UTM a great multi-purpose instrument

Mechanical properties
TEST
1. Flexural Test
2. Bend Test
3. Friction Test
4. Spring test

UNIVERSAL versatile enough

VERSATILITY select max force

TWO TYPES DS
1. Single Column UTM Machine
Servoelectric motor
Few grams - 500 kg
2. Double – Column UTM Machine
H Frame – so sturdy
500 – 100000kg
Servohydraulic Mechanism – power UTM

TWO MAIN PARTS CL

1. LOADING UNIT arrangement of test, exertion of load, application of load maintained
2. CONTROL UNIT variation in the application of load, test result obtain, source of information

LOADING UNIT
1. Upper Crosshead – fixed topmost part
2. Upper Grip – grip upperend
3. Screw – adjust position of lower crosshead
4. Lower Grip – grip lowerend, together with lower crosshead
5. Lower Crosshead – lower head, upward and downward movement
6. Columns - support Test Fame
7. Working table – put test fixtures
8. Press Plate – compression takes place
9. Metal sheet – cover internal part
10. Base Plate – Support the whole
11. Cylinder – can be seen metal sheet remove
12. Grip Control System – cotrols upper and lower grip
CONTROL UNIT
1. Control Processing UNIT – Brain of computer, calculations
2. Computer Monitor – Output device, display info
3. Printer – print result
4. Power Switch – turn on, rotate clockwise
5. Emergency Stop – fail-safe control switch, stop machine
6. Digital Controller – test rate is maintained

OTHER SAMPLES CCELNRSSSSSWW

1. CABLES
2. CHAINS
3. ELECTRICAL WIRES
4. LINKS
5. NYLON ROPES
6. ROPES
7. SLING
8. SPRING
9. STEEL CHAIN
10. STEEL ROPES
11. STEEL WIRES
12. WEBBING
13. WINCHES

APPLICATIONS OF UTM TCABPTF

1. TENSILE TESTING most typical, pulling, materials strength
2. COMPRESSION TESTING squeeze
3. ADHESION TEST (PEEL TESTING) ave. peel off, separating materials that bonded together
4. BEND TESTING exert force in center flexural strength Flexural modulus
5. PUNCTURE TESTING level of resilience, prodded untic punctured
6. TORSION TEST rotation in the member, elastic modulus, shear
7. FATIGUE TESTING repeated, reversal or removal load
Failure is due to caused by dynamic load

Time dependant failure, suspended bridge

2021 – 8.700- 166000 $

FACTORS AFFECTING COST FTC

1. FORCE
2. TEST SPACE
3. COTROLLER

LOW FORCE
1-25 kn
8700 – 29000$

Medium force
50 – 150 KN
25000 – 48000$

HIGH FORCE
Ranging from 300 – 2000 KN
58000 – 166000 $
MODULE 8

PLASTIC STATE workability and finishing

STRENGTH controlling design factor

Conventional concrete LHPRR

 Lightweight concrete
 High strength concrete
 polymer concrete
 fiber reinforced concrete
 roller compacted concrete

Principle PMHCT
1. PROMORTIONING
2. MIXING
3. HANDLING
4. CURING
5. TESTING

PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE

1. Strength
2. Modulus of elasticity
3. Durability
4. Porosity

QUALITIES OF PROPORTIONED CONTCRETE MIXTURES ADE

1. Acceptable workability of freshly mixed concrete
2. Durability, strength and uniform appearance of hardened concrete
3. Economy

METHOD OF PROPORTIONING
WEIGHT METHOD simple technique, using unit weight
ABSOLUTE VOLUME METHOD specific gravity of each ingredient, unit volume

STEPS FPR WEIGHT/ABSOLUTE VOLUME METHOD EDEDEEDEEDM

1. Evaluate Strength requirements
2. Determine the water cement ratio required
3. Evaluate coarse aggregate requirements
a. Maximum aggregate size of coarse aggregate
b. Quantity of coarse aggregate
4. Determine air entrainment requirements
5. Evaluate Workability Requirements of plastic concrete
6. Estimate the water content requirement of the mix
7. Determine the cement content and type needed
8. Evaluate the need of application rate of admixtures
9. Evaluate fine aggregiate requirements
10. Determine moisture corrections
11. Make and test trial mixes

BATCHING
Measuring, introducing concrete ingredients, order of concrete
BATCHING BY WEIGHT MORE ACCURATE , avoids problem created by bulking
BATCHING BY VOLUME used with continuous mixtures

HAND MIXING limited to small jobs

MECHANICAL MIXERS onsite mixers, capacity from 1.5 – 9 cu.m
1min mix for o.75 cu.m
READY MIX CONCRETE mixed in central plant

METHODS CST
1. CENTRAL MIXED CONCRETE mixed completely in mixer 2rpm-6rpm
2. SHRINK MIXED CONCRETE partially mixed in mixer and completed in mixer truck
3. TRUCK MIXED CONCRETE mixed in truck 4rpm to 16Rrpm

MOBILE BATCHER MIXED CONCRETE fed continuously by volume

PUMPED CONCRETE large construction projects

VIBRATION OF CONCRETE reduced entrapped air

MEASURING AIR CONTENT PVGC

1. PRESSURE takes less time than volumetric method, based on boyles law
2. VOLUMETRIC Agitating the sample, any type
3. GRAVIMETRIC cmpare unit weigt of freshconcreter to unit weight of mix, accurate specific
gravity
4. CHACE AIR INDICATOR METHOD quick method, rapidly monitor air content

CURING
Process maintaining satisfactory moisture
Start Final set

1. Maintaining the presence of water in the concrete during during early ages
2. Preventing loss of mixing water from the concrete caused by sealing the surface
3. Accelerating the strength gain by supplying heat and additional moisture to the concrete

CURING METHOD PSWIMFSIE

1. PONDING covering the exposed surface, flat surface
IMMERSION sure test specimen
2. SPRAYING OR FOGGING large amount of water, expensuve, suitable for high temp & low
humidity
3. WET COVERINGS fabric covering
4. IMPERVIOUS PAPERS OR PLASTIC SHEETS horizontal surface, simply shaped concrete
5. MEMBRANE FORMING COMPOUND cure fresh concrete
6. FORMS LEFT IN PLACE leaving the forms
7. STEAM CURING heat needed in cold weather
8. INSULATING BLANKETS OR COVERS insulate frameworks
9. ELECTRICAL, HOT OIL AND INFRARED CURING precast concrete

CURING PERIOD
Above 40% = 7 days
Above 50% = 3 days

PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE ECPS

1. EARLY VOLUME CHANGE
Plastic shrinkage control water loss, slight decrese in volume
Drying shinkage absorption of water
2. CREEP PROPERTIES
Creep is gradual increase in strain
Swelling slight increase in weight
3. Permeability
Affect durability, water & chemical penetrate
4. STRESS-STRAIN RELATION
Elastic Limit largest stress
 Poissons Ratio advanced structure

TESTING HARDENED CONCRETE CSFRPUM

1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH test 21-34MPA
CYLINDRICAL SPECIMEN
2. SPLIT-TENSION TEST tensile strength
3. FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST road and airport concrete
4. REBOUND HAMMER TEST Schmidt Hammer Test, nendestructive test, strength of surface
5. PENETRATION RESISTANCE TEST Windsor Probe test, gun like device
6. ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST ultrasonic wave, path length divided by the travel time,
internal deterioration
7. MATURITY TEST
Maturity- degree of cement hydration
Maturity meters – estimate of concrete strength
Calibrated on each concrete mix

MODULE 9
Asphalt
oldest materials in construction
3000 BC
Pavement construction
Sealing and waterproofing

TARS
Destructive distillation of bituminous coal

THREE FORMS OF ASPHALT / CLASSIFICATION OF ASPHALT (AC, AC, AE)

1. ASPHALT CEMENT – blend of hydrocarbons, most common
FOUR METHODS
a. Performance Grading
b. Penetration Grading
c. Viscosity Grading
d. Viscosity of aged residue grading

2. ASPHALT CUTBACKS
TYPE OF CUTBACKS
1. Rapid-curing cutbacks dissolving hard residue in highly volatile, gasoline
2. Medium-curing cutbacks medium hardness residue in less volatile, kerosene
3. Slow-curing cutbacks diluting soft residue

3. ASPHALT EMULSION
A. Rapid Setting
B. Medium-Setting
C. Slow-Setting

CUTBACK
Produced by dissolving asphalt cement
Are hazardous materials

EMULSIFIED ASPHALT
60 – 70% asphalt residue
30 – 40% water

USES OF ASPHALT
1. Hot-mixed asphalt concrete, carefully designed, surfacing pavement
 2. Cold-mix, Patching
3. Fog Seal, Sealing existing pavement
4. Prime coat, Construction of flexible pavement
5. Tack coal, Construction of new pavement
6. Chip seal, Maintenance of existing pavement
7. Slurry Seal, Resurfacing low volume roads
8. Microsurfacing, Texturing

SUPERPAVE Super Performing Asphalt Pavements

Final product of SHRP (Strategic Highway Research Program)

ASPHALT CONCRETE
Also known as hot mix asphalt

TWO COMMON MEHOD OF DESIGNING THE ASPHALT CONCRETE

MARSHAL METHOD
HVEEM METHOD

FOUR MAIN AGGREGATE

Coarse aggregate angularity measured by the percentage of fractured faces,
Fine aggregates angularity
Flat and elongated particles
Clay content

THREE LEVEL OF MIX DESIGN

1. Volumetric mix design
Central role in superpave mix design
Lowest Traffic Volumes

2. Intermediate mix design

Performance based properties
23 specimen

TESTS IN INTERMEDIATE MIX DESIGN

1. SIMPLE SHEAR
2. REPEATED LOAD SHEAR
3. FREQUENCY SWEEP
4. INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH
5. LOW-TEMPERATURE CREEP
6. LOW-TEMPERATURE FRACTURE
7. BENDING BEAM RHEOMETER ON ASPHALT BINDER

3. Complete Mix Design Fundamental material models

59 pecimen
 TESTS IN COMPLETE MIX DESIGN
1. SIMPLE SHEAR
2. REPEATED LOAD SHEAR
3. FREQUENCY SWEEP
4. UNIAXIAL
5. HYDROSTATIC
6. INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH
7. LOW-TEMPERATURE CREEP
8. LOW-TEMPERATURE FRACTURE

MARSHALL METHOD OF MIX DESIGN

Evaluation of aggregate

1. Aggregate evaluation
2. Asphalt cement evaluation
3. Prepare specimens
4. Measure Marshall stability and flow
5. Density and voids analysis
6. Determine design asphalt content.

HVEEM METHOD measuring aggregate properties

1. Aggregate evaluation
2. Asphalt cement evaluation
3. Evaluation of centrifuge kerosene equivalent of fine aggregate
4. Evaluation of surface capacity of coarse aggregate
5. Estimation of optimum asphalt content
6. Specimen preparation
7. Measurement of the Hveem stability
8. Density and voids analysis
9. Determination of design asphalt content

CHARACTERIZATION OF ASPHALT CONCRETE

1. Indirect tensile strength, when traffic loads are applied
2. Diametrical Tensile resilient, to evaluate the structural response
3. Freeze and Thaw test, evaluate the effect of freeze
4. Creep Compliance / CREEP TEST good indication of the rutting material

FILLERS
To satisfy gradation requirements
Extenders
Reduce the asphalt requirement

RUBBER
Increase Elasticity and stiffness

PLASTIC
Increase stiffness of the mix
Reduce the temperature susceptibility

Antistripping Agent
Improve the bond between asphalt cement and aggregates

MODULE 10

WOOD
Natural, renewable product

ENDOGENOUS TREE
Bamboo, grow with intertwined fibers

EXOGENOUS TREE
Deciduous and conifer

MOISTURE CONTENT
Weight of water expressed in percent

OVEN DRIED WOOD SAMPLE

Dried in an oven

BOUND WATER
Within the cell wall

FREE WATER
Condensed water

FIBER SATURATION POINT

Cell walls are completely saturated

When the moisture content of wood is above the FSP, the wood is dimensionally stable.

Shrinkage
Moisture loss from cell wall

TREES
Harvested in fall

WOOD PRODUCTION

1. DIMENSIONAL LUMBER
Typically used for studs

2. Heavy timber – heavy-frame construction

3. Round Stock – Building pole
4. ENGINEERING WOOD – bonding together wood strands
5. Specialty Items – milled and fabricated products
CUTTING TECHNIQUES
1. Flat sawn (45 or below)
2. Rft Sawn (45 - 80)
3. Vertical or edge sawn (80-90)

DEFECTS IN LUMBER
1. KNOTS BRANCH BASE
2. SHAKES
3. WANE
4. SAP STREAK
5. REACTION WOOD
6. BARK POCKETS
7. CHECKS
8. SPLITS
9. WARPING

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1. Specific Gravity and Density
2.
3.

Dimensional Lumber – wood from 50-125mm thick, sawn on all four sides. This is produced in lengths of
2.4-7.2m in 0.6m increments. Dimensional lumber is typically used for studs, sill and to plates, joints,
beams rafters, trusses and decking.

Heavy timber – wood sawn on all four sides. As the case of dimensional lumber, these sizes specify
rough-sawn dimensions in inches. They are used for heavy-frame construction, landscaping, railroad ties,
and marine construction. 3. Round stock – posts and poles used for building poles, marine piling and
utility poles. 4. Engineering wood – products manufactured by bonding together wood strands, veneers,
lumber and other forms of wood fiber to produce a larger and integral composite unit. These products
are engineered and tested to have specific mechanical response to loads. Structural engineered wood
products include: a) structural panels including plywood, oriented strand-board, and composite panels.
b) Glued laminated timber c) Structural composite lumber d) Wood I-joists 5. Specialty Items – milled
and fabricated products to reduce on-site construction time. These items include lattice, hand rails,
spindles, radius-edge decking and turned posts.