Dr.

Tarana Parveen,2015 The Kite Runner: “Role of Multicultural fiction in Fostering cultural

competence”. The author says about the multicultural fostering cultural in Afghanistan and

America. The Kite Runner has the power of disturb the thoughts of the readers of diverse

cultures. The novel describes that the person gains and losses of individual characters. The

narrative is powerful where the reader can breathe the dust and smell. And the people writers the

brutality of the war. During the war his family, baba and Amir traveled to America, where they

were faced multicultural problems, and then Amir was adopted with Khastegari tradition. And

Amir gets married with Soraya in a traditional Afghan manner, and his father’s death at last Amir

was comes to understand about his own culture and the novel speaks about the Hazara and

Pashtun communities and how the community’s peoples where change during the Soviet War

with different cultures. Components of Multicultural competency are given in the name of

Awareness, Attitude, Knowledge and Skills. The novel is an ideal means to build a cultural

competence and has a real role to play in protection global peoples. Multicultural literature

exposes the people history, geography, social conditions. Husseini shows a pathetic picture of the

war-torn Afghanistan. Husseini has written the ethnic struggles in Afghanistan he talks about the

facts through the novel. The protagonist belongs to the privileged class and his friend belongs to

lower class and his father Ali he was a servant in Amir’s house and they are belonging to

marginalized Hazara class. In this novel they are learned and developed the skills necessary for

building Cultural competency.

Mr. Ranju. P, 2022, “The influence of culture identity in Khaled Hosseini’s The kite Runner”.

The article aims the cultural influences the person realizes their identity more if they were in a

different culture in their own society. Mostly one pass on will experience the good over evil of

both the groups and connected in a society the same happens to Hassan who is servant in Amirs
house. America is popular for immigration for various reason but the people follow. they face

many problems in the local due to physical appearance culture and religion. Cultural identity is

the struggle between personal identity and cultural influences, involves recognizing factor the

race ethnicity marital status and many that define oneself in the society. Bakhtin argues that

literature us tied to culture and cannot be studied separately. Cultural identity was art of hoe they

saw themselves based on their cultural groups, Afghanistan the minority groups namely Hazaras

were troubled by Taliban, even music, dance and alcohol is banned in post –colonial society

culture plays a vital role the novel portrays cultural identity in various event Amir and Hassan

have their own cultural identity. Hassan accepts Pashtun whereas Amir followed his culture even

in America. He wanted to preserve his culture and tradition values hence the phenomenon of

culture identity emerges as a repeated occurrence in the tapestry of multicultural society.

Ramesh Preasad Adhikary,2021, “Crisis of Cultural Identity in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite

Runner”. The novel kite runner by Khaled Hossein assigns the cultural disaster to the protagonist

Amir. Hybridity, acculturation, and diaspora are responsible for cultural disaster. Attention to our

protagonist, he is a Muslim boy, he belongs to the Pashtun community, and he was relocating to

the USA (America). Due to the Soviet war, where his family was relocated to the USA

(America). Our protagonist feels alone in that place and he feels uncomfortable adopting the

American culture in the aspects of multiculturalism. When protagonist adopts to new culture, he

loses his primary culture. When he long lives with American culture and distracts himself from

native land a contract with other culture is lost. Where Amir has strict for his adjustment and

contacts with Americans, and it brings a loss of primary culture. In this way they fell the cultural

disaster, and they have to retained to primary culture.

Anjitha Gopi,2017, “Resurrecting Afghanistan, Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner”. Over the

past few decades, in Afghanistan, there are been numerous talks and connections made, but

everything is reduced to murder, bloodshed, and terrorism and they were divided himself from

Afghanistan. They have forgotten the corruption and lost the pride after the Soviet war and

Taliban assault. In every sense, the people saw it as a failure. Khaled Hosseini, an Afghan

American novelist created a place for himself in the setting by publishing all his books in native

Afghanistan. This paper tries to show how Hosseini de-mystifies the west particularly through

his first book the kite runner. Hazara is the third largest ethnic group they were identifying his

belongings to same culture here by resurrecting Afghan from the bruises prejudged by entire

world.

Vaishali,2016 “Representing of Afghanistan culture identity in Khaled Hosseini’s The kite

Runner”. In this article the author says about the ethnic groups in Afghanistan in Afghanistan

there are (Pashtun, Hazara, Tajik, Baluch) many groups in the society but Taliban the ethnic

groups they are the powerful groups in Afghanistan. Taliban’s were creating the problems. So,

most of the peoples were migrate to America for his own identity. Afghanistan was disrupted in

25 years by war. Taliban’s were totally destroyed the Afghan culture, family, and they were

created plenty of refugees. Afghanistan is Islamic religion; they are playing an important role in

personal conduct and dispute settlement. Afghanistan peoples celebrate Afghan literature.

Afghan literature is rich in literary tradition. In winter holidays the peoples were conducting the

kite fighting in Kabul. Cultural identity is based on particular ethnic group and they influence the

peoples felling and behaviors. Classical poetry and plays are playing a very important role in the

culture. Afghanistan is a multilingual country. In Afghan there are two language Dari and

Pashto’s used to communicate. Dari is the official language in Afghanistan. In this novel we find
different type of cultures in Afghanistan, the author says about the relationship between them

and their effects. The kite is the symbol of success in the novel, the author analysis the cultural

identity through his actions and conflicts between Amir and Hassan. Both are belonging to

different community but they are lives in same country.

Akram Sadat Hosseinian Esmaeil Zohdi, “The kite Runner, The problem of racism and

ethnicity”. The author says about the post-colonialism root of imperialism. Imperialism refers to

the weaker nation dominated by power people the culture of Europe also influenced the others

countries this play the way for the post-colonialism. Post-colonialism is a branch of literature

which deals with social, cultural and political issues of colonized nations after their

independence from colonizer. Racism is seen in all the ages and societies. Ethnicity is considered

as the substitute of the term racism. Ethnicity refers to a group of people who are from the same

origin, history, value but differ in terms of clothing, customs or religion, it can be also called as

cultural identity. Race is said to be the biological heritage which is from the physical features

gene pool and character qualities. Race it is of two types “racist behavior of the powerful

countries against the colonized countries. Conflict and challenges among the ethical groups this

is mostly recognized by ethnicity. Although the novels had many themes like war, friendship,

migration, poverty and many but the article deals with the racism clash between Pashtun and

Hazara. The main aim of this article is to look over the racial and ethnic behavior of Afghan

figures in the kite runner. Racism is not the result of scientific observation, but it is due to the

human difference that happened between 16 th and 19th century. In America, Amir and his father

are not treated properly because they are from Afghan, but in Afghan Pashtun race is more

powerful and suppressed Hazaras.

Vishwa Bhushan,2022, “Ethnic Dehumanization in Khaled Hosseini’s The kite Runner”. when

ethnic group thinks that another ethnic group is lower and they should treat as less than humans

and it is known as ethnic dehumanization. In this novel the researcher say about the struggle’s

between the Pashtun and Hazara in Afghanistan they are two main and different ethnic groups

and this paper deals with the idea of dehumanization in this paper the theories and sociological

and psychological approaches where used in this paper apart from that more communities were

inhabit Afghanistan like Shia, Sunni sect and few Hindu, Sikh and jew communities were speaks

about were the Hazara peoples are dehumanized by Pashtun and the Pashtun peoples they were

consider as themselves superior than Hazara’s because of their physical appearance, religious

belief and cultural practices. The kite runner mainly focuses on dehumanization and

dehumanizing ethnicity. Where the Afghan peoples are bad this is the major problem in the kite

Runner’s Novel and Hosseini’s not mainly focus on dehumanization ethnicity and he also focus

on physiological health oppressed by the ethnic people in Afghanistan. These are the ethnicity

and dehumanization were speaking about in this novel the kite runner.

Soni prasetyo Arifin dan Much, “Afghan Immigrants Cultural Adaptation in Khaled Hosseini’s

The Kite Runner”. In this novel the author says about the new country cultural adaptation and

understanding of the culture. When the soviet war comes Amir’s family was migrated to

America and this article speaks about the Afghan culture immigration in this novel the kite

runner. In this cultural adaptation there are four processes through the influences of cultural

identity the people were isolated by the cultural adaptation. Amir, Baba and other immigrants

were influenced by cultural identity. Diaspora, Unhomeliness, imitation culture and hybrid

culture there are the four impacts of cultural adaptation process in this novel the kite runner.

Diaspora is the first impact it says about the peoples were facing the new cultural in new
environment, where they live in America at first time. The second impact of the cultural

adaptation is Unhomeliness. The Unhomeliness is mostly happening because of the double

consciousness its hard to see the ups and downs about American culture. And the third impact of

cultural adaptation is imitation. Amir was adopted to the new American culture because of his

mimicry. The person estimation become high to adopts the new society because of his mimicry.

The imitation also follows the American environmental culture. And the last impact of the

cultural adaptation is hybrid culture. This hybrid culture is also called as hybridization. Both

hybridizations can combine the immigrant culture to new culture which person feels the in

hybridizations the culture they can recognized both the original culture and the environmental

culture. It means they have two cultures in his cultural identity. These are the cultural adaptation

of Afghan immigration of Amir and Baba were migrated to America and there they face the four

stages of cultural in America by the way of four stages they were adopted to the new culture.

Saleha, Nizam, and Huidrom Sumitra, 2022, “A Note on Multiculturalism in Khaled

Hosseini’s The Kite Runner”. This article is tried to say explore the elements of multiculturalism

in the novel the kite runner. At the age of eleven the writer left his homeland after the Russian

invention same the write reflects his sentiment to the novel the kite runner. In this novel the

protagonist Amir has migrated to America due to dangerous political war in Kabul, Afghanistan.

This paper tries to show about the multiculturalism. The class of Amir and Hassan they are

belongs to different communities Pathum and Hazara where is also a east and west clash of

values and customs. Through the migration of Amir to America. Multiculturalism is starts in the

soviet war where the Taliban’s were taken over the Afghan culture and over the Afghan country.

And one group of people were migrated to America and there the people face lot of struggles for

the food and shelter and the peoples is not easy to adopt the new culture and later they were
adopting with two culture where is own culture and new culture of America. The novel

represents the importance of multiculturalism where the protagonist experienced in America

among the immigrants of Afghan culture Amir and his wife Soraya mixed with the non-Afghan

students in the public school and Amir has stand up a new writer and he belongs to different

community when Amir returns to his homeland of Kabul, Afghanistan he faces lots of struggles

and difficulty due to the Taliban regime. Amir sees the cultural difference of Afghanistan and

America culture these are the struggles were face by the protagonist in this novel where he sees

the multiculturalism in this Novel.

Wijayanti Ike Dewi, “Three Models of Cultural Displacement in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite

Runner”. This article is to study the culture that followed by Baba and Amir and general Taliban.

The study is within the framework of post-colonial criticism. This article is done with the data

collected from the plot structural character and characterization these helps to analysis the

cultural followed. Mainly focus on the unhomeliness and double consciousness these are related

to the culture they follow in homeliness and in America. The change of culture his affected the

physical health. In America Baba was affected by cancer on the Amir is a successful person in

America.

Sameena Nauman, James J. Connolly, “American culture and Afghan Identity in Khaled

Hosseini’s The Kite Runner”. This article is deals with the political issue in the kite runner it says

about the American and early Americans in the book as well as the struggle of Amir to find the

identity in united states America this research about two cultures that hoe Amir faces the western

culture and hoe the influence in his own culture. Amir came from Afghanistan and struggle for

personal redemption some also view the novel in neocolonial perspective. He also refers Amir as
westernized protagonist Amir. In Afghanistan Amir and Hassan are good friends but separated

by the religion Hassan faced many struggles and even reduced because of the religion he belongs

this was the reason why these two boys are separated. Where as in America, Amir and his father

are rejected because they are immigrant. They work hard to survive. He also prizes his culture

that he followed in Afghan and also in America which is called as multiculturalism. when he

came back to Afghan to rescue Hassan’s son, he fells to like a visit to his own country. But in

America he is recognized as an Afghan. He is nether Afghan nor American.

Samhita Singh, Jaya Tiwari, 2023, “Cultural Encounter in Khaled Hosseini’s The kite

Runner”. The kite Runner it was published in the year of 2003in this novel Amir was searching

for his recovery and it is all about giving awareness to the Afghan people during in the time of

war. The novel also talks about the family bond between father and son. In the end of the Khaled

Hosseini novel, it ends with the significant of these culture values in his family. The novel is

concentrated on amalgamation of cultural values, bond, identity searching for his redemption and

life at time of war. Hazara community peoples faced the racial discrimination account which

was say in the literatures of the Afghan peoples. Afghanistan is a multilingual country and the

peoples are speaking in the language Dari and Pashto. Dari is the official language of Afghan

peoples. Kite flying is an integral part of Afghan culture from centuries. Another exciting way of

Afghan culture is Rituals marriage. Rituals marriage plays a great roll in one person’s life it

illustrates Afghan culture is exciting manner. The bond between the Amir a Baba where baba

was disliking Amir before the kite fighting match. when Amir won the kite fighting match his

father was praising him. And both the relationship become very stronger. At last, the novel says

about the redemption gives out by Hosseini in an exciting manner.

Koser Tasneem, 2023 “Investigating the Muslim Identity crisis in The Kite Runner by Khaled

Hosseini- A Diasporic analysis, in this article the focus was on the cultural identity and cultural

globalization, mainly how the author portrayed the Muslim identity crisis. This says how the

Muslim culture people affect if the immigrant from their home place also on the diasporic

Muslim identity. This paper tells the relationship between Amir and Hassan, which helped Amir

to know his identity. The protagonist deals with the Afghan. Muslim where he finds himself had

to follow both the culture. In United States both Amir and Baba could not spoke the language

and follow the culture which is very hard. The novel examines the cultural integration,

generation strife and the gap between tradition and progress. Amir& Baba are outside the home

country and are often faced with the challenge of preserving their identity in a foreign culture. It

emphasizes the impact of historical events and the memories of their homeland on shaping the

character’s identities. This reflects how the past influence the present in diasporic communities.

It also explores how Amir accept the new culture and follow it, when Hassan’s son comes to

United States, he also faces these cultural problems.

S. Vinothkumar and M.V. Sivakumar,2019, “Impact of Cultural Collisions in Khaled

Hosseini’s The Kite Runner”. This paper examines the interface of western and Indian sub-

continental cultures & then impact of cultural collisions in the novel. The paper mainly focuses

on cultural collision and cultural wars. The main theme is cultural dislocation experienced by

Amir, which force them to follow other culture. The paper focus on the culture changes that

happens to Amir and the different environment they focus and how they face problems in the

other country like oppression. Then Amir fought for the identity. In America, Amir& his father

were rejected because of the colour. Where as in Afghanistan, they belong to Pashtuns religion,
which is consider as respectable & successful religion. Where Hassan who belong to Hazara’s

community they steal and they were get out. The issues such as discrimination, racialism &

identity were the major issues faced by Amir& Afghan community.

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