D * *'
aXj jis d - ^A
4. J open ^
i

w r
"'
i

.y ^ 0 .J* V* ,. : y l

closed AA-Ui-4

Exercise 5: Translate the phrases below into Arabic, Make sure the adjectives agree with ire ,v
they describe.

A heavy book.

An open door,

A new sofa.

A light bag.

5, An old radio,

6. A tali candle.

6
 d' in A rabic is a . It is written as part of the word that it links,

& 1
^ ^
a door and a window ilLi
JIjLJj
j4 ’And' is not affected by gender

cfse reading the following sentences and make sure you can understand them,

mi ‘SBBf"

i ,S 0 wLA | , iJUfc IJu*

JuJ i^L 1 Jjfc

s
0 *\jb fl V' s' ^
J - !
- j*

4-LuLj 0 0 Juj&J 4^-jjL?- 0 9 Jj*

owing the pattern of the examples above, write a description for each picture below in

Die on the line provided.

i

'
k one th.s is an old lock,

mm

a nec,v iron and this is a light bag.

a is is a short pen.
Asking Questions y t

v La and
j
|
, which are written at the beginning of a sentence, are two ways of asking que

as 'Is this,..?' in Arabic, e,g, Is this a pen? ?JUi Uukt or ? 1 Jjfe Jut

i 0 ^
Note how ] becomes part of the following word, but is written separately,
J*
In order to answer this type of question, we need to learn the words for 'yes'' and "no" ir , Afet
^ ^
f

Yes = anc * n° = ^ •

Note also the shape of the question mark in Arabic: V

?3 oi-A'

* o

6j )& —A 4 ! jjt cl

Is this a ruler? 1$ this a pen?

Yes, this is a ruler, No, this is a key.

-
&
a + 1

<LvLo eJu& ci

. js.

Is this a pair of scissors?

No, this is a stapler,

8
EkapC-W 9' Ifiy tXPi C?rqu£i! 10^0*0 'Tttw^iDOkr* -! PrQfrC. u$a**Q rrvo irrwijJotan
iO^J^Vog

* Ji> U^> 1

Tei wwb a*>nu pern H tti4 cSOTEra*^

^tL- i-!J S

Wo frw 4 <J kwyi- ckwi ft livj. o jmH CkKliT

if * . i . ^ r -

. Ai ytfi Ij-i 1^ b

U&1 ffUS ^ a new IKW5CSHJ bcxA ft Iti* a now nHjfCfsfr Ijo£4*.^

What Is this? L* L*

? L* means 'What?' in Arabic. To ask 'What is this?' you follow it with I Jj& or o jL&

What Is this? (masculine)

tl'ii i.

What is this? (feminine) ?oJLfc U

? 0 Jjfc La ?rii u Exercise 10:

Following the pattern of the two examples
on the left, write an appropriate question
on each of the first lines provided, fol-
.0 Jja . jl-4 Ijla lowed by the correct answers underneath.
Remember to pay careful attention to the
masculine and feminine forms.

& 3 1# ^0
aJL>«j
^

A. bee

1
Exercise 10 (continued)
Lines and Shapes Jlx-itj

c
it t
A rectangle A circle A square

0 ^ Ji

A heart A crescent <J*a£ A diamond *

tf £ J

1? ^ Ox
A hexagon An oval

sphere

nruxru
0J< $ VI ^6 J> 5 it * * s* x
Jip-
^jjCL^
A spiral tjy A curve A straight line A wavy line
Or
f
a* is one of two words used in Arabic to mean 'or , It is used when offering a choice between
'
Twoootions,
 s

' i] „ "ii"’ Make sure you tea*$ ?n

That js (feminine form): ^JULj That is (masculine form): cor er.^ S p ei
, i
!n ^:

i \
f
-.
\
=*
:m W'
gt
:

is pronounced as if it were written with an aiif:

jJJli

In Arabic, when we want to say 'that is' followed by a noun, the word we use for ’that is' win c
depending on whether the noun is masculine or feminine,

is used before a masculine noun. e,g, A*** iUi That is a crescent,

viJUu is used before a feminine noun, e.g. That is a star

Some more adjective?

for you to learn

Feminine : Me

r/ ^ jp z' u ^ ^ nr ir ^ ^

, 4^,1^ * (iJJjj xj ! Sjb

-r
f' r* H- r>

slow j
This is a fast horse, and that is a slow tortoise,
i

straight

Ti® s s& & s s s

„ */>cJ i
** * 5 i^J +* *

rooked
This is a fat snake, and that is a thin snake,

wide, broad

.. 4 „•
"
narrow j

6 ^ 6 , & , 0
V ^
1 o > c >

4jL-«b a S I

J-
j
/ ^ ^ ^ ^

This is a wide ruler, and that is a narrow ruler,

14
The Definite Article: The
Do you remember your sun and moon letters and how they are affected when 'al {the Arabic word 'or
J
f

'the') comes before them? You may wish to check pages 61 and 62 of 'Gateway to Arabic: Book One'
(Starter Book) to refresh your memory, In short, the rules are as follows;

joins onto the word it defines,

The \ in is a weak letter. Therefore it is always silent (i,e, not pronounced) unless it occurs at the

beginning of a sentence.

When U is followed by a word beginning with a moon tetter, then it is written with a sukun or

the !aam: ,

<J|

When is followed by a word beginning with a sun letter, then the loam is written without a sukun

and it becomes silent (not pronounced), The sun letter after takes a shadba 1

it
*

The word defined by Jl loses its tanween . Instead, the last ietter of the word will fake eithe

fatha, kasra or damma:

There isone more point to note. Although there is no verb 'to be' in the present tense in Arabic
{'am', 'are' and 'is'), it must be added when translating Arabrc into English for the sentence or
phrase to make sense, See below for examples.
Sinyultu PfOtlfrurtj

FM pfonoLna fv Aicd=«c ora- ca IdIdu^:

rt*. n (nwsc.)^)

WOu frrriy" > fCW>

YqHjp^O (l>4j)
 )

Do you understand what the people are saying in the pictures below?

4* . » ? ^ ^ ^

-Cj 4^<*_UU Cl
^ .UiAj

Occupations

•fi

W' doctor (m.)

-O
t

^ .H .H-

‘W v*-*
3 d-Xj& I

| doctor (f l
** f

- i

^ ..

** *
nurse (f.) 4-ap^

i*
^ j*

teacher (m.)

13.. ^^ S
**
!

teacher (f.)

& v >

butcher (m=)
j >=f
!

- i

baker (m.)

J[ ... ,;

j
% It

policeman
,

[*]
ExetOiSO 1 the two examples provided, select one word from each column
4: Following the pattern of
inthe table above, working from right to left, to make ten of your own pairs of sentences,
and write them out on the lines below,

6 1

_7 ; 2

_8 3

_9 4

IQ .5

19
 . "

Singular Attached Pronouns

Certain letters can be added to the end of nouns to show to whom the noun belongs, These letter? are
known as attached pronouns, The singular attached pronouns are shown below. We will look at the
others forms (dual and plural) later in the series,

*H $
t +*

my or
This is my cat. .
^ ** ^
This is my book,
your (masc.) ' *

& i i - <r" if
This is your (m.) cat. , di.Qa.i This is your (m.) book. *
1
N.-J&

/ ^ r*'

your (fern.) *!
i %
This is your (f.) cat, This is your (f.) book I \

/ ^ y
ji

?! £
his, its
This is his cat. This is his book, . AjbS '
JO*

V *r '
P
her, its L$- This is her cat, Jl& This her book, l~L&
, \ 6 is .

JO 0 JI
^ 5, -V*, O i
i>+

The Family d yi son family '

1
y*

^ 0 $ c

daughter AjJ name

*
1

^ 0

brother f husband
c' :

a JI

« *

sister wife

^ ?
friend (m) father *

+* i*
i *
f.

friend (f)
^11
i

mother
**

Exercise 15: Make sentences saying "This is my using each of the people in the vocabulary box
Jr
...

above. Pay attention to the masculine and feminine forms of "This is"

e.g. This is my husband, L ^

A
9

10

20
Colours jiyi
As with other adjectives, colours in Arabic have masculine and feminine forms. When a noun is masculine,
me colour describing it will also be masculine, Likewise, when a noun is feminine, the coiour describing it
wiii also be feminine.

Colours In their masculine form Colours In their feminine form

black blue black blue

Hi
S

- 0

.Jw, t

green white yellow green white yellow

.
J
J
I^ ^ ' T* \ Jut c-i i - 31jL>x-L—

J* *-0 > >

i3jj i l-iji s-UjJ S-ilylll a Xftt

-'
safer
L^-PxJl

^£ "A ^ k
y-

4 OLkill JJu* aJLjj! aJjfe

* Ju& ^ - 1
Lo^xJ J iJl-A

> ^ D ^ ^

£.0^^ A 5 Jj*
Fruit and Vegetables

0 /
1 *

A pear A water-melon A banana

$ *
-ifi

Jlp
$> J

ps 5^U5

A peach
L
An orange An apple Grapes

Vs S $ S S'

r^ :

A carrot A strawberry A lemon

An onion

>
V<0 J>

“
* A.
'
r 3-

A mushroom Sweetcorn A cucumber A lettuce

^ 0 s

4
1rft

An olive A potato A tomato An aubergine

Some Items of clothing
EftSfC i&a \ 6: L '“m cotxjfs- ur lhtt rurtouw dbcwo. rrxiKJUiir^i cotoura on Iho and
lerwtafte CDiOJS OTilh^Kjh fftstf hQ& fr-»n (JOTO i& y&J

I.XQ-ICI£e 1 7: IrcruJula tfio PgAowkig ienftH-iaf' ,

5 into Ajnst:* r: an iho ir-*iK, prowikJd Thij 5wu l-t-rr^i :<

baem CKne f&r f’&j

-# > j .» j.
I TlTfiiS.ap^p4©CCX

rf_ I .
r -

J mt c? a puipta . ij'l,-. JAri

•1 rtyjj banana a long arid gican

J ms DOTOflii <S yiXfl

5 Ml HQ iNfi H ii£hJ rjf«3 iJiOl W*G* tr>r> d Wj*

fl Tha * a (rey ca md lhar a o ycy ra£ha p

J. rhrf bus es; radnge and ha Iran a brown

I I

H Hvi & a frftck r.-wi pnd lhar a- a ptnh p^Haoh

& [ hc a a jyi>wn on+on and fhtf 1

a a frown ;>ola n
J

10L lha- aa mf"4oI lc*rv and Hhal * a pak piano

24
 Prepositions
Generally speaking, nouns in the singular form coming immediately
after prepositions such as those on the right will end with a kasra.
Some basic prepositions

in, at

s 0 s
under, below
i
» a bridge
i

t* *

on, over, above (JjS

* a squirrel

i
o ^
1
I
i
between 't-o
- *

I
i

J
--- ^
i

a £ in front of ;

£ jLa- L||
l^f -•wwvJ I Q

^ Os
i
Tne cat is on the bridge. The iion and the squirrel are in the car behind ^JlLp
i

Exercise 1 8: Study the picture above carefully, then write sentences below in Arabic on the lines
provided to describe the position and colour of each ball.

e.g. The brown ball is on the brown chair

£ # o^o ^ a,, fsfsos

5 2

6 3

25
Ex&FCES@ 20: Study the three pictures carefully, then write a description in Arabic of what you see in each
picture. Remember to use the colours and prepositions you have learnt,
Family and Friends

E xQrCiiO 2 3 '
TrurLtfaro flxi roftiwing je^jnar. *fi [fie- ryus..piejvKiM

i
Tpifl. 4 1'ttv hjwxfx? Fn nome 4 Ahmad

J Th» n rny wvlu he* *v>fid * WtAtlfn

1 Tha c rt^r
. fofifrf Ki fysfftf iv

C lha a my ^ond Mot na^iy « ^'asrrfn

§ 1h4 k MJianifTKKi l-to i my rno*-<S

$ fhrt Ht &w mv IthstkI

is

2S
 0 s

Who is

Go iar, we have learn! how to ask ‘What is,., 9 '

using the word

To ask 'Who is we use the word i

***

y' 0 ^
Who is mat 9 (masculine) ? uJLli Who is this? (masculine)

Z> Q s _ ^ °

^
.

is rnat? (feminine) ^ ^JULj Who is this? (feminine) YoJUfc

Dialogue 1

Vocabulary j

Lord ’tiufi''

Allah "
I

i
? n i
*
V : i

The Creator
I

If

Prophet

* i

Religion + S
w j j

Islam
i
\

iff. ,

Enemy * ^.^" r
L

S !

Satan (Shaytan) + k\ *=,, i

r

jJ 0"

#
Teacher: Who is your Lord? ? J i>" .^|| ': -t-~*X.7-i&W£uV
1

^ Si y
*
Hasan: My Lord is Allah,
!
w
+*

Ji ^ q s 2 o ^ £ _- JI D

Teacher: Who is the Creator? rf— ^

£
i

s'

J* ^ 2 ^

Hasan: Allah is the Creator. ji& aJjs

, 1

V
Jt *
w y 0 r
: , £

Who
i
) •

Teacher: is your Prophet? *

*
1 '
i
:

A* *
>

O^-^ J^SS lS y Sj K

Hasan; Muhammad (may the blessing and y

.fLj
peace of Allah be upon him,)
V _ “
fr

u
,

Teacher: What is your religion?

Hasan: My religion is Islam,

W -

^ ^ -H

•J £ Vf c s- :- f *

Teacher: Who is your enemy? V ijj J*P

* i
'=
i

^ c Jj ^ ^
Hasan: My enemy is Satan,
. OUb-^LL.H
P

30
 ^ e
Direction of prayer aL^ *

j
^ 0 ^
Towards (preposition)

f s- o o

The Ka'bah ^<ii\ 4-

> 5 v J1 o J S j ^
1

Noble Makkah 1./JI oh*

^ 2 0 ?

Enlightened Madinah ^JLo-S 1 AJU i

3^)
..- -

t>

Mosque
;

Al-Aqsa
(Name of the third most
^ft’l
Important mosque in Islam)

0 J* 0

Jerusalem
^ Jjjl
i Palestine •-Jallii
4
O'**
f S |

'
.
"H
:
er : W here Is you q b a h ?
r I I
^

SikLJ
J s' 0 ^

J 0 <

0 0 ^ 0 y' V' V
^
i'/y ciD!ah is towards the K a balm
^ .-
J

"tocher: Where is the Ka'bah? P ^ ll

" 0
i

£:'cr. ;ti Makkah al-Mukarramah, iSL.

^
J 0 J 0 ^ S' 3 s Ji 0
£
Where is the Prophet's mosque?
?J^! cs-

^ tfi ^ > o ^ a

In Madinat al-Munawwarah. . 6j jH * ** ^ 1 AJLj •Jt-o-l 1

i
tS*
V o , » ^ ^ Os
eacher Where is al-Aqsa mosque?

e -2 a

.enjsaiem.
** y

o -3 i >

th 0 r W n e re is Jerusalem ?

e ,

.j.> in Palestine.

31
 ^

Family and Friends

Vocabulary s ^ $ S> Q
*
i>
J=

^
I

4j.it} If—*! ‘

l have
J J * * * o ,

^
.,
*+

^ 0 £ .U^jJ <u-l .
J*- J
i ** p *
hospital
^ 0 ^ C J3 3
*
^ ^ M
•
LS
school
^ & «x >..- \

pretty, beautiful
*»s

lT-J^ lt
*

‘
u-u
**
\

'<>
sjt*
«
jr

v C- >
** I
« ^
i

Jaial
. AXvoJ>*J 6 $ |
+A 1

^ ^ > 3

Khalid jJU i la^d/^iwjbV l

D J j! ? & &
from Cr° %
T
L_-
>^mj^
-*
^^VrT^.jt"^
,
c

— -“ ™ *
~\

Exercise 23; Translate the following passage into Arabic on the lines provided below, using + he j

example above to help you, I

My name is Yasmin. have a brother His name is Jaial.

I
'

My father is tail and thin. His name is Khalid and he is a teacher in my school, I

My mother (she) is a nurse in the hospital. She is a short and beautiful woman. Her name is La via.
j j

Ihave a friend. Her name is Fatima, ! i

i
i

-i

e
.J

i
j

L
i
I

l
i

32
 :

Vocabulary
$•

i room

: jx\
! ^
i»m
- *

*^ y
wooaen :'octj . ]

\ rriiriof

*s*
£
sO ?
'ecranoulcif [ L* •» >.

ta is *
hanging

is o >
'ow (height)

lifl ^0 Jt

i
n!qn

•& s 3 ^
blcrike- 2 - \\ U t

/ B
aeaspreaa u *

33
 M

Exercise 25: Look carefully at the picture below, Use the lines to write a description in Aiaoo
of what you see in the picture.

An'.

LW'i
I
!'
t

IV
gsgg!l 1
HSwjBS ^gg^SNBB^K I

Wsmi
M
£

1 1 3

A-iiJnvoV-v . M
A-
,'r
.
j
i
i
:
W
i . .
b’. Li- ll
: i

v-i 'b ^M.y. < l'i ,

.
|
' i
'.

^ JS
-ft
41 flVVit' l\

AVv-vV'--..
mBm
-• -i’i"- -I- ..-
,
!'V' --i! tvC h

' > V-V. v V "7

i.
l-.-- -L '.\Tr-iii.i;
i

.-.L ,. iJV.L 1

\ WW-t -I

fmm-
,r,
jj

^WlVvA./.L-J
J

Exercise 26: Have a go at describing your own bedroom in Arabic! Don't forget to use sc ;
f/mJ p-L - ^h- r

adjectives, including colours, that you have learnt.

34
 Parts of the Body
We ;the beginning of this book that almost ail nouns ending in taa marbuta are feminine,
0c r
n+ at
However some feminine nouns do not end in taa marbuta, What is more, a few Arabic nouns can be
either masculine or feminine!

Feminine Nouns Masculine Nouns

V ^ 0
1 O ^ ifl o
" it
nan 0 eye body head
V
m*/’
i* S 2 i£ o ^
* .«

ear Oil chest face <U>“J

& s
* *
<& 0 S-

ar a *Xjit lip stomach nose U—Au

*
* f
1

*S o * i ,
:eg tooth arm cheek Jj-
r''

& s $ A & ^
& Jj tongue shoulder <J&£ mouth
s' s

^ ^o J! &* s' 0 s' nfi ^-0

Knee % forehead Jl .0
T>
<
>-
*
elbow
u*/ tongue jLJ
s

iJ* ^ 0

j
Note +hat many
(though not all) of the parts of wrist chin
4* *

i the bods/ that occur in pairs are feminine.

& D ^ JtJ

exercise 21 \
thumb neck
meeeme The losiowing phrases into Arabic. Make
mio The adjectives agree with the nouns, You & sO

ay choose whether to treat tongue and arm as

finger back
''•^scuiine or feminine nouns,

: A long face. 1 1 . A long neck,

2. A p;Q head, 12. A long tongue,

2 An aval eye, 13. A straight back.

A Soft hair. 14. A broad chest,

15. A fat stomach,

h A crcokeo nose 16. A long arm,

7
Afar cheek, 17. A short thumb.

8, A while tooth 18. A thin finger

9. A small mouth, 19. A short leg,

ID. A narrow chin. 20. A big foot.

35
 n

Number: The Dual

There are three categories of number tn Arabic. So far, all the nouns we have learned have been n thsh
singular form, The plural form starts from three in Arabic. For now, we are going tc learn the dual fc-nn,
which is used when talking about two of something.

Q s'

The basic dual form is made by adding the endings jt or to a singular noun.

You will learn later in the series when to use each of these two dua! endings.

For example, u-jLiS 'a book', can be made into 'two books' by adding 0^ or /jj

s' S Os s 1&S -fi ssJ o ^ >

i.e. or - Feminine nouns follow the same rules; 4 \

Note how the final 5 in feminine words changes into an open taa J> or as in

// / Q s' s' s'

JuLi * " A before the dual endings are added.

Exercise 28: Turn the following singular nouns into dual nouns by adding the dual endings.

!
fm

mt
t
|toliT*ttYl

tl'lT^»'|

L
rt
i
I

36
 Dual Demonstrative Pronouns
These two are, those two are...

So far, we have come across the following demonstrative pronouns: this is (masc.), this Is (fern.),

that is (mascO ond that is (fern,):

i ^JLSi c o JLfc c I Jjt which are used when referring to

singula! nouns, When referring to two objects or people, these words must take the following dual forms:

0 ^
E- 4

Dual .hi Dual Oi Singular Dual fji Dual jl Singular

jS

|
(Tftose two are) (Those two are) (Thatis,m.&f.) (These two are) (These two are) (This is, m.& f.)

O'. '
ilfo 2Ui Ju* Jl Jl*

^ 0 o s S
3 Jjfc
fS ,

Exercise 29? Complete the table below, following the example of the first four lines,

Dual Ci\ Singular

|

j
(These/Those two are) (This Is/That Is)

1* J> S s-

1 . l)1 Jjb * JLjl* 1 Jjt

l
K **
I

1 ^ ^^ f r' ^

y ^

i ^ ^ s> ^ ^

i
***

Jf* Jf' ^ S y & s £^ J1 ^ o

. .lUI: . <uJLa^ dJLb

- - * (
4_) | v*\J&
*+

y y *
^

t. 0 5>JvJ^

^ ^
t j.-

“*
,

^ ^ !

^^ x
1 ? |

. <UL Jw^ djjj T* 1

^ ^ i

37
 , \

Dual Adjectives
We have already learnt that adjectives have to agree with the nouns they describe in terms or whether

they are masculine or feminine, e.g. Sf -

0

An adjective describing a noun in the dual form must also take the same dual ending as the noun
^ .y,, y 0
describes, e,g, two big houses:
0! oU-j

two small cats:

Note that for feminine colours ending in ± in the singular, the hamza changes into a ° in the duo'

0 y y
e g. one white ruler:
.
<• !.>- S ,
U ... «

yy y £
two white rulers:

Exercise 30: Translate the English first into the singular Arabic form, and then into the two forms of the
dual in the table below. The first one has been done for you,

38
 ,

: Ihe Rural
As w& T^^entioned briefly, the plural in Arabic starts from the number three. There are three
fyp Asaoier The sound (or regular) masculine plural the sound (or regular) feminine plural,
md -of ?feg^Gr} plural

1&© Sc&ssd Moscuftre Rural

ift&safcraJ plural is relatively easy As far as nouns are concerned, the sound masculine
to learn.
piM£ cfsri only be ased for male human beings, on the whole. It can also be used to form many adjectives,

^ j
The SP4FH3 ^lasculine plural is formed by adding j J a
q or
Of
ur
(
^
j- ++
to the singular noun

& c i* ^ Ji a fi c J
(

yj >0 = i'O'n ) [ Muslim (men); Oj.

r

* ^ / ^ JI a *
pafsen! (rnasc.,, ad].); jjU^ patient Muslim (men): .
0j-<

or:

Anoxp&noT on :

cf when to use J 4 and when to use will be given later in the series,

Vocabulary; The new words below can all take the sound masculine plural endings. Please learn them,
and liner- try the exercise at the beginning of the next page,

|
Adjectives Nouns Nouns

& s' a Ji & £ s 4 a JS

I hard- -0; '* in 9 farmer, peasant believer

;

> .-
h

0 J iJt £^ & 0 j
\ careless cook, chef Muslim
tS^
& & $ s' & <$ s S 1

nghteour barber muezzin

|

^ i^ 1? $ ^ 1

|
truthful
JjCs> pilot jUs butcher
jlr^
_-j

j
oe-e hj •
'-,g
c-ob sailor baker

iS- $ 0
*
s'
t
ji i3 is
famous radio/TV presenter grocer JU,
c?e
** * 0 ' # 0 jj

unknown obscure .
policeman tailor
** s'

iS ^ 0 ^ & & S ^ JI

IJ "I. P
"
’& r i
ea [J driver, chauffeur teacher d-*-*

39
Number: The Plural

Exercise 31 Translate the English first into the singular Arabic form, and then into the two forms
; of the
sound masculine plural in the table below. The first one has been done for you

Plural Plural Singular

T* ^ Vt 0 >
A pious beiiever

A famous presfc:

A careless barber

A hard-working to a:- he

A deceitful g

A truthful policeman

An unknown sailoi

A busy butcher

A truthful Musllr

The Sound Feminine Plural

The sound feminine plural is also easy to learn. It is used for nouns which have no sound ma:e- jbiura
or broken plural, whether they are femaie human beings, animals, inanimate objects or abstract nouns
However, a sound feminine plural noun is usually followed by an adjective in the feminine singular, unless
the noun is a human being, in which case the adjective will take a feminine piural form.

The sound feminine plural is made by adding ^ or to the singular noun,

e.g. A Muslim (woman): Muslim (women): or OUJL^

0 fi

patient (fern,, adj,): patient Muslim (women): oLJL^o l .1^* h

1
'

•fi/ / lS y ^ 1 *
h,
A new fridge: new fridges:
r+ * »
or SJu-u*-
«
\
-i-.

An explanation of when to use ol and when to use Ol will be given later in the series.

40
 ' J

Number: The Plural

The Broken Plural

'
he broken or irregular plural is one of the more challenging areas of learning Arabic, The plurals of some
words that are similar in structure may follow a common pattern, and the student will learn to recognise
these wrh experience. For now. It Is best you learn each plural alongside Its singular form, The plurals of if

most of the irregular nouns and adjectives you have learned so far in this book are given below, along
with their singular,

Singular Singular Singular

Plural
I !
Plural

^
|
Plural

^
i
>
at * ** * i
a a * a ^ ~
cupboards i
,
stomachs fathers c->1 J-

a > > : t , & ^ ^ US 5 ^ 3

* L *- i
'S-
OUj ; lUl sons ,
*Uj 1

h--

Jtjl :
* O ^ 0 & s Q

C i r t- 1 ^53 Jlo 5 Jb houses thumbs oUL$J

T**

i* s a ^ s; *
^ 3
” «
bears <u_o apples brothers dlji-!
.--
c’
! 3 ^ X X / ^ o
^
JUj
c l— ^
exercise books \ crocodiles sisters ^

ifl a j3 J3
- '
f I * * - £
\
ei!Q--O^S * +
snakes ears Otit Oil

^ ^0 r & ,h is ^ T* ^-0 ^

1
urms .$> iM pl b foreheads rabbits s-s»jf
*
t

^ 0 jz
& jt jl ^ ^
£
walls jl j Jj>- *1 lions >XtV 1

i* ;; : & ^ * a j a a a
?
bridges families ^-1
c^JJj i

a" b 6
-*
1

<& ^ 6
l

^
iu"j Jmj camels names 1

a c »# a J >o
i' t
leas
cb J socks
* -
I
j fingers A-JU0 1 :

y'

*0 0 S ^* ^ o ^v- n* -ia^ o
WivOi scarves women
\

rbJ T rJj ^Lvwj Styl

^ S
1

t r
O'j.ser>
St “ ^ 1*

{
^ 3

shoes a_j _i_>-

1 i

mothers
^ S5 ^ ji
£

JO'-r i
J\lr" 1 i
1

f
^^ o ^ isi
*
aa
* *
*f
'.;eds belts noses ijL) 1

&S 0 ^ ^ i

Pit !:'
horses h OL*£j>- doors Lr^ 1 :

+ *

^ j
& . i* J* ^ ^ ^ j
J- - S' ^ -f ^
j
at - _
'ihOO W5 |
ilL-i bag; tLb- parrots
+ H

^ 0 v a a flO /JisJt ^ ao a
K
' _
cheeks oranges JU:^
 !

Singular Singular £- T * <

1

Plural Plural Piurai .

J.l !.^
r--. ; •*

.
.

dll
t

s' 0 ^ > v^ .-
|
+
'

JV
* r.
f

1
elbows feet flJii >Ji lips
i

eJlsZ !

*
V f
1

iS o / •fl Q -S ^ '/ £ . ^ ?

mosques ¥
k-L^A<4^
x^
h*
monkeys
f I*

V **

k'
ships
w

4. -W. j

-S’ ^ ^ * '4 *
*
^L -
_
, 0 -
'

U-
rulers j. trains Oljliii ]\y devils
J ^
:rw

r''

Jl ^ x 1
& < if -
£ ,,
’*.
"l- i
lamps cats rockets
i
c i .

'
«iig<
' r''
v - ,
4
-J
j

^ ^ 0 ^ a ^ 7^ j* J* iL"
”

wrists hearts i—tjli , i^JU F

chests
-A"
-r“

1# s 0 > ^ O’ ^
: „ if
:

coats pens friends (m.)

C*>U?
!
^
LL-.
' "r
-TT
r-' x'

* I* yV 1* ^ 0 »
*+ ^ ^
keys shirts \$ O 5
boxes
w^
j |

> j

£ ^
&* s'- ^ Jf J s . ^ 0 I
+* t
%

scissors 4.* books frogs ^ j-^jp

r**
U*** * *

W ..
\

(
}

^ O' ^ *® „
J w -- * *
desks ^Jiso shoulders tJuT doctors cCJbi
f
!

* '
t
j
i i

1* n
&
! •

*. '<* *! « I ^ ^ ^ *> 0 > s * '& ^ ^ i

cubes r*
uu*X» :

chairs backs . .^-i^

'
* 3

\
*
^
;

r1
*""
** ^
\
\

1* J S 1> o > ^ 0 s ^ w i
J !
£ :
|:

stars dogs »
enemies jt!
-

!
^ ^ !
•i* ^ $ - r >

phones
!
tongues !

j
OLJ :
rooms j

i1
cJ ^ ^ j
,.&• i

.-- -- i1

1
i
|
\

^ 5 ^ i* ^ ^ !
*SL ^ -5^
1

^ 0 ^
"*
^ o .-
f
v V G
^

oy
(

pyramids colours Dl^it necks !

!
JUPI w-
i
i
J

i
i ;

1 i
i* $ / o ^ i
*0 ^ s 6** vc / j* >fl * F

faces
4->-J
triangles olilL® eyes :'
"
y-
Jf' i

f
™" i
i1

J
V

* ,
b
:

boys Jjj mirrors l\jA mouths iMi _y

If""'
a t

.-'

i ia ^ 1 1
^ c
j-
*>. i

hands jut
*
Jo* squares elephants 1

J
A !

ij S

* |
.*- i

Broken Plurals Of Adjectives: These are usually used male human beings Use sound
for describing
feminine singular adjectives to describe plura! objects, and sound feminine plural adjectives to deschbe
plural female humans.

Examples |
i

** .
- <l
f ,n /
Tall boys Plural Singular Plural Singular Piurai Singular -

* "
** ^ \
^ _
^ .

:
-
"
i
i

\
y ^
JWj* wh Jy?
lS lS ri'

slow small j tail

Tall girls O^U^is oUj r** j
«-"
|
\

-
p-
1)1 J! J» ’
U s
fat new i Jb»- ¥
Ju JLp-
f* * shori Ji
i
ti»-'iMAarFlm
Jl
.'

J*
f

Long pens iLjip -H-

x" k'
t

*
-• !
^ a? ^ -K .
ny

* +

Long rulers
thin fast
f-r big ^,L^ - -' '
I

<JLj ji?
;

t
-**

i
"1"
K' r1 j

ii !

42
43
Exercise 32: Study the rules governing demonstrative pronouns on the previous pages carefully Then
copy out each word from the box at the bottom of the page under the correct heading in the table
below. There are fourteen appropriate words for each column heading. Your mission is to find them 1

Jo * 1* * a fi f

oLpi Juj-S OU?

& ^ ^ $ Jl t* 0 >
_ < -1

l — L<*uLww^ j^s. .» !<>>,? i -

L^ t. 1^ r? Q
jlr^ i *

-C J 5 ^ p -
T® ^ ^

Qjjj j
—* oTyl jilL ciiJwV?

a Jl ifl Q S iP^O,

>ljoL^ OjjL-b oLxj Jkj CJ w* U>- ,

aJ .S U-U 1

44
Numbers from 1 to 10
fi* w.+l-i cntf ptifpcHve*, n^rt^s tfcG hwe mgsume CPd ifrmnne lOdfira tm CKMU. we w*
bogiT- vhIH t|^ rxjiTbws In Q crvi lonm i i n.i*w gfwp*ririg IhoTi

Nun^tfl is I and 2
Fom M«C
Ju-\* nod a_^!j| ojci in Ai<itw tWCCBjW #
1 ra JL^ 'i
i Ip-Ij 1
|

vou zor\ convey trie fdeo i^oi o ochxi a tmautoi Dy

*

nddng Icni^jsn
-.1

1°- ond of a word ? jkJii jdl X

*
Iht^DlOff! _ _! : CW.W^ 1|-rf> fl-pttOTd-Fj 'lT (OrH]) 3 tlttS r
#
- *
4
> .*
| '"i
the ftum&en. JLjI and JLlAj^ an stAtom £u' i

J E ' H F
ijmk! ^tMKCii^Mi lioo woutd -,*0 “no dirt lo -hftw "heal ilwm r
5 i

CHtt-twoofa p-arin 'jptoi ncxri. -* f

^F

~
6 *

The^eMa j!^U5" ^JuS

i
rxrfwv ih§ <Spo ^
£ > .

7 4JL__* V
'two bec4i'

Number* 3 to 10 3 JUi A
' 1 * :
f
t*K] n Polling nnd M-pportonl pouts Id naira cfcQWl
1

Or*i nr 4 j~
\
LranQ Ihfc R^Ji-rat^s tiem 1 To 10 in .iV'3t»z is lhat tarrinna L_
f& «i> t* number ra whefi i‘*rarrr>Q id n^sscuifH. t&um.
rxxj ihe nyjK^ae Twm si numben a >.ried wfcen reteftiifl 1o
1

4 .. # x
>0 \ *
rramncwi ngunf TCmt ivortu *-fl be in ?hgtr j>tvrrt Term. rtX^ w*i
and wiH-i two fcauas {«n rhra nctfl^mki tpim}

Formnln* rtcama MdtQ-uWfiCy ndLrnfi

Plural Singular Pk^cti Stngukx

? ' - '
r i. -j -
L k
ifuw ecu* . ,L^ ^.-‘Vlj : '_i_i_- Th«e Docua . ._. t * Aj
^ »
V £

' a ;
^ ^
* 4 1* ^
.
-r C t 1* E
J j.

1
. O-LiJ '
Jl—r , 1
r&if ( j, i 4jrj ji ^xJ *
i *

46
Exercise 33; Complete the table below using the correct masculine and feminine word numbers

! !

j j

Fem. i Masc. i Fem, Masc,

Exercise 34: Count the number of items in each picture and write a phrase in Arabic to describe what
you see following the pattern ot the example provided, Make sure you match the correct
number forms to the nouns.

46
 S

1C18W9 heir number of rak'ahs l^JLo j j-Lpj ( _/

^_<J»>ji c1>1 *La 11

^ 0 ^ 0 s' & -P ^

:ne Down Prayer two rak'ahs OU^j J^A S*^ Jl

s' s 2 -'0 ^ 0 ^ ^

*to ;\oon Praver; four ak'ahs r

line Afternoon Prayer: four rak'ahs oLoj j Jl

0^0 J1

The Sunset Prayer: three rak'ahs cIoL*_S*"

j uj'AJ
^ ^ ^ fi ^0 ^ S o ^ -

/ .ening Prayer: four rak'ahs kjj l S^Lyj

Vocabulary

overs l_jl >*>Ca

h"
Days of the week
,>JlP

10 / ^ ^ ? /
:
a i
J
r \ « **
A «*<f * ^ - C . Sunday Jb-

0 ^ 0
A

Monday

Tuesday friJS

Wednesday cL*_>

Thursday
L/ «*
J-"

^ -s J
++

Friday <U-oJ

o
v*

Saturday
 :

Nationalities and Countries

a ..-v
!3SP'
0 -S
-> J -U-- C .}*,* .=- ,- 0 $ .-
.-
> / / L- > J-' .>0^
'
rujt C :\i a- LxJL.
^

jj'LM L \
+ ?..
<r : r -Tj /

j
J • J 'V *
^ tt* .^.r-

.... .
. . :_ r.^-yLf s_

We have created you all out of a male and a female, and have made you into nations and Trioes. so
that you might come to know one another, Verily, the noblest of you in the sight of God is the one who
Is most deeply conscious of Him, ( Surat ai-Hujurat ayah 13)

Os ^ o s 0

Where are you from? Jl .•jI ‘

Selected Countries
Cr*
^ Os' ^ 0 ^ 0 ^0 .H 0 .

- Where are you (m.) from? ^ ^2

l^T
4 — Afghanistan Saudi Arabia

£ o £ o s-
Pakistan jUL-^"C Kuwait ;

I am from Jordan, . O^j ^1 —

$ £ o £ Bangladesh Iraq

am Jordanian.
** >
W * V|!
Malaysia Jordan t
A 1
£

A
Where she from?
is
Indonesia JJl !

Emirates
i

^ l
' K
a
r
j |

s o y

She is from Pakistan, 0 Nigeria .

Qata:

i£& h' o

She is Pakistani.
Senegal JlXLvwJl Oman w 1
j

Kenya |
Egypt

Exercise 35: Translate the following sentences into

India Verne T

Arabic in your exercise books,

Britain Palestine
1 , Where is he from?
He is from Iraq. He is Iraqi,
England Si
1
2, Where she from?
is

She is from Syria. She is Syrian.

Scotland Lebanon 0

3. Isshe British? f i
!

Ireland * J-o j! Sudan

Yes, she is British. !

°
- £ i

4. Ishe Nigerian? America 45\_Sj- 4 |

Aigerla
No, he is Somalian.

Canada i jJlT Morocco

5. Are you (m.) from Bangladesh?
No, !'m from India, am Indian. I

Australia Tunisia

6. Are you (f.) Palestinian?

No, I'm from Jordan, f am Jordanian. Ch/na 'r^J1 : Somalia ;
*
- J
y uy
Where are you (f.) from?
Japan DUJI Turkey
I am from Egypt, am Egyptian, J

Where are you (m.) from? France '

Iran w .mm
.
il . 1 i

I am from Pakistan. am Pakistani. I

48