Key concepts Drawings are used to communicate, test and refine design ideas. Different kinds of drawings (two-dimensional and three-dimensional drawings) are used in developing a design, depending on how helpful they are in making the idea clear to others. Design drawings often include dimensions, notes, the use of colour and other features. Depending on the size of the object, drawings may be scaled up or scaled down. Design drawings include freehand sketches, drawings produced using instruments or grids and drawings produced on a computer. Scanned with CamScannerprism a solid object that has two identical ends and flat sides between them; the shape of the ends gives the prism its name (the prisms used in this book have square ends and are therefore called square prisms) Scanned with CamScannerTerm 1 prism a solid object that has two identical ends and flat sides between them; the shape of the ends gives the prism its name (the prisms used in this book have square ends and are therefore called square prisms) nd side views You already kno, Unit 1 Front, top a New products are designed every day to fulfil our need! to communicate, test and refine design ideas, In this ing skills so that you develop the skills jag ate the ideas that ultimately resyj, |, that drawings are used unit, we will add to your drawi to conceptualise, refine and communi new designs. Front and top views / In Grade 7 and Grade 8, you learnt to draw front and top views of objects in first angle orthographic projection. For example, the arrangement of prisms placed between the vertical plane (VP) and the horizontal plane (HP) in Figur, 1.1 produces the front and top views seen in Figure 1.2, ess ‘ll Figure 1.1 Three prisms positioned Figure 1.2 The front and top views of the between the vertical plane and the three prisms horizontal plane ‘The prisms positioned between the vertical plane and the horizontal plane are suspended in space. Normally we describe the position of the prisms in words by using terms such as bottom, top, left, right, front or back. Figure 1.3 shows how the terms apply to the prisms, erica ine Figure 1.3 Words that explain the position of the py prisms A The design process Scanned with CamScannerChapter 1 Unit 1 For example, we could describe the position of the prisms in any of the following ways: « The bottom surface of each prism is touching the horizontal plane. « The green prism is on the left and in front of the other prisms. « The yellow prism is on the right at the back of the other prisms. « The red prism is behind the green prism, but in front of the yellow prism. If we were using the front and top views to work out the position of the prisms, we would find the information we were looking for in different parts of the drawing (see Figure 1.2): « Both views show that the green prism is on the left and the yellow prism is on the right. « The front view shows that the bottom surface of each prism is touching the horizontal plane, in other words, touching the groundline. + The top view shows the following information: = The yellow prism is at the back. - The green prism is at the front. - The red prism is behind the green prism and in front of the yellow prism. rlalcheeLe) Use words to describe the position of prisms (15 minutes; classwork) Do this activity with a partner. 1. Use words to describe the position of the prisms shown in the first angle orthographic drawings below. (2x4) Figure 1.4 Drawing 1 Figure 1.5 Drawing 2 Scanned with CamScannerTerm 1 The importance of side views ‘The aim of any working drawing is to communicate everything about an object as clearly and efficiently as possible. Look again at Figure 1.2, which shows the front and top view of three prisms. If we only had these two views to work with, we could not be absolutely sure whether the yellow prism was: * four divisions high and standing on the horizontal plane behind the red prism, as shown in Figure 1.6 * two divisions high and floating above the horizontal plane behind the red prism, as shown in Figure 1.7. 7. 3 . 3 s y ‘erica pane Vertis plan Figure 1.6 Figure 1.7 One way to find out the size of the yellow prism is to look at all the prisms from a new direction (direction C). Looking from this new position allows us to see and confirm the size of the yellow prism, which can be seen in the new left side view shown in Figure 1. 3 &. 7 oe oN Figure 1.8 Looking from position C to see a left side view Remember that to see a new left side view of the object, we have to change our viewing position. We look from position C, rather than A or B. Whenever we view an object from a new position, a new viewing plane must be introduced. process Scanned with CamScanner‘The new viewing plane for position C is called the side vertical plane (SVP). When we look from position C, we are on the left of the object, seeing a left side view on the side vertical plane. Now let’s remind ourselves of what each view tells us about the position of the prisms. In Figure 1.9, the prisms have been removed from their position between the viewing planes, but the front, top and left side views are shown. "J sae wiiatoe Bottom Figure 1.9 Using the views to find the position of the object. jE) itelehetseey Read the distance from a prism to the horizontal plane, vertical plane and side vertical plane (15 minutes; classwork) Do this activity with a partner. Use the information shown on Figure 1.9 to answer the questions that follow. Use the isometric grid to measure distances. The first one has been done for you as an example. 1. a. How far away from the side vertical plane is the left-hand surface of the yellow prism? (Answer: The left-hand surface of the yellow prism is five divisions away from the side vertical plane.) b. What views show you this measurement? (Answer: The front and top views give you this measurement.) 2. a, How far away from the side vertical plane is the right-hand surface of the yellow prism? ) b. Which views show you this measurement? a Chapter 1 Unit 1 The design process Scanned with CamScannerTerm 1 c back surface of the yellow a surement? aq, al plane is the bottom surface of the qa) a 3. a How far away from the vertical plane is th prism? b. Which views show you this mea 4. a. How far away from the horizont red prism? ement? Which views show you this measurement? top and side view awing a front, in me f we first need to imagine that we ca! To draw the new left side view, side vertical plane to the right, in the same way that we fold the horizontal plane down (see Figure 1.10). In this way: + the top view appears below the in fold the front view * the left side view appears to the right of the front view. The three views look like the drawings in Figure 1.11 if they are drawn as a first angle orthographic drawing, You can see from Figure 1.11 that an extra (vertical) groundline is introduced when we add the left side view. The vertical Figure 1.10 Folding the horizontal plane and groundline represents the point _ the side vertical plane flat where the vertical and horizontal planes meet the side vertical plane. the ad ver sit t slo 238 wean “pe hacia tl “nei i hr seh blithe Follow the steps given below to draw a front, top and left side view of four prisms arranged as in Figure 1.12, * Step 1: Using a square grid, draw the front and top view of the prisms. Remember to show the horizontal groundline. Also sigue 1.11 the remember that the front view Rana is seen in the direction of arrow side views drawn A. The top view is seen in the Na ona square grid direction of arrow B, The top of. view in Figure 1.13 shows that Fi9Ufe 1.12 Four prisms J The design Process, Scanned with CamScannerChapter 1 Unit 2 Unit 2 Line types and drawing conventions In Grade 7 and Grade 8, you were introduced to a number of types of lines used in design drawing. Do you remember what they were and how each type of line is used? EIT RSLS Identify and define line types (20 minutes; homework) Do this activity on your own, 1, Figure 1.21 shows the front and top view of a bulb holder. Five different types of lines used in the drawing have been labelled A to E. Name the type of line in each case and explain: a. its characteristics (5) D. its function. () Wavy lines Figure 1.21 A front Sometimes an object (for example, a solid, square metal rod or a circular shaft) and top view of a is too long to fit onto a drawing. In this case, instead of drawing the entire bulb holder object, we ‘break’ it and only draw the beginning and the end, as shown in The ‘break’ in the object is shown as a wavy line in objects that have a non- Figure 1.22 and Figure 1.23. B circular end and as an S-shaped wavy line ~~ nN in objects such as shafts and axles, which hommes GBD 1 osce1.0 have a circular end. er po Scale oe eS t Many objects are too big to draw full size SS (scale 1:1) on paper. Scaling down Figure 1.23 Showing a break ina long, circular object oo In Grade 8, you used the scale 1:2 to Teduce the size of a drawing. This meant that the drawing was actually half the size of the object it represented. However, Some objects (like buildings) are so big that even using scale 1:2 does not allow us to draw them on paper. When drawing buildings, we often use a scale such as 1:100. a Figure 1.22 Showing a break in a long object The design process E Scanned with CamScannerTerm1 ™ = Figure 1.24 A front and top view of a small house Figure 1.25 Leader Figure 1.26 Two views of a screwdriver The first number in the ratio (in this example, 1) tells us that the drawing is 100 time: naller than the real object. The second number in the ratio (in this example, 100) tells us that the object is 100 times bigger than the drawing. For example, if the small house shown in Figure 1.24 was drawn to scale 1:100, then the measurement x would equal 1 cm on the drawing, but would equal 100 cm on the object. Remember that a door is approximately 100 cm wide. However, designers are free to use any scale that is useful to represent their drawings. It is not uncommon for drawings to be scaled down using any of the following scales: + 1:10 20 50. In Enabling task 1.8, you will use scale 1:20 to scale down the object you want to draw. Using leader lines to indicate information about a drawing Look again at the bulb holder shown in Figure 1.21. The drawing shows a number of lines that you should already be familiar with. In Figure 1.25, notes and information about the drawing are shown using two types of leader line. Leader lines are thin, medium dark lines that end in a dot or an arrow: + If they end in a dot, they are giving information about the nature of the surface to which they refer. In Figure 1.25, the leader line that ends in a dot tells us what material the roof surface is made of. * If they end in an arrow, they are giving general information about the part or component to which they refer. SETTER) Use special lines to show a break in a shaft (20 minutes; homework) Do this activity on your own, 1. Figure 1.26 shows a front and top view of a screwdriver. The shaft of the screwdriver is too long to fit on to the drawing, so it has been ‘broken’. Copy the views of the screwdriver using square grid paper and drawing to scale 2:1. 8) 2. On your drawing, show the correct line convention to indicate the break @) in the screwdriver shaft. El 10 The design process Scanned with CamScanner