I used to think that winning at any cost is the only way,
PHILOSOPHY
Derived from the Greek words Philos “love” and Sophia
“wisdom”; hence, Philosophy literally means “Love of
Wisdom”.
The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge,
reality, and existence, especially when considered as
an academic discipline.
“The fundamental values or some basic assumptions
about things, persons, institutions, and others which
form presuppositions that influence one’s beliefs,
decisions, and actions.” – Armando Bonifacio
Pythagoras is said to be the first to use Philosophy
when he differentiated the three classes of people who
attended the ancient Olympic Games.
1. Lovers of Gain;
2. Lovers of Honor;
3. Lovers of Knowledge or Wisdom.
Pythagoras called the third class of people as the best
kind of people or Philosophers; those who seek to
arrive at the truth, as they neither seek profit nor
compete in the games.
The Subject Matter of Philosophy
Three Concept of Philosophy as explained by Armando
Bonifacio:
1. “The fundamental values or some basic assumptions
about things, persons, institutions, and others which
form presuppositions that influence one’s beliefs,
decisions, and actions.”
the important belief you have, the things you assume,
ideas you dont even realize you are using all of it work
together to shape how you think, decide and act.
ex. important belief like being cautious this hinders you
from taking risk ,shapes your decision in taking actions.
2. “The activity of reflecting on and analyzing one’s
beliefs reasons for actions or decisions could be a kind
of Philosophy as well.”
Examining and questioning your thoughts is a form of
philosophy. it’s a way of exploring the deeper meaning
behind your actions and decisions.
ex. thinking why you believe certain thing or why you
are certain about this things
but then i realised it is causing problems. thats like
doing philosophy reflecting and changing belief.
Through reflection you recognize the pattern and
change it, WHICH IS A FORM OF PHILOSOPHY IN
ACTION.
3. “A reconstructed belief or a value system which
shows universal and comprehensive character as a
result of reflection and analysis in a more
comprehensive and systematic manner.”
-philosophy is the byproduct of your careful systematic
examination of your thoughts and belief that are
organized to make sense.
ex. working non stop to achieve goal, after careful
analysis and thinking through is this the best way or
having breaks and before working give you a better
result.
Talking about the Subject
Another view on Philosophy is as a study of subjects
which can be understood on how they are talked about.
Talking about the subject means:
1. Investigating the meaning of concepts or proposal
of a new term in order to advance some area of
philosophical inquiry;
2. Critiquing the use of these terms; or
3. A combination of both.
By dissecting language and communication we uncover
underlying assumptions and implications.
It reveals hidden meanings and ideas showing us
deeper understanding of the conversation.
example: talking about freedom we all agree that
freedom is important,
but if we talk what does it means to be free?
We realize that have different ideas.
So by examining how we use the word freedom we
uncover different assumptions that we dont even
consider before.
Philosophical and Non-philosophical Subjects
Philosophical subjects differ from non-philosophical
ones because they have a fundamental importance to a
reflective person and there is a lack of general
agreement on how subject of concern may be defined.
What is considered as philosophical subjects are
matters a reflective person believes in, counts as real,
and considers as good which shapes his or her life.
philosophical subjects involve deep questions and
exploration of ideas.
existence and reality
ethics and morality
knowledge and truth
mind and consciousness
free will and determinism
non-philosophical subjects are more practical and
concrete.
Science, math, medicine, economics etc..
while philosophical subjects often deal with abstract
concept and deep inquiries
NP subjects are more about practical application and
tangible outcomes in various fields.
thus, philosophy is an ongoing activity for it branches
to many more questions that need to be discussed.
Philosophy becomes an ongoing activity because there
may be many and varied answers to fundamental
questions.
Value of philosophy
Thus the value of philosophy lies in its ability to
stimulate critical thinking.
It encourages open-mindedness and creativity and the
development of analytical skills that can be applied in
various aspects of life.
Major Branches of Philosophy
Ethics
Derived from the Greek term Ethos “moral philosophy”
and is concerned about human conduct.
Deals with norms or standards of right and wrong
applicable to human behavior.
Considered as prescriptive as it prescribes what people
ought to do rather what people do.
The systematic reflections in Ethics will lead to an
understanding of the concept of right and wrong and
conceptions about morality which affects one’s actions
towards others.
Ethics helps people prioritize their values.
Aesthetics
Comes from the Greek word aisthetikos which means
“sensitive” or “perspective”.
In this branch, the Philosopher is concerned with the
analysis of aesthetic experience and the idea of what is
beautiful.
The analysis is directed toward the nature of aesthetic
judgment, standards of beauty, and the objectivity of
these standards in response to the questions about the
meaning of aesthetic experience.
In aesthetics, Philosophers analyze whether beauty is
based on utility, experience, form, pleasure, or
expression.
Epistemology
Derived from the Greek word “epistēmē” which means
“knowledge”.
This branch of Philosophy deals with various problems
concerning knowledge; its origin, whether empiricism
or rationalism, and the verification or confirmation
knowledge.
Epistemology specializes in the distinction between
belief and knowledge, the nature of truth, the problems
of perception, the external world, and meaning and
other minds.
Logic
A branch of Philosophy that looks into whether there
are rules or principles that govern reasoning.
Logic incorporates the analysis of the methods of
deduction and induction to provide the rules on how
people ought to think logically.
Logic gives a person the techniques to create sound
arguments and avoid fallacious reasoning.
Logic increases one’s ability to reason correctly and
distinguish irrational reasoning.
Metaphysics
A study of reality. This literally means “after Physics”.
This branch analyzes whether everything is material,
and if life, energy, and mind are its different
manifestation.
Metaphysics reflect on the subject of appearances
(how something looks by how it appears) and reality
(that which actually is).
Philosophizing
A reflective analysis and criticism of beliefs and values
of human beings.
To speculate or theorize about fundamental or serious
issues, especially in a tedious or pompous way.
To explain or argue in terms of one’s philosophical
theories.
BRIEF HISTORY IN PHILOSOPHY
Pre-philosophical Period
Even before the birth of natural Philosophy, people had
already attempted to explain the origin of things and
the events or occurrences in nature.
Such attempts are evident in the folklore, myths, and
legends that the ancient peoples believed in. However,
these stories are characterized by religious elements or
supernatural powers and not by natural or rational
explanation.
Pre-Socratic Period: Miletians
THALES
Philosophy begun in the Ionic Colonies of Asia Minor
around 6th century BC.
The first Greek Philosopher and the Father of
Philosophy.
The first to engage in the inquiry of searching for causes
and principles of the natural world and various
phenomena without relying on supernatural
explanation and divine components.
By observing nature, he believed that earth floats on
water, while it is considered as the first/ ultimate
substance.
ANAXIMANDER
Also wondered about the beginning of the universe and
where it came from.
The universe is formed from the boundless (apeiron)
which is both the first principle (arche) and the
substance (stoicheion) of the universe.
ANAXIMENES
Anaximenes, another Melitian, argued that air was the
fundamental element
Heraclitus and Xenophanes continued the Miletian
claim of a single, proper substance. They also offered a
cosmological account, but they expanded their focus on
the human subject and investigated the nature of
inquiry itself in the physical explanations they provided.
Heraclitus claimed the “unity of opposites”.
Xenophanes, on the other hand, claimed that there is a
single God. He did not subscribed to the idea of an
anthropomorphic God.
Pre-Socratic Period: Pythagoras and Pythagoreans
This group believes that the cosmos is a structured
system ordered by numbers. For them, things become
knowable because they are structured in this way; the
structure can apparently be expressed in a numerical
ratio.
Hence, they believed that nature can be quantified.
Socrates and the Socratic Schools
The second period in the history of Greek philosophy.
Although comparatively short, it is considered as the
most flourishing.
This period was dominated by three famous
philosophers – Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
The philosophers in this period mainly had to answer
the problem of how to save the intellectual and the
moral life of a nation, which was threatened by
materialism and skepticism.
Socrates (469-399 B.C)
Father of Western Philosophy
He left no writing at all yet he greatly influenced
western philosophical tradition through Plato’s
Dialogues.
Socratic Method or elenchus – a method of question
and answer which aims to provoke the one being asked
to think for himself/herself and to clarify his/her
conceptions about what is asked.
Socrates is also regarded as one. Who argued self-
examination and claimed that “the unexamined life is
not worth living”. When the young men in the City
started to question the same way Socrates did, he was
then arrested for allegedly corrupting the minds of the
youth.
He was sentenced to death through hemlock poisoning.
“I Know that I Know Nothing”
True Wisdom is the knowledge of how little you know.
Plato (428-347 B.C)
Socrates taught that concept is the only true knowledge
- to which Plato concluded that the concept, or idea, is
the only true reality.
Plato had the archetypal Greek belief, that humanity
was born with an innate knowledge of everything, and
that learning was a process of unlocking the memories.
Examination rather than acting on impulse.
Work 1: The Dialogues (written in a form of
conversation) where his philosophical ideas are found,
which are accounts of what he is concerned with as
influenced by his teacher, Socrates.
Work 2: The Republic which discusses his social and
political philosophy and his belief that Greek city-states
must be led by Philosopher kings in order to flourish,
and that justice is best manifested if persons would do
what is suited to each of his or her soul.
Plato’s philosophy is the completion and extension of
Socrates.
For Plato, Philosophy is the science of idea or of the
unconditioned basis of phenomena.
His philosophical ideas are found in his dialogues which
are accounts of what he is concerned with as influenced
by his teacher, Socrates.
His works also encourage humanity to seek what is
good, what is true, and what is beautiful in the
intellectual realm beyond the appearances because the
senses are often deceitful.
He also urge that humans detach themselves to what is
corporeal because the soul without the limitation of the
body can better recognize the eternal form of truth,
beauty, and goodness.
THE ACADEMIA
People are taught not only Math and Spellings but how
to be good and kind
Aristotle (384-322 B.C)
His father was the Royal Doctor;
His modest nickname was the Master or simply, the
Philosopher;
His first big job was to tutor Alexander the Great;
He founded a little school called the Lyceum.
He likes to walk about while discussing lectures and
ideas. He was then nicknamed, The Wanderous.
He was fascinated by how many things actually works
(how a chick grow in an egg, how squid reproduce, why
a plant grow well in one place and hardly at all in
another);
For him, Philosophy was about practical wisdom.
His philosophy is often described as an opposition to
the platonic philosophical tradition. He believed that
perceptual and cognitive faculties of people are
dependable; such belief places humans in direct contact
with the world which is to be studied and therefore
engaged in substantive philosophy.
Human beings philosophize because they wonder about
the world, and as they do, more things of their
experience appear puzzling.
His method focuses on analyzing phenomena or
experience and providing credible opinions about these
experiences to arrive at adequate proof.
He also believed that the aim of philosophy is truth, and
the endowment of senses will lead a person in direct
contact with the world, and therefore allow him to
analyze whether what appears upon scrutiny and
analysis is correct.
Medieval Period: Scholasticism
Described as the confluence of faith and reason.
Philosophers in this period used philosophy as a
handmaid of theology.
Concerned with proving God's existence and
understanding what man in relation with God is.
Directed its inquiry on how reason can be used to
provide proofs that God exists.
Medieval Philosophers’ attempt to reconcile faith and
reason reveals that reflection and analysis may be used
to clarify thought or provide pieces of evidence as
proofs for a topic important to human, like religious
beliefs.
St. Anselm of Canterbury
He argued that GOD's EXISTENCE IS PROVABLE;
He offered a deductive argument for the existence of
God based on what he understood to be the nature of
God's being or the definition of God.
For him, God is the best possible thing we can imagine:
"(GOD IS) THAT THAN NO GREATER CAN BE
CONCEIVED"
St. Augustine of Hippo, Africa
He served as Bishop of Hippo for 35 years proving
popular and inspirational to the largely uneducated and
poor congregation.
Only his Cathedral and Library was left untouched when
the Germanic tribe, the Vandals, burned the legion of
Hippo. This was out of respect for the elderly
Philosopher's achievements.
He furiously disagreed that Human life could be
perfected and that the society was just.
"We cannot properly love for we are constantly
undermined by our egoism and our pride".
St. Augustine promoted "the argument by analogy"
against solipsism or the philosophical idea that only
one's own existence is the only thing that is real.
Solipsism - we can only be sure of the existence of our
self, everything else is just a projection of our mind.
St Augustine notes that of all creatures, only man is
made in the "image" of God. He reasoned therefore,
that the best analogy for God's nature would be found
in the creature who bears his image.
St. Thomas Aquinas
He dismissed Anselm's belief of God's existence.
He believes in God, but as a Philosopher, it was
important to have evidence of these belief.
He argued the existence of God through his
understanding of Science and with the help of physical
evidence.
AQUINAS' ARGUMENT FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
Argument from Motion (movers)
Argument from Causation (cause and effect)
Argument from Contingency (existence)
Argument from Degrees (measurement of perfection)
Teleological Argument (argument used by Theist to
argue the existence of God)
Modern Period of Philosophy
Recognized to be concerned about problems or issues
on knowledge. It is often described as dominated by
two school of thought - Empiricism and Rationalism -
and ends with a synthesis made by Immanuel Kant.
The reflections and analysis are directed toward
answering the questions on the nature of knowledge
and the verification and types of knowledge claims to
be known by humans.
Modern Period of Philosophy
RATIONALISM
Rationalists believe that reason is the sole source of
knowledge.
Types of knowledge are limited to analytic or formal
knowledge of mathematics and logic.
EMPIRICISM
Experience is also a source of knowledge;
the five senses concerned to the world can be used to
determine what can be known; truth is based on what
corresponds to reality.
RATIONALISM: Rene Descartes
Father of Modern Philosophy
He questioned his belief and even his own existence;
He pointed out that our senses fail us all the time.
COGITO ERGO SUM
I think, therefore, I am.
EMPERICISM: John Locke
He believed that we are born as Tabularasa or a blank
slate; all knowledge is obtained through experience.
He rejected the concepts of innate ideas but Locke
agreed to Descartes' belief particularly that of the idea
that our senses could be deceitful.
Immanuel Kant's Philosophy
One of the most influential thinkers in modern
Philosophy.
Examined the extent to which human reason is capable;
"to criticize reason by reason".
Critique of Pure Reason
What can reason alone determine without the help of
our senses;
The connection between Rationality (thinking) and
Experience (what we perceive).
The Analytic Tradition
A school of thought which dominated the the English
speaking countries;
Concentrated in logical analysis of language to solve the
problems which beset philosophy;
Philosophers under this tradition espouses a method of
verification which only accepts as meaningful and true
those which can be investigated by science.
Bertrand Russell
Analysis of meaningfulness of descriptions as opposed
to names that designates or denotes a subject label and
description
George Edward Moore
Analysis is decomposing complex concepts into their
simple constituents.
ex. Computer
Ludwig Wittgenstein
He believes that the task of philosophy is to carefully
analyze ordinary language use, known as linguistic The Methods of Philosophy
analysis.
Philosophy as Speculative Thinking derived from the
The Continental Tradition
Latin word specula or “watch tower”;
Dominated the English speaking countries during the
19th and 20th centuries;
it implies a vision above that of an ordinary person; a
method which allows you to expand your perspective as
Existed in Continental Europe;
well as your way of thinking encouraging you to see the
bigger picture. (Bird's Eye View)
Philosopher during this period believes that the
scientific method is insufficient to provide an
Speculation is sometime considered as detached
explanation to the world;
because it is an activity best done alone and in
isolation.
This tradition takes into account the conceptions of the
past and the views that any analysis is contextualized in
It is often a result of contemplation which you can do
history.
on your own.
HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE and PARTIAL POINT OF VIEW
It is still said to be a Philosopher's vision because to
An effective understanding can make sense of the
speculate also means to participate in the world and
different perspectives, if one can distinguish them from
use the experience as basis or resource of ideas.
a partial point of view, and develop a holistic
perspective to see the whole or bigger picture. This
Speculation is what helps you to take the broadest
manner will give you the value of philosophizing.
possible perspective on a subject of inquiry.
The previous discussions give a perspective of what
Thus, speculation as a mode of philosophical inquiry will
philosophy is based on how it is done by the different
help you explore and take in a variety of perspective
philosophers and the common notions or
about the human person through personal
characterizations of it.
contemplation while at the same time having an
experience of the world.
The discussion on each philosophers and specific
concerns each inquired about gave a partial point of
Philosophy as Critical Analysis
views on the nature of philosophy.
To criticize means to “judge” and/or to “analyze”.
Philosophy as critical thinking/analysis, questions,
On the other hand, the synthesis of these partial points
judges, and evaluates any and all principles and
of views gave a holistic perspective of philosophy.
premises that may be gained through speculation;
The etymology of philosophy (i.e. love of wisdom) gives
a clue on how to philosophize.
A speculative insight through rational inquiry allows one
to gain clarity of knowledge and insights which are
When you love, you try to know everything about that
more valuable because they are tempted by reason and
which your love is directed to. At first, you might be in
dialectic;
knowing the material or physical manifestations of that
thing, but as your love for it grows deeper, you would
Through critical analysis, insights are validated as well;
want to know more about it.
As you subject an idea or insight through analysis, you
evaluate if the insight is clearly stated, if it is consistent
Like being a lover, a philosopher takes into account
with itself and finally, if it is consistent with the world.
every detail – the partial points of views- in order to
make a synthesis and develop a holistic perspective.
Modes of Critical Analysis
1. Logical Analysis
Hence, to philosophize is to take part in activities which
Philosophical problems are solved through careful
do not only give you a partial point of view but a holistic
analysis of the logical structure of the philosophical
perspective emanating from reflections and analysis.
assertions; In logical analysis, a statement is reduced
into its simplest form (Elementary Statement) which is
then verified through observation.(decomposition)
2. Linguistic Analysis
Meaning of words are analyzed for their clarity and
consistency;
Linguistic analysis requires a clear definition of words to
avoid ambiguity or vagueness and therefore ensures
clarity of claims.
Philosophizing has to involve both speculation and
critical aspects of looking at things since philosophy is
directed toward holistic and a broader view of
explaining the world;
Through speculation, insights begin and are formed.
Insights become clearer if they are subjected to critical
analysis or evaluation;
Since the aim of philosophy is truth, the critical aspect
will subject the insight to rational inquiry and remove
whatever is inconsistent and contradictory to the
notion under scrutiny;
It must also be noted that in the process of criticism,
new insights may appear which will again require
evaluation. Hence, philosophizing, as previously
mentioned, is an ongoing activity.
Philosophy as Reflective Inquiry
"A kind of thought where the grounds for belief is
deliberately sought and the adequacy to support the
belief examined." - How we Think, John Dewey.
Accordingly, it is thought that this kind of thinking is
educative in value. This kind of reflection is seen as
"meaning-making" process that moves the learner from
one experience into the next with the deeper
understanding of its relationship with connections to
other experiences and ideas;
This method of reflection is also characterized as
systematic, rigorous, and disciplined, and rooted on
scientific inquiry which has to happen in a community
and in interaction with other people;
Finally, this kind of thinking or inquiry requires attitudes
that value the personal growth and of others.
Six Phases of Reflective Inquiry
 The experience;
 Spontaneous interpretation of the experience;
 Naming the problems or questions which arise;
 Generating possible explanations
 Ramifying the explanations into full blown
hypotheses
 Experimenting the hypotheses
The six phases of reflection compromise the rigorous
and systematic process one may go through to achieve
a clear and comprehensive idea about a particular
subject which arises from one’s experience
The method of reflective inquiry is not far from
speculation which involves being part of or
experiencing the world; However, while speculation can
be detached, reflective inquiry has to happen with
others who are likewise involved in the process of
thinking;
Reflective Thought
- is better experienced in interaction with others and
aims at change happening not only for the person
involved but eventually for others and the society.
Reflective Thinking
- a “meaning-making” process where the learner
deliberately seeks the adequate grounds for his or her
beliefs through understanding the connections
between one experience with another experience and
ideas with a progression of gaining a deeper
understanding.
John Dewey believes that awareness of one’s attitudes
and emotions, and the discipline to harness them and
use them to an advantage is part of the work of a good
thinker.
If reflection is guided by wholeheartedness, directness,
open-mindedness and responsibility, though difficult to
do, the person stands a much better chance of
broadening his or her true knowledge and awareness.
The three philosophical methods indicate that
philosophizing is not purely an intellectual exercise - it
also involve the whole being of a person of his or her
affective parts.
THE VALUE OF TRUTH
The critical aspect in doing philosophy is rational
inquiry;
Logic, one of the branches of philosophy, is even
dedicated to the discovery of principles for correct
reasoning.
When you find an explanation adequate to prove that
what you believe is true.
The Nature of Belief
- Belief is the acceptence that something is true-- a
firmly held conviction;
- "...to believe is nothing but to think with assent." - St.
Augustine;
- Some philosphers claim that believing as a
propositional attitude is directed toward the
propositions or statements about the object.
- A belief is a mental state of having some attitude,
stance, take, or opinion about a proposition or about
the potential state of affairs in which that proposition is
true.
Structure of Belief:
S believes that P is true.
S = Person
P = Representation
The Nature of Truth
Three Theories of Truth
The Correspondence Theory of Truth
This theory states that the key to truth is the relation
(or correspondence) between propositions and the
world;
This means that "a belief is true if there exist an
appropriate entity, a fact, to which it corresponds. If
there is no entity, the belief is false.";
This theory of truth compares the given proposition and
the truth conditions or state of affairs that will make
the proposition true.
Example:
1 There were a time when creatures bigger
than man and animals existed.
2 The Philippines has its own Merlion.
The Coherence Theory of Truth
- This theory states that the truth of any (true)
proposition consists in its coherence with some
specified set of propositions (or significant wholes);
- This means that the truth conditions of a proposition
are based on other propositions (as opposed to the
Correspondence Theory);
- This theory insists that a belief is true if and only if it is
part of a coherent system of beliefs.
- Not a criterion for truth but the nature of truth itself.
- Truth is a matter of how beliefs are related to each
other.
The Pragmatic Theory of Truth
- This theory holds that a proposition is true if it is
useful to believe (it). Thus, utility is the essential mark
of truth.
- Truth is arrived at based on the beliefs that lead to the
best "pay off", that gives the ultimate benefit or
advantage that promotes success.
- Philosophers who subscribe to the pragmatic criterion
consider truth as what is expedient.
- Under this theory of truth, the given proposition is
true if it leads to success, that is, of it is expedient for
the person to believe that his/her dreams will come
true with visualization.
Shortcomings of the Theories of Truth
1. Correspondence Theory
- criticized in its limitation to give predictions of
the characteristic of being a proposition due to the
indeterminate state of affairs it refers.
Example:
The sun will rise tomorrow.
2. The Coherence Theory
- criticized for its vulnerability that clarifies the
notion of consistency.
- We cannot determine if a given proposition is
true in our notion or false in other notions.
3. Pragmatic Theory
- Implies the relativity of truth
- What is useful to one person might not be
useful to another.
Opinion's Purpose
- Opinion a personal belief or judgment that is not
founded on proof or certainty;
- "We have the obligation to withhold assent from all
proposition whose truth we cannot clearly and
distinctly perceive." - Rene Descartes;
- We are obliged to have some sort of evidence before
giving our assent.
- Though we cannot have certain demonstration of
everything, we must still take sides, and in matters of
custom, embrace the opinion that seem the most
probable, so that we may never be irresolute when we
need to act.
- If truth cannot be achieved, prudence is exercised
through having an opinion.
Cognition According to Plato
- Cognition is the psychological result of perception and
learning and reasoning
- In the Republic, Plato distinguished between opinion
(doxa) and intellect regarding the visible realm of
sensible objects;
- Under opinion and intellect, Plato discussed four
distinct segment of cognition;
Imaging (Eikasia)
Belief (Pistis)
Thought (Dianoia)
Knowledge (Noesis)
- Imaging (Eikasisa) or conjecture refers to the pictures
and other images in the lowest level of reality. This
segment is the appropriate degree of awareness,
although it provides only the most primitive and
unreliable opinions;
- Belief (Pistis) is based on perception of ordinary
physical objects. Plato believes that this is the most
accurate possible conception of man to the nature and
relationship of temporal things;
- Thought (Dianoia) is in the intelligible realm and a
step higher than belief. Directed towards simple form
of shapes, numbers, and other mathematical entities;
- Knowledge (Noesis) is the highest level of all
segments. Based on more significant forms--true
equality, beauty, truth, and good. These permanent
objects of knowledge are directly apprehended by the
intellect, which is the fundamental capacity of human
reason to comprehend the true nature of reality.
Knowledge: Justified True Belief_____
- In 1963, Edmund Gettier, an American philosopher,
wrote an essay refuting the traditional analysis of
knowledge or its definition as a "justified true belief"
(JTB). He gave a counterexample to the conception that
knowledge is structured as follows:
S knows that P is (if and only if)
- P is true;
- S believes in P;
- S is justified in believing that P is true.
S is the subject
P is the Representation or Proposition/ Idea
HUMAN PERSON AS EMBODIED
SPIRIT
Who is the Human Person?
Throughout the history, the philosophers have come up with
the explanation of who the human person is.
OXFORD DICTIONARY- define human being as “a man,
woman, or a child of species homo sapiens, distinguished
from animals by superior mental development:
– Power of articulate speech
– Upright stance
Those are the physical and mental traits. However, some
philosophers would say that human beings are also spiritual,
ethical and existential beings.
THREE ASPECTS OF HUMAN NATURE
SOMATIC(physical Character)
>Refers to the body, material
>composition, or substance of a human person.
BEHAVIORAL(Physical Reaction/human’s Action)
>Refers to the human person’ s mode of acting.
>In the study of human behavior, B.F.Skinner(American
psychologist): known for the theory of behaviorism. Any
conditions that take effect on behavior must be taken to
account.
>By understanding and analyzing these conditions behavior
may be predicted.
>He therefore suggested that human behavior can be
manipulated or controlled.
ATTITUDINAL(Mental Reaction)
>Refers to the human person’s inclination,feelings,ideas,
convictions, prejudices and biases.
>It is a person’s mental reaction to certain stimuli or
tendency to act.
>These tendencies may define a person's future action and
what he or she values as right or wrong.
THEORIES ON HUMAN NATURE
HUMAN PERSONAS AN IMMORTAL SOUL(PLATO)
One important theory on humannatureistheclaimthat the
human person has a soul.
- a claim that the human person has a soul.
- A human person in a PLATONIC ACCOUNT has an immortal
soul which is the source of movement, THEREFORE, you, a
human person have a soul because you are moved from
within.
World of Body ______- Spirit/Soul-the soul of movement
World of Matter
HUMAN PERSON AS A COMPOSITE OF BODY AND
SOUL(ARISTOTLE)
Aristotle explained this theory through his work De Animus
(1968) which explains all the capacities possessed by all living
things. His work involves the relation of the psyche (soul) and
the body.
Soul- the source of everything-thoughts,movement,life.
(consciousness/awareness)(potentiality)
3 SUBSTANCES(Actuality)
-Matter
-Shape/Form
-Composite Body and Soul
In effect, Aristotle is basically saying that the body cannot be
separated from the soul, because the soul is the form of the
natural body.
ARISTOTLE AND PLATO TRIPARTITE SOUL
brain- Rational/Logical(Plato)→Rational soul(Aristotle)
Heart- Spirited/Emotional(Plato)→Sensitive Soul(Aristotle)
Stomach- Appetitive/Physical desires(Plato)→Vegetative
Soul(Aristotle)
"A dead man is a Human in name only--it has the same body
but it has lost its soul" .
This theory implies that without a soul, the body does not
have life.
HUMAN PERSON AS A THINKING THING(RENE)
- Rene Descartes asserted that the human person is a
thinking thing.
- pure mind
- extension of our mind
BEING AND NOTHINGNESS
>It is nature that defines a person.
>But through the condition that the nature of the human
person is revealed.
Human condition is defined as the inevitable positive or
negative events of human existence.
-French Philosopher(Jean Paul Sartre)
-BEING AND NOTHINGNESS: A phenomenological Essay on
ontology
-He claimed that the human person has free will
-"Existence precedes essence"
-Existentialism- focuses on the centrality of the human
person's existence.
- he recalled from the philosophy of Edmund Husserl
(German Philosopher) who formalized Phenomenology as
philosophical tradition, the conception of consciousness as a
consciousness of something. This means that consciousness
posits a transcendent being.
Transcendence - The state of excelling, surpassing or going
beyond usual limits. Two types of Being:
1. Being-in-itself
Being-in-itself is completely constituted.
>It is dissolved in identity- a “what is”.
>This is the reason why it is the being of material
objects;without consciousness, they are explicitly madeira
actuality which is solid or opaque.
2. Being-for-itself
It is the exact opposite of the being-in-itself because it's the
decompression (to restore or reconstruct) of being.
The being-for-itself is the consciousness to itself or the being
of action. Another concept central to existentialism is the
concept of Nothingness.
NOTHINGNESS
Man, as consciousness, a being-for-itself who As
consciousness is present to itself. Having Transcendence, as
its essence, man has to exercise this freedom -- the
nothingness perpetually question at the very heart of his
being. Since man has no definite essence because of his
transcendent being, man has to create himself from the
nothingness which reveals his lack of self identity.
HUMAN NATURE AS EMBODIED SPIRIT
In Summa Theologica, he also addressed concerns about the
nature of the soul as a body:
(1) it is the body's moving principle;
(2) knowledge of corporeal things is caused by likeness;
hence, to know of the body is to be liked in nature; and
(3) the soul moves the body and movement happens through
contact; hence, the soul bea body because contact happens
between bodies.
PHENOMENOLOGY
From the root word phenomenon,this philosophical
movement is concerned with the study of phenomena or
appearance of things as they are experienced. Thus,
phenomenology is the study of conscious experience as
experienced from the first-person point of view.
Edmund Husserl, a German philosopher and founder of
phenomenology, directed his studies toward understanding
the body's naturalistic presuppositions about it and the
embodied personhood giving a description of an embodied
experience.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty, another phenomenological
philosopher, expands on Husserl’s perspective and asserts
that the theory of the body is a theory of perception.
Gabriel Marcel used the concept of “my body" to explain the
unity of body and soul. In his work, The Mystery of Being, he
analyzed the meaning of experiencing "my body.”
Individual Preferences.
-Every individual has unique likes and dislikes
concerning foods. These preferences develop over
time, and are influenced by personal experiences such
as encouragement to eat, exposure to a food, family
customs and rituals, advertising, and personal values.
Cultural Influences.
-A cultural group provides guidelines regarding
acceptable foods, food combinations, eating patterns,
and eating behaviors. Compliance with these guidelines
creates a sense of identity and belonging for the
individual.
Social Influences.
-Members of a social group depend on each other,
share a common culture, and influence each other's
behaviors and values. A person's membership in
particular peer, work, or community groups impacts
food behaviors.
Religious Influences.
-Religious proscriptions range from a few to many, from
relaxed to highly restrictive. This will affect a follower's
food choices and behaviors.
F-frequency – refers to the repetition of exercise
undertaken or how often you exercise.
I-intensity – refers to the amount of energy the
exercise required or how hard you exercise.
T-time – refers to the number of minutes or hours you
spend exercising or how long you exercise.
T=type – refers to the type of exercise undertaken or
what kind of exercise you do.
TYPES OF BODY
Ectomorph
-More narrow shoulders and hips in respect to height.
-Relatively smaller muscles in respect to bone length.
-Naturally fast metabolism makes it difficult for many to
gain mass.
Mesomorph
-Medium bone structure with shoulders wider than the
hips.
-Developed athletic musculature.
-Efficient metabolism; mass gain and loss both happen
with relative ease.

Economic Influences. Endomorph

-Money, values, and consumer skills all affect what a
person purchases. The price of a food, however, is not
an indicator of its nutritional value. Cost is a complex
combination of a food's availability, status, and
demand.
-Stockier bone structures with larger midsection . and
hips.
-Carries more fat throughout the body.
-Gains fat fast and loses it slowly.
-Naturally slow metabolism

Environmental Influences.
-The influence of the environment on food habits
derives from a composite of ecological and social
factors. Foods that are commonly and easily grown
within a specific region frequently become a part of the
local cuisine.

Political Influences.
-Political factors also influence food availability and
trends. Food laws and trade agreements affect what is
available within and across countries, and also affect
food prices. Food labeling laws determine what
consumers know about the food they purchase.

F.I.T.T PRINCIPLE
Prescribed to people to improve health. Guide to
creating a fitness program and a method to improve the
fitness or skill levels. Enables you to push your limits
just enough to make progress without harming your
body.