Booting Process of Computer System and Its Types

What is the Booting Process?

The process to ready the computer system for performing any task in known as booting process .
From switched ON the computer system up to displaying the operating system prompt, all are the
tasks that performed by the booting.
When it is required to perform any task with the computer system, it has to be ready first. The process
to make the computer ready is known as booting process .When computer is in ready state, the user
can give any command to it and perform the task.

Booting process of computer step by step :

Generally booting includes a number of tasks. These tasks are performed to make the computer
system ready. These tasks can be sequenced as:
1. When the power gets ON, memory testing (RAM test) is performed.
2. When this is OK, a boot loader program checks all H/W attached with computer system. Such
as keyboard, hard disk, CPU, etc.
3. After listing H/Ws, the boot loader program searches for operating system in secondary
storage device. If it found, it calls the main program of operating system and loads operating
system into RAM.
4. After successfully loading the operating system, it operating system prompt. If the operating
system is DOS, then the prompt may be A :\>, B :\>, or C :\>. If it is Windows then a desktop
is displayed with Start Button.
Types of Booting
Booting can be done is two ways:
1. Cold Booting or Soft Booting
2. Warm Booting or Hard Booting
1 .Cold Booting or Soft Booting:
When the power is switched OFF or the computer system OFF or the computer system is shut down
and again ON, then cold booting is performed. All steps of booting are performed in this type of
booting process.

2. Warm Booting or Hard booting:

When CTRL, ALT and DEL keys are press simultaneously, and then warm booting is performed. The
first step of booting process (memory test 0 is skipped, when this booting is applied. Reset button can
also be used for this type of booting.
Types of Programming Language:

Computer programming languages give instructions to digital computers that then carry out specified
tasks or functions that you might use every day on the internet or in apps. Knowing about different
programming languages gives computer programmers the skills to perform complicated programming
tasks on a variety of systems. If you're considering a career in computer programming or you want to
learn some new skills, being familiar with different types of programming languages can help you
understand how computer programs are created and why certain languages work best for specific
programs.

Machine Language:
Sometimes referred to as machine code or object code, machine language is a collection
of binary digits or bits that the computer reads and interprets. Machine language is the only language
a computer is capable of understanding.
The exact machine language for a program or action can differ by operating system. The specific
operating system dictates how a compiler writes a program or action into machine language.
Computer programs are written in one or more programming languages, like C++, Java, or Visual
Basic. A computer cannot directly understand the programming languages used to create computer
programs, so the program code must be compiled. Once a program's code is compiled, the computer
can understand it because the program's code is turned into machine language.

Assembly Language
Assembly Language is a low-level programming language. It helps in understanding the programming
language to machine code. In computers, there is an assembler that helps in converting the assembly
code into machine code executable. Assembly language is designed to understand the instruction and
provide it to machine language for further processing. It mainly depends on the architecture of the
system, whether it is the operating system or computer architecture.
Assembly Language mainly consists of mnemonic processor instructions or data and other statements
or instructions. It is produced with the help of compiling the high-level language source code like C,
C++. Assembly Language helps in fine-tuning the program.

High-Level Language
A high-level language is a programming language designed to simplify computer programming. It is
"high-level" since it is several steps removed from the actual code run on a computer's processor.
High-level source code contains easy-to-read syntax that is later converted into a low-level language,
which can be recognized and run by a specific CPU.
Most common programming languages are considered high-level languages. Examples include:

1. C++ 7. Objective C
 2. C# 8. Pascal
3. Cobol 9. Perl
4. Fortran 10. PHP
5. Java 11. Python
6. JavaScript 12. Swift

Each of these languages use different syntax. Some are designed for writing desktop software
programs, while others are best-suited for web development. But they all are considered high-level
since they must be processed by a compiler or interpreter before the code is executed.
Data organization is a process of organizing raw data, by classifying them into different
categories. This raw data includes the observations on variables. For example, arranging the marks
obtained by students in different subjects is data organization.
As time passes and our volume of data increases, the time consumed to search for any information from
the data source increases, if it hasn’t been organized already. Let us consider the following example to
understand the concept and need of data organization.

What is Data Organization?

Data organization is the way to arrange the raw data in an understandable order. Organising data include
classification, frequency distribution table, picture representation, graphical representation, etc.
Data organization helps us to arrange the data in order, that we can easily read and work on. It is difficult
to work or to do any analyses on raw data. Hence, we need to organise the data to represent them in a
proper way. Let us understand with the help of an example.
Example: The marks scored out of 50 in a maths exam taken by 25 students are as follows:
26,15, 40, 18, 26, 24, 48, 40, 39, 26, 23, 37, 38, 40, 45, 48.

Drive:

A drive is a location (medium) that is capable of storing and reading information that is not easily
removed, like a disk or disc. All drives store files and programs used by your computer. For example,
when you write a letter in a word processor, the program is loaded from the hard drive. When you
save the document, it's saved to the hard drive or other disk or drive. The picture is an example of
different drives listed in Microsoft Windows My Computer.
In the picture, drive A: is the floppy drive, C: is the primary hard drive, D: and E: are partitions, and
F: is the CD-ROM drive. The CD-ROM drive is usually the last drive letter. In most situations, the
hard drive is the C: drive, and a CD-ROM or other disc drive is the D: drive.

File
A file may refer to any of the following:

A file is an object on a computer that stores data, information, settings, or commands used with a
computer program. On a computer there are three types of files, application files, data files,
and system files.
In a GUI (graphical user interface), such as Microsoft Windows, files display as icons that relate to
the program that opens the file. For example, all PDF icons appear the same and open
in Adobe Acrobat or the reader associated with PDF files. If a program is associated with a
program, double-clicking the icon opens it in the default program.
directory and path
Below is an example of what a directory path would look like in MS-DOS.

In the picture, C: is the drive letter and the current directory is System32, which is a subdirectory of
the Windows directory.
Memory is a storage part in a computer system. It is used to store the data, information, and
programs at the time of processing on the computer. It stores data either temporarily or
permanent. The main use of memory is saving and retrieving data.

Types of Memory
Generally computer system consists of two types of memory −
Primary Memory or Volatile Memory
It is called the internal memory of the computer. And it is also known as main memory or
Temporary memory. It holds the data and instructions that are presently working on the
system or by the CPU. Primary Memory is called volatile memory, because when power is
switched off it loses all data.
Primary memory is generally of two types.
• RAM
• ROM
RAM (Random Access Memory) − It stands for Random Access Memory. RAM is a read
/writes memory. It is referred as main memory of the computer system. It is a temporary
memory. The information stored in RAM is lost whenever the power supply to the computer
is switched off.
RAM is also of two types which are as follows −
• Static RAM − Static RAM also known as SRAM. In this RAM the information is
stored as long as the power supply is ON. SRAM are of higher coast and consume more
power. They have higher speed than Dynamic RAM
• Dynamic RAM − Dynamic RAM also known as DRAM, This type of RAM stores
information in a very short time basically, a few milliseconds even though the power
supply is ON. The Dynamic RAM is cheaper and of moderate speed and also they
consume less power.
ROM (Read Only Memory) − It stands for Read Only Memory. ROM is a permanent type of
memory. ROM information is not lost when power supply is switched off. The Content of
ROM is inserted by the computer manufacturer and permanently stored at the time of
manufacturing. ROM cannot be overwritten by the computer. It is also called Non- Volatile
Memory.
ROM memory has three types’ names which are as following −
• PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) − It is used to write data once and read
many. Once a chip has been programmed, the recorded information cannot be changed.
It is a non-volatile memory.
• EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) − EPROM chip can be
programmed by erasing the information stored earlier in it. Information stored in
EPROM exposing the chip for ultraviolet light.
• EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) − It is
programmed and erased by special electrical waves in milliseconds. A single byte of
data or the entire contents of the device can be erased.
Secondary Memory or Non Volatile Memory
It is an external memory of the computer. It is also known as Auxiliary memory or permanent
memory. It is used to store different programs and the information permanently. We call it a
non-volatile memory that means the data is stored permanently even if power is switched off.
The secondary storage devices are as follows −
• Floppy Disks
• Magnetic (Hard) Disk
• Magnetic Tapes
• Pen Drive
• Winchester Disk
• Optical Disk(CD,DVD)

HDD: Hard Disk Drive

HDD is a traditional storage device, also known as magnetic storage devices,
where the data is stored using a magnetized medium. These devices usually have
very large capacities and they’re pretty affordable too!
Since the data is read and written by a head, similar to how vinyl works, it is also
very easy to read or write the data as well. Though their data accessing power is
slow, it is used in RAM that has good data accessing power.
To help you visualise how an HDD’s moving parts look like, here’s a labelled
diagram of it:

Flash Drives

Flash drives are also known as thumb drives, pen drives and sometimes USB
drives, it is also one of the most popular secondary storage devices. They are
basically a small portable storage device that allows you to store, rewrite, and
delete data easily.
All you have to do it plug it in your computers’ USB port to access the data inside,
you can also use it with your mobile phones or tablets. Nowadays, the storage
capacity is from 8GB to 64GB, but there are also some that go up to 1T!
Depending on whether secondary memory device is part of CPU or not, there are two types
of secondary memory – fixed and removable.

Let us look at some of the secondary memory devices available.

Hard Disk Drive

Hard disk drive is made up of a series of circular disks called platters arranged one over the
other almost ½ inches apart around a spindle. Disks are made of non-magnetic material like
aluminum alloy and coated with 10-20 nm of magnetic material.

Standard diameter of these disks is 14 inches and they rotate with speeds varying from 4200
rpm (rotations per minute) for personal computers to 15000 rpm for servers. Data is stored by
magnetizing or demagnetizing the magnetic coating. A magnetic reader arm is used to read
data from and write data to the disks. A typical modern HDD has capacity in terabytes (TB).

CD Drive
CD stands for Compact Disk. CDs are circular disks that use optical rays, usually lasers, to
read and write data. They are very cheap as you can get 700 MB of storage space for less than
a dollar. CDs are inserted in CD drives built into CPU cabinet. They are portable as you can
eject the drive, remove the CD and carry it with you. There are three types of CDs −
 • CD-ROM (Compact Disk – Read Only Memory) − The data on these CDs are
recorded by the manufacturer. Proprietary Software, audio or video are released on
CD-ROMs.
• CD-R (Compact Disk – Recordable) − Data can be written by the user once on the
CD-R. It cannot be deleted or modified later.
• CD-RW (Compact Disk – Rewritable) − Data can be written and deleted on these
optical disks again and again.

DVD Drive
DVD stands for Digital Video Display. DVD are optical devices that can store 15 times the
data held by CDs. They are usually used to store rich multimedia files that need high storage
capacity. DVDs also come in three varieties – read only, recordable and rewritable.

Pen Drive
Pen drive is a portable memory device that uses solid state memory rather than magnetic fields
or lasers to record data. It uses a technology similar to RAM, except that it is nonvolatile. It is
also called USB drive, key drive or flash memory.
A monitor is a display device like a TV screen, that interprets and displays the
graphical output signal from your computer’s graphics card and displays it on the
screen.

This enables you to view the display interface in order to interact with the computer using
various peripherals like a mouse or keyboard.

So, what are the types of monitors? There are basically 6 types of monitors currently being
sold by major manufacturers. They include LCD Monitor, LED Monitor, OLED Monitor,
Plasma Monitor, CRT Monitor, and Touch Screen Monitors.

1. LCD Monitor
An LCD monitor is a flat-panel display that uses liquid crystal technology to produce images.
The image quality depends on the quality of the screen (the clarity) and not the size of the
screen like with older CRT monitors (see our guide to monitor size).
Generally, LCD monitors offer crisp images and good contrast than their previous
counterparts. These types of monitors are not as thin and lightweight as IPS monitors (see
'Auzai Portable Monitor Review' and 'Desklab Monitor Review'), but are also energy-
efficient.

2. LED Monitor
An LED monitor is an advanced type of flat panel display that uses Light-Emitting Diodes
for illumination. Compared to standard LCDs, an LED panel display is thinner and utilizes
less power than LCD monitors. The benefits of LED screens are also fully explained here.

3. OLED Monitor
Just like the name suggests, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) monitor is a type of flat
panel display that produces its own light. OLED technology gives you several advantages
over traditional LCD monitors, including thinner panels and the use of less energy

4. Plasma Monitor
Plasma monitors are flat-screen monitors that use phosphors gas to provide color (see more in
'What is a Plasma Display?'). Because the picture is produced by gases instead of light bulbs
or other heat sources, they are exceptionally thin and therefore can be mounted on walls.
Plasma monitors have exceptional brightness and color power. Millions of red, green, and
blue cells light your screen with light so pure and bright, making them brighter than CRT and
LCD monitors.

Make the Largest Screens

This computer display type has the largest screens available such as 42 inches, 50 inches, and
even 56 inches, and their bright colorful images can be viewed from virtually any angle.

5. CRT Monitor
An old-fashioned computer monitor, or CRT (cathode ray tube) display, is one of the main
types of computer monitors. They are large and bulky monitors that come equipped with a
bulky box that connects to the back of them.
It Is an Analogue Display
This analog display was a popular display device before the invention of modern flat-screen
monitors and TVs. The electron gun in the interior is the part that creates the image on the
screen.

CRTs have been around since the late 1940s and were commonly used until the second
decade of the 21st century. Now they are being replaced by newer technology monitors such
as LCD or plasma screens, which offer clearer images and more flexibility in viewing angles.

6. Touch Screen Monitors

A touch screen monitor is a type of computer monitor that uses a touch-sensitive panel built
into the front of the unit. The built-in touch screen allows you to touch on the screen to open
various websites, photos, or applications effortlessly.

A large selection of touch screen monitors is made by brands such as HP, Samsung and Asus.
Computer Number Systems and its types
What are the number systems in Computer?

Number systems are the technique to represent numbers in the computer system architecture,
every value that you are saving or getting into/from computer memory has a defined number
system.

Computer architecture supports following number systems.

• Binary number system

• Octal number system
• Decimal number system
• Hexadecimal (hex) number system

1) Binary Number System

A Binary number system has only two digits that are 0 and 1. Every number (value)
represents with 0 and 1 in this number system. The base of binary number system is 2,
because it has only two digits.

2) Octal number system

Octal number system has only eight (8) digits from 0 to 7. Every number (value) represents
with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 in this number system. The base of octal number system is 8, because
it has only 8 digits.

3) Decimal number system

Decimal number system has only ten (10) digits from 0 to 9. Every number (value) represents
with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8 and 9 in this number system. The base of decimal number system is 10,
because it has only 10 digits.

4) Hexadecimal number system

A Hexadecimal number system has sixteen (16) alphanumeric values from 0 to 9 and A to F.
Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E and F in this number
system. The base of hexadecimal number system is 16, because it has 16 alphanumeric
values. Here A is 10, B is 11, C is 12, D is 13, E is 14 and F is 15.