International Journal of Logistics Research and

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Present and future trends of supply chain

management in the presence of COVID-19: a
structured literature review

Xiaoran Shi, Weihua Liu & Jiahui Zhang

To cite this article: Xiaoran Shi, Weihua Liu & Jiahui Zhang (2023) Present and future
trends of supply chain management in the presence of COVID-19: a structured literature
review, International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 26:7, 813-842, DOI:
10.1080/13675567.2021.1988909

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LOGISTICS: RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS
2023, VOL. 26, NO. 7, 813–842
https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2021.1988909

Present and future trends of supply chain management in the

presence of COVID-19: a structured literature review
Xiaoran Shia,b, Weihua Liua and Jiahui Zhanga
a
College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China; bSchool of
Management, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

The COVID-19 inflicted worldwide heavy losses and exposed the Received 27 June 2021
vulnerability of the global supply chain. Since then, the number of Accepted 29 September
research works exploring the supply chain-related issues raised by this 2021
terrible pandemic steadily increases, making a structured review a
KEYWORDS
necessity. To this end, this paper figured out three major tasks: (1) 166 COVID-19; supply chain
relevant articles are identified, along with a macro-level analysis in disruptions; 3Rs; structured
terms of general information of the literature; (2) through mapping the literature review
relevant research works from the problem-oriented and methodology-
driven perspective, the present research hotspots and methodologies/
theories used in these studies are revealed; and (3) a research agenda
with the consideration of supply chain disruptions and 3Rs in the
supply chain is proposed. Research findings may shed more light on the
discussion of the COVID-19’s impacts on supply chains, and providing
academical guides for researchers and managerial insights for decision-
makers to develop appropriate responses to the pandemic.

1. Introduction
The COVID-19, firstly reported at the very beginning of 2020, is exerting a sustained and palpable
impacts on political, economical, and social issues across the globe. In view of its exponential
growth, the COVID-19 was declared a worldwide pandemic by the World Health Organization
on March 11 (Queiroz et al. 2020). As of 27 August 2021, there have been 214,468,601 confirmed
cases of COVID-19, including 4,470,969 deaths in the world (WHO 2021). The COVID-19 spreads
to over 200 countries around the world and induces the worst economic downturn since the Great
Depression (International Monetary Fund 2020). Therefore, it is considered as one of the most
impactful events in modern history.
In such a turbulent environment, governments and companies are struggled to effectively
respond to the epidemic outbreaks and survive in the ‘Great Lockdown’. Their focus is to stop
and control the transmission of the virus, thereby border closures and mobility restrictions are
widely applied (Free and Hecimovic 2021; Singh et al. 2021). With a globalised structure, supply
chain disruption becomes a straightforward coronavirus-driven outcome and is at the forefront
of the popular discourse. Particularly, Sherman (2020) reported that 94% of the Fortune 1000
are heavily affected by the coronavirus supply chain disruption. Linton and Vakil (2020) demon-
strated that world’s largest 1000 companies or their suppliers own more than 12,000 facilities in
COVID-19 quarantine areas. Not only practitioners in the industry, scholars in the area of oper-
ations management and supply chain management (OM &SCM) also quickly follow the outbreaks,
paying attention on this large-scale, far-reaching event and its corresponding impacts on supply

CONTACT Weihua Liu tju_jiahuizhang@163.com lwhliu@tju.edu.cn

© 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
814 X. SHI ET AL.

chains. Within one and a half years, hundreds of studies on this topic have appeared in the scientific
literature. Meanwhile, some mainstream journals in the field of supply chain management have also
launched special issues on the pertinent topics. These works have extensively studied the impacts of
COVID-19 on the global supply chains (Swanson and Suzuki 2020; Sharma, Adhikary, and Borah
2020; Singh et al. 2021), supply chain disruptions and risks (Sharma et al. 2020a; Sundarakani, Per-
eira, and Ishizaka 2021; Parast and Subramanian 2021), supply chain resilience (SCR) and recovery
(Paul and Chowdhury 2020; Sharma et al. 2020b; Sarkis 2020; Yaroson et al. 2021), responses and
future development during and post the pandemic (Mehrotra et al. 2020; Mollenkopf, Ozanne, and
Stolze 2021; Andrew and Dirk 2020; Nikolopoulos et al. 2020), amongst many others.
Although it is considered as a health crisis first and foremost, the COVID-19 is also a crisis for
global supply chain. Due to its disruptions on material supplies, long production lead times, order
backlogs, delivery delay, and demand uncertainties, supply chain’s vulnerability and low resilience
has been exposed in this epidemic outbreak (Fonseca and Azevedo 2020). Firstly, it comes with a
supply-side shock. To respond to the pandemic, governments in different counties impose various
degrees of social distancing restrictions and bans on international travel. Meanwhile, in some coun-
ties where the outbreak situation is extremely severe, most factories have been forced to suspend
production. All the chaos disrupts the normal supply of raw materials and products within the
country and beyond. Secondly, the pandemic also hits the supply chains with demand spikes,
which quickly results in stock-outs. Traditional ways to handle the demand uncertainties (i.e. car-
rying safety stock, implementing on-demand production, marketing to manage consumers’ expec-
tations, etc.) cease to be efficient. Furthermore, the outbreak also generates enormous shortages in
transportation capacity, which thereby significantly degrades the speed and quality of the cross-
regional distribution and on-site delivery of the product. Finally, ripple effects generated by the
aforementioned disruptions challenge all aspects of traditional supply chain management, includ-
ing but not limited to the procurement management, inventory management, service mode, and
development of logistics networks (Liu et al. 2020).
Myers et al. (2020) conducted a research on how scientists’ work changed from the onset of the
pandemic without considering the differences among disciplines and research areas. Motivated by
their study, this paper aims to stream the pertinent literature to investigate how the COVID-19
affects the academic studies on operations management and supply chain management. Differing
from works conducted by Queiroz et al. (2020) and Haghani et al. (2020), two literature reviews
on the topic of impacts of pandemics on supply chains and other safety-related dimensions, this
paper focuses on the particular effects of COVID-19 and tries to reveal its influences on research
works in the area of OM&SCM. The aforementioned literature reviews are compared with this
study in terms of the reviewed topics, articles selected, research focus, etc., as presented in Table 1.
More specifically, this paper is taking the lead of research by attempting to answer the following
research questions (RQs).

(1) What are the major research topics in the field of OM&SCM related to the COVID-19 and how
they address the corresponding issues? During the epidemic outbreaks, do some certain areas
gain more popularity?
(2) Does the epidemic promote the attention and research output in the field of OM&SCM? Does
the epidemic change the international cooperation among scholars?
(3) What are the uncovered topics and research opportunities in the field of OM&SCM during and
post the COVID-19 pandemic?

Although the COVID-19 creates tremendous disruption, it lies great opportunity amid it. Our
review provides several important insights into the impact of COVID-19 on research works in
the field of OM&SCM and is expected to help both scholars and practitioners capture this oppor-
tunity. Through a macro-level analysis, it is found that researchers in this field respond to the pan-
demic immediately with an average publication time span of 138.4 days. Meanwhile, mainstream
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LOGISTICS RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 815

Table 1. Comparison of existing relevant literature reviews with this study.

# of # of Time Pandemics
Studies Articles Journals range Keywords-based reported Research focus
Queiroz 32 25 2003– Outbreak Influenza How does the OSCM literature
et al. (2020) 2020 Pandemic Ebola address issues related to epidemic
Disease Cholera outbreaks in terms of their impact
Humanitarian Operation Malaria on logistics and SCs?
Humanitarian Relief Smallpox
Supply Chain COVID-19
Logistic
Haghani et al. 1239 – 2020 COVID-19 COVID-19 What are the main safety-related
(2020) Coronavirus dimensions and how does the
Disease 2019 literature address these safety-
2019-nCov related issues?
2019 Novel Coronavirus
This study 166 70 2020– Supply chain COVID-19 How does the COVID-19 affects the
2021 Logistics research works in terms of
Pandemic research topics and research
COVID-19 outputs in the domain of supply
chain management?

journals in the field of OM&SCM present a high degree of research interest, and many of them have
launched special issues on the topic of COVID-19 and supply chain management. Moreover, there
is a certain correlation between the output of academic papers and the severity of the epidemic in
each country. However, the collaborative relationships among researchers in different countries
should be enhanced. Through an in-depth content analysis, we map the selected research works
from the problem-oriented and methodology-driven perspective. Both the excavated impacts of
the COVID-19 on different segments of the supply chain and the proposed recovery plans are
reviewed. Regarding the methodologies, most studies use empirical or descriptive statistical
methods to investigate the impacts, while conceptual frameworks or other qualitative analysis
account for the majority in the research related to the responses and recovery in the presence of
pandemic.
The contribution of this study is threefold. First, through streaming the literature, our study
intends to shed more light on the discussion of the COVID-19’s impacts on supply chains, provid-
ing a systematic analysis to help decision-makers of supply chain management develop appropriate
responses to the pandemic. Second, through quantifying impacts of the pandemic on research out-
put and analyzing the research gaps, our study seeks to frame a research agenda, which enables
scholars and practitioners to identify research hotspots around the COVID-19 in the post-
pandemic era. Last but not least, given the special characteristics of the COVID-19, this study pro-
vides new trends for the theoretical and application research in the field of disaster management,
risk management, and incident management in the future.
The rest of this paper is organised as follows. Section 2 provides the details of methodology,
including the material search and paper selection. Sections 3 and 4 conduct the macro-level descrip-
tive analysis and the content analysis, respectively, presenting findings from the literature. Section 5
discusses the research gaps and proposes a research agenda related to the interplay between
COVID-19 and supply chains. Section 6 concludes the paper and provides the corresponding man-
agerial insights.

2. Methodology
This paper provides a structured literature review, which has been proved to be a rigorous method
and is widely used in various fields. A well-developed structured literature review method is com-
posed of four steps, which are source identification, source selection, source evaluation, and data
analysis, respectively (Spina et al. 2013; Bharti, Agrawal, and Sharma 2015). First of all, in the
816 X. SHI ET AL.

step of source identification, the unit of analysis and the research scope are determined, so as to
delimitate the searching protocol to acquire the relevant papers. Once identified, it is required to
include and exclude sources according to objectives and views on the topic investigated. Then, a
classification and a further evaluation of the selected sources are conducted. Finally, all data should
be extracted and critically interpreted. From this point of view, the four-stage process undertaken in
this study is described in detail in the section.

2.1. Source identification

As peer-reviewed journal papers are likely the broadest and most common knowledge base for the
research community and are widely used to release research findings (Spina et al. 2013), this study
adopts papers published in English peer-reviewed journals as the unit of analysis. Reviews, editorial
materials, letters, and other types of publications are not considered. Meanwhile, given the scope of
this study, we set the time span of one and a half year (from 1 January 2020 to 30 June 2021), in
which the COVID-19 occurred and inflicted heavy losses in the globe.
Following the recommendations (Tranfield, Denyer, and Smart 2003), we performed the search
and identified the relevant papers in five crucial aspects (i.e. database, publication type, language,
time span, and keywords). As we focus on the research works related to the COVID-19 in the
area of OM&SCM, keywords set used include ‘supply chain’ + ‘pandemic’, ‘logistics’ + ‘pandemic’,
‘supply chain’ + ‘COVID-19’, and ‘logistics’ + ‘COVID-19’. To comply with internal validity, all
search works are conducted in the database of Web of Science, Emerald, and ScienceDirect, the
three largest databases of peer-reviewed literature.

2.2. Source selection

After the initial search, we perform the include and exclude criteria to select the papers. Followed by
Queiroz et al. (2020), we firstly consider the journals with an explicit focus on supply chain manage-
ment issues. Meanwhile, since the pandemic significantly affects both the demand-side and the
supply-side of the supply chain, which thereby arose issues related to consumers’ buying beha-
viours, manufacturers’ operation disruptions and technology transformation, we also scout journals
in fields of ‘marketing’, ‘economics and businesses’, ‘operations management’, ‘engineering’ and
‘technology’. In the three databases aforementioned, they have categorised journals in terms of
the research scopes. Therefore, we select papers published in journals marked with ‘management’,
‘operations research management science’, ‘business economics’, ‘marketing’, ‘engineering indus-
trial/manufacturing’ and ‘green sustainable science technology’, which are believed more consistent
with our research themes. For papers belonging to the area of health care, material science, human-
ity, and social issues, etc., they are not the interest of this research.
To ensure a high degree of relevance, we conduct a further refining process based on an analysis
of the abstracts. Only papers that directly discuss the COVID-19 in a supply chain or logistics con-
text are considered. Papers that only contain keywords of ‘supply chain’ or ‘logistics’ in the title
while not study the problem of supply chain management are excluded. The details of the material
search procedure and protocols are provided in Figure 1.
After four rounds of filtering and refining, a total number of 166 papers are selected and analyzed
(see Table 2), in which 74.7% of the selected papers are Science Citation Index (SCI) and Social
Science Citation Index (SSCI) indexed.

2.3. Source evaluation

According to Hayes and Krippendorff (2007), conclusions drawn from the content analysis can
be trusted only after demonstrating their reliability. Therefore, in this study, we have performed
a series of measures to make sure a high level of reliability in the process of source evaluation.
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LOGISTICS RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 817

Figure 1. Material search procedure and protocols.

To be specific, the three authors jointly determine a framework for the classification of selected
articles, in which the axes and their corresponding codes are described in detail. Then, authors
work independently to judge and classify the selected articles. Each article was represented with
a row and each author’s evaluation was located in the columns in the data file. The calculation
of the reliability is conducted via SPSS22.0, embedding with a KALPHA macro developed by
Hayes and Krippendorff (2007). Finally, the Krippendorff’s alpha was found to be a = 0.83,
demonstrating a favourable degree of reliability.

2.4. Data analysis

Finally, key information of all selected papers is extracted and archived in a Microsoft Access data-
base. We conduct a series of analysis, including macro-level analysis (i.e. overall research output,

Table 2. The number of papers selected.

‘Supply Chain’ and ‘Supply Chain’ and ‘Logistics’ and ‘Logistics’ and
Selected keywords ‘Pandemic’ ‘COVID-19’ ‘Pandemic’ ‘COVID-19’
WOS core collection 82 94 31 45
Emerald 42 41 37 41
ScienceDirect 28 32 22 30
Duplicates 36 135 81 107
Total number excluding 116 32 9 9
duplicates
818 X. SHI ET AL.

relations between research outputs and the severity of the pandemic, special issues, etc.) and content
analysis from the problem-oriented and methodology-driven perspectives. Details of the corre-
sponding analysis will be presented in Sections 3 and 4.

3. Macro-level analysis of literature

In this section, we analyze the selected papers according to their published journals, publication
time span, geographical origins, and authors. Furthermore, analysis is also conducted on the special
issues related to the pandemic in the area of OM&SCM.

3.1. Papers by published journals

Table 3 shows the number of papers published in each journal. Three journals, International Jour-
nal of Logistics Research and Applications, Operations Management Research, and The International
Journal of Logistics Management topped the chart, followed by International Journal of Production
Research, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Annals of Operations
Research, Computers & Industrial Engineering, Journal of Business Research, Transportation
Research Part E, China Agricultural Economic Review. Moreover, operations research & manage-
ment science and management journals represent the majority of publications (96 articles, account-
ing for 57.8% of the total articles). It is noticed that mainstream journals in the area of supply chain
management and logistics all present a high degree of research interest and publication activity.
However, possibly due to its long processing cycle, papers published in top journals (e.g. Manage-
ment Science, Production and Operations Management, Manufacturing & Service Operations Man-
agement, etc.) are still limited.

3.2. Papers by publication time span

To investigate whether this ‘Great Lockdown’ promotes the attention and research output in the
area of OM&SCM, we collect the information of ‘Date of Submission’ and ‘Date of Publication
(available online)’ of the aforementioned papers and analyze the publication time span. It should
be noticed that only 132 of 166 papers contain such information. Results are presented in Figure
2. Of the 132 articles, 14 were submitted in the year of 2019 (or even earlier), and the others
were submitted in the year of 2020. It should be noticed that, although submitted before March
2020, research contents of the 14 articles are all pandemic-related. The possible reason is that
the authors have revised the manuscript to enrich the research content according to the impact
of COVID-19 during the reviewing process. Moreover, according to Figure 2, 67.4% of papers
are submitted in April to August, indicating a productive and rapid response of scholars on this
sudden epidemic.
The average time span (from the date of submission to the date of publication) is 138.4 days (the
shortest only takes 4 days), which is much shorter compared with that of the papers published in the
conventional days. Particularly, some mainstream journals in the area of supply chain management
and logistics, including Transportation Research Part E, Naval Research Logistics, Journal of Business
Research, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, exhibit an extre-
mely short manuscript processing time, which is less than one month. These findings release a sig-
nal, that is, the academia in the area of OM&SCM pays close attention to the COVID-19 and tries to
provide more managerial insights through accelerating the research output.

3.3. Papers by geographical origins

Figure 3(a) visualises the number of publications originating from various geographical regions of
the world based on the data on the country of submission.1 As a comparison, Figure 3(b) provides
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LOGISTICS RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 819

Table 3. Articles published by the journal.

# of Journal # of
Sources Journal categories Articles Sources categories Articles
Journal of Business Research Business 5 Operations Management Management 8
(23 papers) Research (47 papers)
China Agricultural Economic 5 Int. Journal of Operations & 5
Review Production Management
Journal of Retailing and 2 Supply Chain Management 4
Consumer Services – An International Journal
Journal of Services Marketing 1 Int. Journal of Physical 4
Distribution & Logistics
Management
Accounting, Auditing & 1 Journal of Supply Chain 4
Accountability Journal Management
Journal of Accounting & 1 Industrial Marketing 4
Organizational Change Management
The Service Industries Journal 1 Journal of Service Theory 3
and Practice
Asian Business & 1 Sustainability Acc. 2
Management Management and Policy
Journal
International Journal of 1 Modern Supply Chain 2
Consumer Studies Research and
Applications
European Journal of 1 Journal of Service 2
Marketing Management
Journal of Intellectual Capital 1 Int. Journal of Retail & 2
Distribution
Management
Business Strategy and The 1 European Management 1
Environment Review
Journal of Retailing and 1 Int. Journal of 1
Consumer Services Contemporary
Hospitality Management
Journal of Business & 1 Omega 1
Industrial Marketing
Int. Journal of Logistics Operations Research & 10 Journal of Purchasing and 1
Research and Applications Management Supply Management
The International Journal of Science 7 Journal of Business 1
Logistics Management (49 papers) Logistics
International Journal of 6 Journal of Innovation & 1
Production Research Knowledge
Annals of Operations 6 Journal of the Operational 1
Research Research Society
Transportation Research 5 Canadian Journal of Economics 5
Part E Agricultural Economics (19 papers)
Journal of Humanitarian 4 Agribusiness 4
Logistics and Supply Chain
Management
European Journal of 3 Applied Economic 3
Operational Research Perspectives and Policy
International Journal of 2 World Development 2
Production Economics
Decision Sciences 1 Economic Geography 1
Decision Support Systems 1 Economic Systems 1
Research
Naval Research Logistics 1 Computational Economics 1
Operational Research 1 British Food Journal 1
Production Planning & 1 Journal of Agricultural and 1
Control Resource Economics
Naval Research Logistics 1 Technological Forecasting Social Science 3
and Social Change (5 papers)
Computers & Industrial Computer Science 6 Social Sciences & 1
Engineering (10 papers) Humanities Open
3 1

(Continued )
820 X. SHI ET AL.

Table 3. Continued.
# of Journal # of
Sources Journal categories Articles Sources categories Articles
Industrial Management & International Journal of
Data Systems Sociology and Social
Policy
Journal of Industrial 1 Advances in Production Engineering & 1
Information Integration Engineering & Technology
Management (2 papers)
Transportation Research Transportation 3 International Journal of 1
Interdisciplinary (5 papers) Lean Six Sigma
Perspectives
Transportation Journal 1 Journal of Enterprise Information 1
Information Science
Management (6 paper)
Journal of Air Transport 1 International Journal of 1
Management Information
Management
Transport Policy 1 Total: 166
Transportation Research Part 1
A: Policy and Practice

Figure 2. Distributions of selected articles by the date of submission/publication.

the COVID-19 dashboard in terms of the number of cumulative confirmed cases in different
countries.2 As counties with serious epidemic outbreaks and global supply chain hubs, United
States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada and Australia contributed the highest number
of research papers to the topic of supply chain and the COVID-19, and accounted for nearly
80% of the selected papers. Possibly restricted by research capabilities, it is also noted that research-
ers from Russia, Brazil, Argentina, which all intensely suffer from the pandemic, pay limited atten-
tion to the relevant topic.

3.4. Papers by authors

In order to obtain the interconnection between scholars, a Social Network Analysis (SNA) is con-
ducted in the subsection. We enabled SNA using a software called Gephi version 0.9.2 to capture the
co-occurrence relations among the authors, as shown in Figure 4. According to the obtained results,
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LOGISTICS RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 821

Figure 3. (a) The distribution of geographical origin of the publications on COVID-19 and (b) WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-
19) dashboard (as of 27 August 2021).

it is noticed that a total of 500 researchers were involved in the writing of the 166 selected articles,
while most of them have completed only one article. To better capture the cross-country collabora-
tive relation, only scholars who participated in researching works of more than two articles and
their co-authors are presented in the figure. To be specific, dots represent the authors of the selected
articles, the size of the dot represents the frequency of the author’s appearance in the selected
articles, and the connections between dots capture the collaborative relations of scholars. As the
COVID-19 is a global crisis generating significant impacts on global supply chain, the academic
exchange, and collaboration across the team, school, region, country, or even culture should be
further encouraged and developed in the post-pandemic era.
822 X. SHI ET AL.

Figure 4. Social network analysis the co-occurrence relations among the authors.

3.5. Special issues

To explore the COVID-19’s impact and provide corresponding coping strategies, many journals
announced special issues, encouraging scholars to carry out corresponding researches productively.
In this subsection, we sort out the number of special issues announced in 2020 and their themes of
296 journals, which are categorised as ‘OR&MS’ and ‘Management’ in the database of WOS. In par-
ticular, a total of 274 special issues were launched, of which 161 special issues (accounting for 58.8%
of the total) focus on operations management, supply chain management and logistics, 22 issues
(accounting for 8.0% of the total) are about organisations and entrepreneurship, 16 issues (account-
ing for 5.8% of the total) focus on human resources, 9 issues (accounting for 3.3% of the total) focus
on financial and accounting issues, 8 issues (accounting for 2.9% of the total) focus on consumer
behaviours and marketing strategies, the remaining are related to other topics. The above data in
terms of the number and category of special issues indicate that the research in the field of
SCM&OM has received great popularity in the year 2020. Through an in-depth study on the themes
of the 161 special issues in the field of SCM&OM, we found that 16 issues are strongly related to the
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LOGISTICS RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 823

pandemic while 14 issues are weakly related to the pandemic.3 It should be noticed that, our analysis
is not limited to whether the theme contains the corresponding keyword, we also dig into the
research topics in the ‘call for papers’ of each special issue. Therefore, although there are some
special issues that seem to be irrelevant in terms of their themes, we still consider them pan-
demic-related in the area of SCM&OM. The details of the 30 issues are presented in Table 4.
Five mainstream journals in the area of supply chain management and logistics, Journal of Oper-
ations Management, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Inter-
national Journal of Operations & Production Management, International Journal of Logistics
Management, and International Journal of Production Research, have called for papers on the topics

Table 4. Special issues related to SCM and logistics in the presence of the pandemic.
Journal Theme of the special issue Deadline4
Journal of Operations The Effects of COVID-19 on Global Supply Chains: Responsiveness, 30 Apr. 2021
Management Resilience, and Restoration (3Rs)
International Journal of Physical Supply Chain and Technology Innovation during COVID-19 Outbreak 31 Dec. 2020
Distribution & Logistics The ‘New Normal’: Rethinking Supply Chains during and after COVID-19 30 May 2021
Management Global Business Environment
Learning from COVID-19: Cases in Managing Supply Chain Disruptions and 1 Oct 2021
Ensuring Resilience
Deepening the Understanding of Agility in Resilience in Global Supply 31 Jul. 2021
Chains: New Theoretical Perspectives
International Journal of Operations Dealing with the unpredictable: SCR –
& Production Management Emerging Technologies in Emergency Situations 30 Nov. 2020
International Small Business The future of value chains in a post-pandemic world 20 Jun. 2020
Journal-Researching
Entrepreneurship
Journal of Hospitality and Tourism The effect of COVID-19 on the performance of Ethnic-minority firms in the 31 May 2020
Management UK and worldwide
International Journal of Logistics Resilience in Sustainable Supply Chain post-COVID19: Future Pathways 31 Apr. 2021
Management Operational Excellence in Perishable Product Supply Chains (food, 31 Mar. 2021
pharmaceuticals) during Outbreaks such as COVID-19
Bridging the Research-Practice Gaps in Supply Chain Management: 15 Feb. 2021
Lessons from COVID-19
Resilient Supply Chains through Innovative Logistics Management 31 Jan. 2021
Management Decision Corporate Social Responsibility And Covid-19 Global Crisis: Managerial And 31 Dec. 2020
Financial Perspectives In Developed And Emerging Countries
Management in Crisis: Viruses, Earthquakes, and Tornadoes, Oh My! 15 Aug. 2020
Journal of Enterprise Information Reimagining Post-Pandemic Enterprise Information Management and 30 Mar. 2021
Management Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
Personnel Review The Changing Role of Human Resource Management through Crisis: From 10 Jun. 2020
Response to Recovery
Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Technological Mediation for Disaster Risk Management –
Management Knowledge, Semantics and AI for Risk and Crisis –
Managerial Auditing Journal COVID-19: A Pandemic Outbreak in the Age of the Digital Economy 31 May 2021
Journal of Product and Brand Present and future for branding during and after the Covid-19 Crisis ‘New 31 Dec. 2020
Management Normality’
Journal of Marketing Management Understanding the effects of social distancing on consumer and business 15 Feb. 2020
practices during a pandemic: marketing and management implications
Service Science Reimagining the Science of Service in a Post-Pandemic World 7 Sep. 2020
International Journal of Islamic and COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis and Islamic Finance 1 Sep. 2020
Middle Eastern Finance and
Management
Decision Analysis Emerging Topics in Health Decision Analysis 15 Dec. 2020
Journal of Organizational Change Sustainable Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Concerning 31 Dec. 2021
Management failures and resilience in hard times, difficult conditions, and special
communities
Systems Research and Behavioral Addressing Public Health and Security Challenges with System Dynamics –
Science
International Journal of Production Viability of Supply Networks and Ecosystems: Lessons Learned From 30 Apr. 2021
Research COVID-19 Outbreak
Multi-tier Sustainable Supply Chain Management for Global Sustainability 28 Feb. 2021
Networks Resilience of Communication Networks to Random Failures and Disasters 30 Jun. 2020
824 X. SHI ET AL.

of ‘technology innovation’, ‘supply chain resilience’, ‘supply chain sustainability’, ‘supply chain net-
works and ecosystems’, respectively, indicating the research interests and trends in the pandemic
and post-pandemic era. Meanwhile, it provides some insights for the publication classification in
the following specific content analysis.

4. Content analysis and publication classification

According to Du et al. (2014), the core content of a literature can be identified by analyzing the fre-
quency of keywords used in the context. Therefore, a keyword analysis is conducted on the key
terms extracted by the authors of the publications. The most frequently used keywords are illus-
trated as a word cloud map shown in Figure 5, where the size of the item is proportional to the fre-
quency of the term. In addition to ‘Supply Chain’, ‘COVID’, ‘Pandemic’, words that represent the
theme of this paper, it is clearly noticed that ‘Resilience’, ‘Risk’, ‘Disruption’, ‘Data’, ‘Network’, ‘Ser-
vice’, ‘Food’, appear to be the most frequently used terms, indicating the research hotspot.
On this basis, an in-depth content analysis is employed to further categorise these publications,
in which open coding and axial coding are performed. As stated in Section 2, to ensure a rigorous
methodology for the classification and evaluation, a conceptual framework is proposed in which
two dimensions are considered and the 166 selected articles were analyzed to identify research
themes and methodology used as open codes.
The first dimension systematises how the selected paper captures the relation between the
COVID-19 and supply chain management problems. Particularly, according to the epidemic
stage and the main problems of the supply chain in different stages, we classify the works into
two large categories, namely, impacts and influential mechanism during the pandemic and
responses and recovery in the post-pandemic era. Liu et al. 2020 conducted an analysis on how
the pandemic affects China’s logistics industry, in which impacts and developing trends on the
demand-side, supply-side, information-side, logistics infrastructure and transportation capacity,
and other aspects are discussed. On this basis, we extend the research scope to a world-wide per-
spective and subdivide the first and second categories into five aspects, respectively. Therefore, for
the first dimension, we set up 10 main axes, namely, demand-side impacts, supply-side impacts,

Figure 5. Word cloud map – most frequent terms appeared in keywords of the paper selected.
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LOGISTICS RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 825

information focus, logistics infrastructure and transportation capacity, supply chain informatisa-
tion, supply chain ecosystems, SCR, logistics infrastructure, and other measures. Their correspond-
ing open codes are summarised as shown in Table 5. If the content of an article is related to the open
codes belonging to one of the main axes, the article will be coded as the corresponding axes. For
example, Hao, Wang, and Zhou (2020) conducted an empirical analysis to explore consumers’
stockpile behaviour during the pandemic. Its content fixes the open codes of ‘consumer reactions’.
Therefore, this article is coded as ‘DS’ in the database.
The second dimension focuses on the applied approaches or proposed techniques for supporting
the decision process. Both qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis are considered, in which
qualitative methods include case studies, comparative analysis, other qualitative analysis methods
(e.g. surveys, scenario analysis, SWOT, etc.) while quantitative methods include descriptive analy-
sis, empirical analysis, mathematical models (e.g. optimisation models, network analysis, machine
learning methods, etc.), simulations, etc. The 166 articles are also coded in a similar way. As such,
based on the results of open and axial coding, this study derived the classification of the selected
paper, as shown in Table 6.

5. Discussion of findings and research gaps

Given the classification shown in Table 6, the articles are categorised according to the approaches
used. The number of articles using qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis is basically the
same. To respond to the disruptions caused by the pandemic, researchers propose a series of con-
ceptual frameworks on SCR, SCE, and supply chain informatisation. Regarding the research
themes, more works are being conducted to investigate the impacts of the pandemic on the supply
chain management in various industries. However, most of the studies, while exploring the impacts,
also discuss the response strategies or propose corresponding recovery plans simultaneously. More-
over, it is noticed that the topics of supply-side and demand-side impacts, and SCR gain more
popularity, which demonstrates a research gap and provides opportunities for future research.
When it enters into the post-pandemic era, more and more scholars turn their attention to the
supply chain informatisation, exploring how the transformation of the global supply chain can
be achieved with the aid of advanced technologies in the ‘new normal’. Figure 6 presents the details
of the classification results.

Table 5. Main axes and open codes of the categories.

Category Main axes Open codes
Impacts and Demand-side (DS) Market restriction, demand uncertainties, consumer reactions,
influential changes in consumption patterns, panic buying
mechanism Supply-side (SS) Lead-time uncertainties, supply shortages, system-disrupting
shocks, export/import bans, instability of products, labour-
market constraints, production suspend
Information focus (IF) Control risk, IT infrastructure
Logistics infrastructure and Shortage of working capital, shortage of container, logistics and
transportation capacity (LT) infrastructure risk, limited operations of distributors
Other ripple effects (OE) Price fluctuations, policy changes, unemployment, corporate
bankruptcy, financial market fragility
Responses and Supply chain informatization (SCI) Big data analytics, Industry 4.0 technologies, smart supply chain,
recovery Artificial Intelligence, blockchain-based technologies, digital
supply chain twin
Supply chain ecosystems (SCE) Service value chain, sustainable growth
Supply chain resilience (SCR) Organisational adaption, supply chain viability, supply chain
robustness, supply chain vulnerability, risk management, supply
chain collaboration, supply chain integration
Logistics infrastructure (LI) Supply chain channel, facility location, mobile service operations,
logistics network, route planning
Other measures (OM) Supply chain mapping, supply chain restructure, supply chain
financing, entrepreneurship and innovation, pricing strategies
Table 6. Mapping of the selected publications.
Methodology Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis

826
Comparative Conceptual Other qualitative Descriptive Mathematical
Link of SSC Case study analysis Framework analysis methods analysis Empirical analysis model Simulation
Impacts and DS Free and Hecimovic Anastasiadou Pantano et al. Sharma, Rude (2020) Hao et al. (2020) Wang, Wang, and Singh et al.
influential (2021) et al. (2020) (2020) Shishodia, et al. Hall et al. Habela et al. (2020) Wang (2020) (2021)

X. SHI ET AL.
mechanism Hobbs (2020) Sheth (2020) (2020b) (2021) Mehrolia et al. Safara (2020)
Chowdhury et al. Magableh (2021) Schleper et al. Prentice et al. (2020) Feng et al. (2020)
(2020) (2021) (2020) Sharma, Adhikary, Ghadge et al.
Govindan et al. and Borah (2020) (2020)
(2020) Oeser and Romano Rana et al. (2021)
Hall et al. (2021) (2021)
Yang et al. (2021)
Laato et al. (2020)
Omar et al. (2021)
SS Free and Hecimovic Cakir et al. Sodhi et al. Sharma, Hayes et al. Cakir et al. (2021) Wang, Wang, and Duan et al.
(2021) (2021) (2021) Shishodia, et al. (2020) Sharma, Adhikary, Wang (2020) (2021)
Richards and Magableh (2021) (2020b) Rude (2020) and Borah (2020) Feng et al. (2020)
Rickard (2020) Schleper et al. Nordhagen Tortorella et al. Xu and Song
Hobbs (2020) (2021) et al. (2021) (2021) (2020)
Xu and Song (2020) Shanker et al. Oeser and Romano Gupta et al.
Chowdhury et al. (2021) (2021) (2021)
(2020) Kumar and Singh Zhang, Wang, et al. Nagurney (2021a)
(2021) (2020) Luckstead and
Devadoss
(2021)
Mao et al. (2021)
IF Hoek et al. (2020) Yadav et al. Lin et al. (2020) Ivanov and Ivanov (2020b)
(2020) Belhadi et al. (2021) Dolgui (2020a)
Yin et al. (2020) Khan et al. (2021)
Modgil et al.
(2021)
LT Gray (2020) Swanson and Zhang, Ding, and Li (2020) Rapaccini et al. Choi (2020) Singh et al.
Hobbs (2020) Suzuki (2020) Liu. (2021) (2020) Chen et al. (2021) (2021)
Guo et al. (2021) Oeser and Romano Rana et al. (2021)
Bassett et al. (2021) (2021) Bertsimas et al.
Ju et al. (2020) (2021)
Loske (2020)
Qin et al. (2021)
Baştuğ and Yercan
(2021)
Yaprak et al. (2021)
OE Handfield et al. Kabadayi, Koppenberg Belhadi et al. (2021) Nagurney (2021a)
(2020) Graham, and et al. (2021) Li, Chen, et al. Nagurney (2021b)
Chowdhury et al. Burns (2020) Hohler and (2020)
(2020) Magableh (2021) Lansink Parast and
Belhadi et al. (2021) John and Thakur (2020) Subramanian
(2021) Yu, Razzaq, et (2021)
al. (2021) Khan et al. (2021)
responses and SCI Messina et al. (2020) Hoek et al. (2020) Sharma, Rapaccini et al. Sundarakani et al. Ivanov (2020b)
recovery Schaltegger Shishodia, et al. (2020) (2021) Burgos and
(2021) (2020b) Ju et al. (2020) Paul and Ivanov (2021)
Ivanov and Yadav et al. Lin et al. (2020) Chowdhury
Dolgui (2021) (2020) Belhadi et al. (2021) (2020)
Nandi et al. Dubey et al. (2021) Ivanov and
(2020) Moretto and Dolgui (2020b)
Sharma, Luthra, Caniato (2021) Kumar (2020)
et al. (2021a)
Modgil et al.
(2021)
Nayal et al. (2021)
Doetzer and
Pflaum (2021)
SCE Low and Vinodrai Sato et al. (2020) Baveja et al. Sarkis (2020) Rapaccini et al. Xiao et al. (2020)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LOGISTICS RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS

(2020) (2020) Brodie et al. (2020) Mondal and Roy
Chowdhury et al. Norwood and (2021) Sato et al. (2020) (2021)
(2020) Peel (2021) Ivanov (2021b) Fasan et al. (2021) Sazvar et al.
Ivanov (2020b) (2021)
Mollenkopf et al.
(2021)
Schaltegger
(2021)
Lopes et al.
(2020)
Ivanov (2021c)
SCR Free and Hecimovic Hobbs (2020) Ivanov (2020a) Sharma, Thilmany et al. Hatab et al. (2020) Sundarakani et al. Singh et al.
(2021) Shishodia, et al. (2020) Yang et al. (2021) (2021) (2021)
Chowdhury et al. Hoek (2020) (2020b) Sharma, Adhikary, Ivanov and Ivanov (2020b)
(2020) Schaltegger Brakman et al. and Borah (2020) Dolgui (2020a) Ivanov (2021a)
Medel et al. (2020) (2021) (2020) Tortorella et al. Ivanov and Burgos and
Messina et al. (2020) Huang and Sharma, Luthra, (2021) Dolgui (2020b) Ivanov (2021)
Nurunnabi (2020) Jahromi (2020) et al. (2021a) AI-Omoush et al. Hajiagha et al. Rahman et al.
Zhang, Ding, and Swanson and Zhang, Ding, and (2020) (2021) (2021)
Liu (2021) Suzuki (2020) Liu (2021) Lin et al. (2020) Sazvar et al.
Dohale et al. (2021) Lopes et al. Kumar and Singh EI Baz and Ruel (2021)
Belhadi et al. (2021) (2020) (2021) (2021)
Bassett et al. (2021) Ivanov (2021b) Kumar et al. Karwasra et al.
Azadegan and (2021) (2021)
Dooley (2021) Sharma, Ruel et al. (2021)
Praharsi et al. Srivastava, et Belhadi et al. (2021)
(2021) al. (2021b)

(Continued)

827
Table 6. Continued.

828
Methodology Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis

Comparative Conceptual Other qualitative Descriptive Mathematical

Link of SSC Case study analysis Framework analysis methods analysis Empirical analysis model Simulation

X. SHI ET AL.
Chopra et al. Friday et al.
(2021) (2021)
Scala and Lindsay Yaroson et al.
(2021) (2021)
Doetzer and
Pflaum (2021)
LI Butt (2021) Srivatsa Srinivas Mehrolia et al. Sundarakani et al.
Qin et al. (2021) and Marathe (2020) (2021)
Eren and Rifat (2021) Ju et al. (2020) Choi (2020)
Tuzkaya (2021) Kapser et al. (2021) Hong and Jeong
(2020)
Chen et al. (2020)
Chen et al. (2021)
Zhang, Ding, and
Liu (2021)
Bertsimas et al.
(2021)
Mondal and Roy
(2021)
Eren and Tuzkaya
(2021)
OM Gunessee and Milioti et al. Hoek et al. (2020) Mele et al. (2020) Nikolopoulos et al. Monch et al. Tingey-Holyoak
Subramanian (2020) Harland (2020) Hossain et al. (2020) (2020) and Pisaniello
(2020) Ketchen and (2021) Yi et al. (2020) Mehrotra et al. (2020)
Xu and Song (2020) Craghead Lang et al. (2021) Milioti et al. (2020) (2020)
Nurunnabi (2020) (2020) Al-Omoush et al. Xu and Song
van Hoek and Schaltegger (2020) (2020)
Dobrzykowski (2021) Lang et al. (2021) Gupta et al.
(2021) He and Harris Moretto and (2021)
(2020) Caniato (2021) Yu and Khan
Pantano et al. (2021)
(2020) Mashud et al.
Crick and Crick (2021)
(2020)
Wang, Hong et
al. (2020)
Kovács and
Falagara Sigala
(2021)
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LOGISTICS RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 829

Figure 6. Classification output.

On this basis, we further organised the research questions and potential research opportunities
in two clusters, namely, supply chain disruptions and supply chain recovery. Regarding the supply
chain recovery, gap analysis is conducted to enhance the 3Rs (i.e. Responsiveness, Resilience, and
Restoration) of supply chain operations during and post the pandemic. In Figure 7, a generalised
framework is proposed to illustrate the constructs and key elements of the gaps. According to
the stage of pandemics, a series of measures (i.e. proactive planning, diagnosis analysis, real-time
control, and adaptive operation) are suggested, which finally make up a decision-support system
for the supply chain recovery in terms of the three aspects of 3Rs. To be specific, in the pre-pan-
demic stage, proactive planning is an excellent solution to develop supply chain responsiveness
for potential risks and disruptions. In view of this, whether to choose a globalised or localised supply
chain network with vertical or horizontal specialisation, how to accurately predict consumers’
behaviour to reduce demand uncertainties, when to invest and implement smart logistics, are all

Figure 7. Generalised framework for future supply chain development under COVID-19.
830 X. SHI ET AL.

crucial for decision-makers. When the pandemic occurs and generates inevitable disruptions, a resi-
lient supply chain should be able to conduct diagnosis analysis of supply chain structures, cooperate
relations, level of safety stock, its controllability of smart technologies, as well as the degree of
responsive adjustment. Then, in the post-pandemic stage, in which a ‘new normal’ has been estab-
lished, real-time control and adaptive operation become necessary for supply chain recovery and
restoration.

5.1. Supply chain disruption

The occurrence of the COVID-19 hits the supply chain demand and supply simultaneously, thereby
it is noticed that almost 35% of the selected papers have investigated the demand-side and supply-
side impacts of the COVID-19 on the supply chain in various industry sectors, in which 27 papers
(accounting for 16.3% of the total publications selected) focus on agriculture sector, 12 papers (7.2%
of the total) revolve around the food and grocery sector, and 16 papers (9.6% of the total) centre on
problems in the manufacturing sector. Among these papers, scholars have paid significant attention
to supply shortages and risks due to production suspension, labour shortages, and disruption to
transportation networks (Hobbs 2020; Hayes et al. 2020; Chowdhury et al. 2020). As a consequence
of supply disruptions, manufacturers may undertake greater competitive pressures to handle their
domestic production, reduce or even eliminate their dependencies on collaborators that locate in
counties with high disruption risks, and rethink the use of lean manufacturing. Therefore, the tra-
deoff between globalisation and localisation, capital investment on improving the breadth of pro-
duction capacities, resource re-allocating and relocalisation of manufacturing firms, outsourcing
strategies, demand forecasting, and inventory control will set off a new upsurge of research.
Regarding the demand-side impacts, consumers’ panic buying behaviour (Hobbs 2020; Kerr
2020), changes in consumption patterns due to the mobile restriction (Larue 2020; Mehrolia, Ala-
garsamy, and Solaikutty 2020; Safara 2020), and corresponding marketing innovations (Wang,
Hong et al. (2020) have been extensively discussed. Particularly, due to the social distance restric-
tion, consumers’ regular consumption behaviours and patterns have been changing fundamentally.
According to a survey conducted by Kantar (2020), the outbreak has increased Chinese consumers’
spending on industries of food and beverage, household cleaning, and medical/life insurance, while
spending on travel, out-of-home dining and luxury consumption has been cancelled or suspended.
Moreover, many emerging retail channels, such as community-based group buying and e-com-
merce livestreaming, have experienced explosive growth during the pandemic. Therefore, model-
ling consumer’s demands with the integration of their particular consumption behaviours, and
optimising the pricing strategies, channel entry options, platform mechanisms, and supply chain
contracts in the context of the emerging business model need to be further investigated.
In addition to the supply-side and demand-side impacts, the pandemic also challenges the trans-
portation capabilities of the logistics network and creates changes in conventional supply chain
channel communication. Sundarakani, Pereira, and Ishizaka (2021) pointed out the importance
of a well-established logistics structure to handle various uncertainties, and proposed a method
to assist facility location and re-location decisions. Choi (2020) demonstrated that the COVID-
19 has created lots of disruptions to service operations, and established a mathematic model to
evaluate the newly developed distribution service (i.e. ‘mobile service operations’). Liu, Liang,
et al. (2020) discussed China’s logistics development trends in the post-COVID-19, and believed
logistics hub construction and smarter logistics would be boomed in the near future.
However, most of these studies investigate short-term impacts during the pandemic, while the
long-term impacts in the post-pandemic era are rarely explored, especially for those published in
the year 2020. In 2021, Sharma, Luthra, et al. (2021a), Ivanov and Dolgui (2021), Belhadi et al.
(2021), Nordhagen et al. (2021), and John and Thakur (2021) successively put forward some strat-
egies to respond to the long-term impacts with conceptual framework or case studies. Quantitative
methods for investigating long-term impacts and supply chain recovery strategies are still limited.
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LOGISTICS RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 831

Meanwhile, it is noticed that current research outputs mainly focus more on industry sectors
directly affected by the COVID-19, such as agriculture, food and grocery, and manufacturing.
For those sectors in which the short-term impacts are not obvious while the long-term impacts
have not manifested yet, more research efforts should be devoted. As illustrated by Chowdhury
et al. (2020), the medium-to-long-term impacts promise to be complex and uncertain. Existing
knowledge in capturing the long-term impacts of supply chain disruptions and coping with the
changes is far away enough and requires in-depth extensions in the post-pandemic era.

5.2. Supply chain recovery

Given the disruptions in the presence of global pandemic, traditional supply chain network design
cease to be effective. Initially developed as leanness and agility (Christopher and Towill 2000; Gold-
sby, Griffis, and Roath 2006), supply chain structure has been enriched by the perspectives of
responsiveness, resilience, and restoration (Christopher and Peck 2004). In this section, we sort
out the existing literature to demonstrate how the 3Rs help enterprises recover from the pandemic,
and how the adoption of newly developed technologies/methods/mechanisms/ business models can
enhance enterprises’ sustainable development in the post-pandemic era.

(1) Supply chain responsiveness

The tragic failure of quick response to the COVID-19 is a good wake-up call for enterprises, demon-
strating the necessity of being prepared for the emergency. Forecasting becomes essential for effec-
tive decision-making on procurement and production, resource allocating, distribution planning,
etc. (Nikolopoulos et al. 2020). Among the selected articles, five studies specifically focused on
the ‘forecasting’ and ‘planning’ problems, aiming at improving the supply chain responsiveness.
Xu and Song (2020) developed an optimisation model for production planning with the consider-
ation of multiple types of uncertainties in the presence of a pandemic. Safara (2020) proposed a
computational model embedding machine learning to predict consumer’s behaviour during
COVID-19 pandemic, thereby improving the stability of a long-term sale and enhancing its respon-
siveness amid disruption uncertainties. Nikolopoulos et al. (2020) used a set of 52 forecasting
models to capture the evolution of the pandemic and provided data-driven methods to forecast
the excess demands of products and services. Tingey-Holyoak and Pisaniello (2020) conducted a
simulation-based risk analysis in primary production, demonstrating the need fordata integration
for scenario-based planning. Nurunnabi (2020) focused on the responsiveness of SMEs and
explored how renewal strategies, business transformation, cost-leadership strategy, and financial
sustainability can enhance the supply chain responsiveness in the crisis.
Although presented in different ways, the five articles referred to the same topic, which can be
epitomised as ‘supply chain information’. It is obvious that the cutting-edge technology, such as big
data analytics, Artificial Intelligence, and blockchain techniques, will be beneficial to enterprises or
even the entire society to provide robust supply chain network and improve response traceability.
From this perspective, Sheng et al. (2020) discussed how big data analytics could be better utilised to
examine contemporary organisational issues during the pandemic. On a similar vein, Ivanov and
Dolgui (2020b) explored conditions surrounding the design and implementation of a digital supply
chain twin to predict future disruptions and recover supply chain operations when it is disrupted.
Meanwhile, according to Liu, Liang, et al. (2020), due to witnessed or experienced the effectiveness
of integration capabilities of the platform during the pandemic, the importance of the ecological
development of the platform has been raised and many logistics enterprises have started investing
in the construction of platforms. Therefore, in light of the continuous growth of enterprises’ rec-
ognitions on supply chain informatisation, researches on how to integrate cutting-edge techniques
into the supply chain to achieve supply chain informatisation and how can supply chain informa-
tisation support the development of a viable supply chain system are of great interest for future
studies.
832 X. SHI ET AL.

(2) Supply chain resilience

The pandemic exposes the vulnerability of global supply chain, making ‘supply chain resilience’ a
hot topic and being concerned by more and more scholars and practitioners, which refers to the
ability of supply chains to recover after having absorbed the disruption effects (Hosseini et al.
2019). How to strengthen the SCR during disruptions triggered by the COVID-19 has been dis-
cussed shortly. More than half of the selected articles mentioned the SCR in the context, and
more than a quarter provided in-depth analysis on how a resilient supply chain can cope with
the disruptions and how to improve the SCR. Sharma et al. (2020) developed a conceptual frame-
work for enhancing the SCR. Singh et al. (2021) evaluated the effectiveness of SCR measures
through scenario-based simulations. Ju, Hou, and Yang (2020) discussed the relation between inte-
gration quality, value co-creation, and logistics service SCR. El Baz and Ruel (2021) investigated the
role of supply chain risk management in mitigating the effects of disruptions on SCR and robust-
ness. According to their analysis, the vulnerability of traditional supply chain structure needs to be
resolved to improve the SCR.
In view of this, some researchers regarded the transformation of supply chain structure as a
countermeasure. Mehrotra et al. (2020) presented a critical resource sharing strategy to reduce
the interdependency of a single-agency structured supply chain. Crick and Crick (2020) pointed
out the concepts of ‘coopetition’, in which competing companies can cooperate to mitigate the pan-
demic’s strikes. This kind of structure transformation could be achieved via sharing information of
stock level and forming an alliance for joint manufacturing, etc. Ivanov (2021a) observed a conjunc-
tion of recovery and supply chain coordination which mitigates the impact of disruption tails.
Meanwhile, some researchers put forward a series of a conceptual framework, including supply
chain network viability (Ivanov and Dolgui 2020b), supply chain survivability (Sharma, Luthra,
et al. 2020a), supply chain visibility (Yang et al. 2021), etc., to promote the transformation of tra-
ditional supply chain structure design. Similar to Queiroz et al. (2020), our analysis indicates that
existing literature and the corresponding understanding of the SCR is restrictive in coping with the
COVID-19, a long-term, multi-faceted, and global epidemic outbreak. Therefore, whether these
aforementioned concepts really work and how they can enhance the supply chain performance
requires further analysis and creates research potential.

(3) Supply chain restoration

Supply chain restoration is the last stage of recovery in the post-pandemic era. It is a long-term
adaptation process to ultimately achieve a balance between regular operation and extreme situ-
ations. From this perspective, researchers advocate the establishment of SCE. According to Schal-
tegger and Burritt (2014), developing a sustainable supply chain could unveil the sources of
epidemics. They also demonstrated that sustainability could support the transformation of the
supply chain. Among the 166 articles, over 10% conducted studies on the response and recovery
plan from the perspective of supply chain sustainability. Ivanov (2020b) demonstrated a viable
supply chain that balances the sustainability, resilience, and agility can provide significant support
for supply chain restoration after long-standing crises. Schaltegger (2021) pointed out the necessity
for sustainable development of supply chain and discussed what industries could learn to restruc-
ture themselves towards sustainability through comparative analysis. In a similar vein, Magableh
(2021) believed sustainability innovations enable companies to improve supply chain performance
in the presence of terrible disruptions. From a long-term view, Fasan et al. (2021) conducted an
empirical analysis to verify whether companies can benefit from green supply chain management
practices in the presence of a pandemic. Sarkis (2020) claimed that a long-term supply chain survi-
vability could be achieved through the development of a circular economy. Norwood and Peel
(2021) centred on a general concept of supply chain mapping, which is also proved to be efficient
to fortify the sustainable development of a supply chain. Last but not least, Ivanov (2021b) gener-
alised four adaption strategies, namely, intertwining, scalability, substitution, and repurposing, to
maintain a sustainable supply chain network.

Table 7. Proposed agenda for supply chain research works in the presence of COVID-19.
Promising research areas
Tradeoff between
globalisation and
localisation in the supply
chain network design
Capital investment on
improving the breadth of
production capacities
Integration of changes on
consumers’ consumption
behaviours and
enterprises’ operation
strategies
Acceleration of smart
logistics, smart
transportation, smart
supply chain services
Long-term impacts in the
post-pandemic era
Investigation of innovative
technologies’ contribution
on the supply chain
responsiveness
Transformation of traditional
supply chain structure
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LOGISTICS RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 833
Potential
Focus Research opportunities methodology
Supply chain . How does the restructuring of supply chain . Mathematical
disruptions networks affect global supply chains? modelling
. How changes in global supply chain structures and . Experimental
cooperative relationships challenge the cross- Design
border production sharing in the international
trade?
. What should be the optimal resource allocating
and outsourcing strategies for global supply chain
enterprises?
. Whether should the enterprises insist on the lean
production or dealing with a flexible inventory
control?
. How does the ’new normal’ of the pandemic affect . Mathematical
enterprises’ supply chain capital investment modelling
strategies? . Simulation
. Whether should the enterprises insist on the
vertical specialisation strategies or increase capital
investment to improve the breadth of production
capacities?
. What should be the optimal capital investment
strategies in the post-pandemic ear?
. What are the optimal pricing/channel entry/supply . Empirical
chain contracting strategies for the emerging analysis
business models in the post-pandemic era? . Mathematical
. How changes of consumers’ behaviours challenge modelling
the operation of the online or offline retailing . Case studies
channels? . Experimental
. How changes of consumers’ behaviours promote Design
the transformation of traditional supply chain
structure?
. How can data-drive decision support system and . Case studies
information technologies help enterprises to . Simulation
construct a smart supply chain? . Mathematical
. How does smart supply chain work in response to modelling
the supply chain disruptions?
. How can ‘smart logistics’ support last-mile delivery
in the post-pandemic era?
. What are the long-term industry-wise impacts of . Empirical
COVID-19 on global supply chains? analysis
. What are the interrelationships among factors that . Simulation
influence the global supply chains in the presence
of COVID-19?
. What are the correlations between the short-term
impacts and the long-term impacts?
. How will the ripple effects caused by the supply
and demand disruptions in the early stage of
pandemic challenge the supply chain networks
and logistics industry?
Supply chain . How to integrate cutting-edge techniques (e.g. . Mathematical
responsiveness blockchain technologies, big data analytics, AI modelling
techniques, etc.) into the supply chain to achieve
supply chain informatisation?
. How can supply chain informatisation support the
development of a viable supply chain system?
. What should be the optimal strategies of
innovative technologies with the considering of
balance between SCR, agility and sustainability?
Supply chain . Under what circumstances did companies . Mathematical
resilience cooperate with their rivals during the COVID-19 modelling
outbreak? How does coopetition work for . Case studies
enhancing SCR?
(Continued )
834 X. SHI ET AL.

Table 7. Continued.
Potential
Promising research areas Focus Research opportunities methodology
. How to construct a more resilient supply chain in
the post-pandemic era?
. How to mathematically capture the advances of
supply chain viability in the transformation of
supply chain structure design
Establishment of supply Supply chain . How could supply chain sustainable operations . Simulation
chain ecosystem restoration help the restoration of a vulnerable supply chain? . Empirical
. What are the main factors drive this kind of analysis
promotion? . Mathematical
. How to capture the quantitative characteristics of modelling
SCE?

Now we all know that developing a supply chain ecosystem is beneficial for supply chain restor-
ation. However, given the current discussions on supply chain sustainability, it is found that the
concepts are still floating on the surface and the mathematical model-based analysis or empirical
analysis is desiderated. On this basis, how could supply chain sustainable operations help the res-
toration of a vulnerable supply chain, and what factors drive this kind of promotion need to be
further answered.
Finally, based on the content analysis of the existing literature, we try to summarise the potential
research gaps and maps a research agenda, as shown in Table 7.

6. Conclusion
The COVID-19 outbreak has revealed the vulnerability of the global supply chain. Given its signifi-
cant impacts, the COVID-19 has been proved to be worthy of attention from both scholars and
practitioners. In this study, through a structured literature review, we mapped the research
works of supply chain management during the pandemic from the problem-oriented and method-
ology-driven perspective, aiming to provide a research agenda in the post-pandemic era. Firstly,
through macro-level analysis, it is noticed that mainstream journals in the area of supply chain
management, logistics, and operations management have maintained a high degree of attention
on the impact of the epidemic on the global supply chain and the related problems arising there-
from. Meanwhile, this topic gained popularity from scholars around the globe. To cope with this
sudden crisis and provide managerial insights, scholars present a quick response. Therefore, it
can be said that the epidemic does promote the attention and research output in the field of
OM&SCM. Through the content analysis, it is found that the impacts of the demand-side and
supply-side disruptions triggered by the pandemic, SCR, and sustainability draw more attention
from scholars. Due to data limitations, most works, especially the ones focusing on the response
to the pandemic and recovery of the global supply chain, conducted analysis through the construc-
tion of conceptual framework and qualitative analysis. Given the in-depth analysis, this review is
expected to help academic scholars identify research opportunities and provide guides for their
future research. Meanwhile, for partitioners, existing literature reviewed in this study includes a
large number of real-world cases, varying from cases of supply chain disruptions in different indus-
try sectors to the supply chain recovery plans and strategies, providing a substantial reference for
their decision-making in supply chain and pandemic-related issues.
Although we are committed to presenting a comprehensive structured review of relevant litera-
ture, this paper has some limitations and several potentially interesting avenues for future research.
First, the papers identified in this review are all submitted before April 2021. At this time, most
countries in the world are still suffering from repeated attacks of COVID-19 and the ‘new normal’
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LOGISTICS RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 835

of the pandemic has not been fully formed yet. Thus, the long-term impacts of the COVID-19 on
the supply chain still need to be further observed. Meanwhile, how the ‘new normal’ restructures the
global supply chain and affects supply chain practices needs to be investigated. Second, we consider
only journal articles from the three databases (i.e. Web of Science, Emerald, and ScienceDirect).
Therefore, book chapters, editorials, reviews, and other types of academic views and research
findings are not included in this research. Consequently, the analysis and corresponding results
may not reflect comprehensive knowledge on this topic. In the post-pandemic era, one promising
research avenue is to investigate the value of a viable supply chain. Meanwhile, discussions on
supply chain informatisation, ecological development of logistics platforms, and other logistics
infrastructure need to be further validated through mathematical models combined with empirical
analysis.

Notes
1. This data is retrieved from the physical addresses of all authors listed in the publication.
2. The dashboard could be obtained from the official website of World Health Organization, which is available
online at: https://covid19.who.int/ [27 August 2021]
3. The strong correlation means that there are clear keywords directly related to the pandemic in the theme, such
as ‘pandemic’, ‘epidemic’, or ‘COVID-19’; the weak correlation means that there are no clear pandemic-
related keywords, but there are ‘disruptions’, ‘risks’, ‘uncertainties’, ‘resilience’ and other words that are poten-
tially related to the pandemic.
4. As we start to search articles, some special issues have shut down the ‘calling for paper’ procedure and
removed corresponding documents. Therefore, it is unfortunate that deadline information for some special
issues cannot be tracked, which is presented as ‘–‘ in the table.

Acknowledgement
The authors sincerely thank the editor and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive and important comments
on the paper.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Funding
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant Number 71701151, 71702130];
Research Program of Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Development Strategy [Grant Number
18ZLZXZF00140]; Major Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant Number 91646117];
Major Project of National Social Science Foundation of China [Grant Number 18ZDA060].

Notes on contributors
Xiaoran Shi is an assistant professor in the School of Management at Tianjin University of Technology, China. She is
also a post-doctor at Tianjin University, China. She obtained her Doctor degree from University of Miami (USA) in
2015. Her research interests lie primarily in the area of supply chain management, platform operations and marketing
strategies. Her research works have been published in international scholarly journals, such as Computers and Oper-
ations Research, Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Computers and Industrial Engineering, IEEE Transactions on
Automation Science and Engineering, etc. She can be reached at xiaoran_eileen@163.com.
Weihua Liu is a Professor of the Department of logistics and supply chain management, College of management and
economics, Tianjin University, China. He obtained his Doctor degree from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 2007. He
specialises in logistics and supply chain management, and has published more than 60 international research papers
including International Journal of Operations and Production Management, International Journal of Production
Economics, International Journal of Production Research, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,
Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, Production Planning & Control, Transportation Research Part E:
836 X. SHI ET AL.

transportation and logistics review, Annals of operation research, etc. He can be reached at lwhliu888@163.com or
lwhliu@tju.edu.cn.
Jiahui Zhang is a postgraduate student in the College of Management and Economics of Tianjin University, China.
Her research area covers supply chain and logistics management. Her papers have been published in journals such as
Transportation Research Part E, Managerial and Decision Economics, and International Journal of Logistics:
Research and Applications. She can be reached at tju_jiahuizhang@163.com.

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