Lesson 1: Grouping Materials Based on Properties

Lesson 2: Changes the Materials that are Useful and Harmful

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Lesson 3: Functions of the Major Organs of the Body Stomach
There are eight major organs of the human body, namely: the brain, heart, It is a J-shaped organ that is used for temporary storage, mixing and
breakdown of foods.
lungs, stomach, bones, muscles, intestines, and kidneys. Each major organ
plays a vital role in functioning our body well. The intestines are divided into two: the SMALL INTESTINES and the LARGE
INTESTINES.
The Brain Small Intestines
It is located in the head, where it processes the information it receives These are responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients.
and to send instructions to the different parts of the body. It is also Large Intestines
responsible for learning and acquiring skills. It is where the undigested food particles are passed to be passed out of the
body during defecation.
Heart
Kidneys
It is a muscular organ which is about the size of the fist. Its
These are pairs of bean-shaped organs responsible for the excretion of liquid
main function is to pump out blood throughout the body.
waste (urine) and regulation of salt and water in the blood.
Lungs
These are the respiratory organs that enable us to breathe through the
process of respiration. It filters oxygen that enters our body since it contains a
filtering structure to ensure that the heart receives clean oxygen from the
lungs.
Bones. These are the structural foundation and form the shape of our body. It
supports and protects most of our body organs.
Muscles
These are fleshy part that enable the body to move. They give shape and
form to our body and protect the delicate
Lesson 4: Diseases that affect the Major Organs of the Human Body
Why people get sick or suffer?
We already know the major organs of our body and their functions which
There are many reasons underlying these problems, people get sick
are essential for our survival. When they are compromised by a disease it
due to contamination of bacteria and viruses present in the surroundings
can have serious consequences.
through air water food and contact with sick people. Other reasons
include poor nutrition, lack of rest, unhealthy lifestyle, old age Lungs are the organs responsible for taking in oxygen and
and genetic disorders. expelling carbon dioxide.

Before knowing the common diseases that affect the major organs
of the human body, let us know first these vocabulary words:
Disease- It is an illness that affects a person, animal or plant; a condition One disease that can affect the lungs is Chronic obstructive pulmonary
that prevents the body or mind from working normally. disease (COPD) which is usually cause by smoking or exposure to
Chronic disease- It is a conditions that last 1 year or more and require other harmful substances. It can cause shortness of
ongoing medical attention or limit activities of daily living or both. breath, coughing and wheezing.
Inflammation- It is a localized physical condition in which part of the body
becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction Liver is the organ responsible for filtering toxins from our blood
to injury or infection. and producing bile to aid in digestion.

Now, let’s dive in and learn about some common diseases that affect One disease that can affect liver is Hepatitis which is cause by a
our major organs. The following are some common diseases that affect virus and can lead to liver inflammation, scarring, and liver failure if
the major organs of the human body: left untreated.

Stomach is a J-shaped organ that digests food.

Heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout our
body.
One disease that can affect the stomach is Ulcer/ Hyperacidity
One of the most common diseases that affect the heart is Coronary
which is an open sore in the lining of the stomach that becomes
artery disease which is caused by a buildup of plaque in the arteries
painful due to gastric acid produced in the stomach.
that supply blood to the heart. This can lead to chest pain, shortness of
breath, and heart attacks.
 Kidneys are responsible for filtering waste and
excess fluids from our blood and producing urine.

One disease that can affect the kidneys is Chronic kidney disease
which can be caused by diabetes, high blood pressure or other
factors. It can lead to kidney failure which can be fatal if treated Alzheimer’s disease and it can be devastating for both the
with dialysis or kidneytransplant. patient and their loved ones.

Bones is the internal framework of the body as it provides It is very important to take good care of our major organs because organs
shape and support for the body as well as protection for some are essential part of our body and it plays a vital role for us to function
organs. well. Here are some ways on how to take good care of the major organs
of the human body.
One disease that can affect the bones is Polio which is an acute
infection cause by virus that attacks the nerves cells of the brain and
and spinal cord resulting to paralysis. • Practiced good nutrition habits.
• Eat regularly and on time.
• Stay physically active
Brain is the control center of our bodies responsible for • Drink plenty of water and fruit juices.
regulating everything from our heart rate through our • Have enough sleep.
thoughts and emotions. One disease that can affect the brain is • Do not consumed contaminated food and water.
Alzheimer’s disease which is degenerative disease that affects • Maintain clean surrounding.
memory and cognitive function. There is currently no cure for
 movement. The end of the body has a tail. The male external reproductive parts are
found in the belly area. The feet have toes that are covered by thick horn. like
Lesson 5: PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF ANIMALS material. These characteristics enable them to live on land.
What is external parts? Examples of land or terrestrial animals
• Dogs and horses have long and thin legs, which they use to run fast.
Refer to any body parts of an animal that are externally visible. The head or caput,
body, and legs are the external parts of animals. The eyes, ears, neck, and mouth They also walk and gallop.
are the parts of the head common to animals. The shoulders, chest, ribs, and tail are • The legs of rabbits, tigers, cats, and lions have sharp nails on their
also parts of the animal's body. The hips and feet are parts of an animal's legs. paws. They use their paws to attack or scratch their enemies.
• Carabaos have big and strong legs to help them carry heavy things.
Functions of the Body Parts of Animals These legs are hard and strong for long walks on rough grounds.
Animals have body parts for sensing. They have eyes, nose, and ears. They also • There are land animals with two legs for walking and a pair of wings
have mouths with tongues to taste, and a set of teeth for grinding. such as turkey and chicken have claws on their feet that can scratch
the soil for food.
For movement or locomotion
• Centipedes and millipedes have hundreds and thousands of small legs
locomotion- the ability of animals can move freely. respectively to help them crawl.
Animals move to look for foods or mates and to protect themselves against enemies
Water or aquatic animals- such as fishes, clams, starfish, squid, sharks, and
and bad weather.
tilapiain water. They have different body covering- such as scales, shell, and skin.
Types of Animals For swimming, fishes and sharks have fins while squids and octopus have tentacles.
Water animals also have various sizes, colors and shapes. A fish lives in water. Its
1. Land or terrestrial animals slender body and fins enable the fish to swim.
2. Water or aquatic animals
3. Land-water animals

Land or terrestrial animals- Some animals live on land.

The body structure of animals enables them to live in a particular place.
For example, those with four legs like cattle can live on land. The legs enable them
to graze over grasslands, walk and run. Animals have parts that enable them to live
in various places. For example, dogs have head, body and legs. The whole body is
covered by hair. In the head, are the ears, mouth and nose.The head is connected to
the body by a neck. Attached to the body are the two front legs and two hind legs for
Examples of water or aquatic animals
• Crabs and lobsters use their legs in crawling and swimming.
• The shell of clams and oysters opens and closes to get sea plants for
food.
Land-water animals- animals that can live both land and water.
Examples of land-water animals
• Turtle and ducks use their feet, which appear like, to move in water
and walk on land.
• Frogs have webbed feet so they can also walk on water, and strong
hind legs to hop on land.

Lesson 6: PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF PLANTS

Lesson 7: Life Cycles of Humans, Animals and Plants
What is Life Cycles?
A life cycle is the sequence of biological changes that occurs as an
organism develops from an egg into an adult until its death.
Life Cycle of Humans
1. Fertilization - Union of egg cell and sperm cell
Is the natural life process, which is carried out by the fusion of both male
and female gametes, which results in the formation of a zygote.
2. Birth or the release of the baby from the womb or uterus to the outside
world
During the first stage of labor, contractions of the uterus push the baby
towards the cervix, the cervix dilates, during the second stage the baby
emerges, and the umbilical cord is cut; during the third stage, the placenta and
the amnion is forced outside of the mother's body by contractions of the uterus.
3. Infancy or Babyhood
Is the stage from birth to 2 years of age. This stage marks the rapid
physical growth. It is considered as one of the most remarkable and busiest
times of development.
4. Early and Later Childhood
Happens from two up to 6 years of age. Healthy children at this stage
exhibit important growth and development in various areas such as social and
emotional, language and communication, movement and physical, and
cognitive.
The Later Childhood Stage happens from six up to twelve years of age.
Physical development is slow and steady in this stage. The child gains greater
control over his body. In terms of social development, the child's relationship.
5. Adolescence
Adolescence happens from thirteen up to nineteen years of age, the
transition between childhood and adulthood, is a stressful period of life
characterized by discernible physical, mental, emotional, social and
behavioural changes.
6.Early Adulthood
Early Adulthood Stage happens from nineteen to forty years. This stage
of life generally consists of leaving home, completing education, beginning full-
time work, attaining financial independence, establishing a long-tern intimate
relationship and starting a family.
7. Middle Age
The Middle Age Stage happens between the ages forty and above up to
sixty-five. This stage in life is the transition stage and physical adjustment
stage.
8. Old Age Stage 6- A beautiful butterfly appears and the cycle starts all over again
Happens from sixty-five to death. In this stage, an individual could
experience rapid physical and mental decline as well as psychological and Life Cycle of Flowering Plant
physical illness.
9. Death
This is the physical condition of the body when all the organs do not
anymore function to continue life. This is sometimes called cellular or organ
death.
Life Cycles of Animals specifically the Butterfly

The life cycle of a flowering plant starts when the adult plant produces a flower.
The flower has pistils that are involved in the development of egg cells. The
stamen of the flower produces pollen grains that contain sperm cells. The pollen
grains are transferred from the anther of the stamen to the stigma of the pistil
by insects and other pollinating agents. Fertilization of an egg cell by the sperm
cell occurs in the ovule of the ovary. The ovules develop into mature seeds and
the ovary grows into a fruit. The seeds inside the fruit can become a new plant.
Stage 1 - Butterfly lays an egg
Stage 2- The egg hatches into a caterpillar
Stage 3- The caterpillar eats many leaves and grows big and strong
Stage 4- The caterpillar makes a cocoon
Stage 5- After the big sleep in a cocoon, the butterfly starts to emerge from the
cocoon
 Lesson 8: Beneficial and Harmful Interactions Among Living Things
Two types of Interactions Among Living Things

1. Beneficial Interactions Among Living Things

2. Harmful Interactions Among Living Things

So what is an ecosystem?

It is a community or group of living things/organisms that live in and

interact with each other in a specific environment.

Living things refers to any organism or a living form that possesses a

characteristic of life or being alive.

Beneficial Interactions Among Living Things

• It is an interaction where both species benefit from the relationship.

Two types of beneficial interactions among living things

1. Mutualism
2. Commensalism

Mutualism
• It is a type of interaction where both species benefit from the
relationship.
 Commensalism
• It is a type of interaction where one organism benefits while the other is not
harmed nor affected.

Harmful Interactions Among Living Things

-It is a type of interactions where one species benefits but the other is
neither affected nor harmed.

Three types of harmful interactions among living things:

1. Predation
2. Parasitism
3. Competition Parasitism
-It is a relationship where one organism is benefited while the other is
Predation harmed.
• It is a type of interaction where one benefits while the other one is
harmed or badly affected.
Competition
• It is the striving or vying between organisms for the things needed
for survival.