* Hydrogen > most_abund : >> Simplest atomic sty. —> 1s! > | proton, lelectson , © neutron. => In elemental stoic it exists as i (Oihydrogen) r => Electnanic Configuration 1s', Simijox to Ns! which > Fb tS “Shoxt by le" +0 Complete its octet 4 ¢o it resembles taith gyoup 17+ > c +0 _foxm __unipasitive ion AS__Well as it gains one electson 40 fox Uni-neaative {OD . Lhich Yesembles with Gyoup 4 > in_teyms oF {onisatian eneagy it Yesembles with Gap 7. AH OF Li= 520 k3/ mol TE of H= 1312 kI/mol AW OF F = 1680 KSI mol-"7 = like Gxonp 17 Hydrogen ha tendency +0 Foxm diatomic Molecule = It _is unique in behavioux. and placed sepatately in Pt *% Di- Hudxagen Ho = most Abyndant element in Universe = Supites 4 satusn Consist of Ha ( majonly! -*__Tsotopes of H2_ ——Thaee_iSotopes = ~ ; dant —!) Protiuin —14__= Onewtvan_ = most_abun sy ~——.2)_Dentenivm sh DL nev ton = aise. sneer —— ee . = on = Radioactive 3m ___r__T._=2_2_neutaon=B00 On ck4|_ Paepowation of Ha Zn + ant —> zpt? + He al | (nal = aie, Se a - 2p_+ NaoH —> Nasznd2 4 Ho 4 Solv ble dium | incate . * | inane Aw! i) Electsolysis of acidified mater Using platinum electra! Gives__Hydxagen Ja 2Ha0 (4) __Clectyolysis Hate) + Origh et electyade | ii) High Posity (>89-95 7) Ho gas is Obtained by elects! | electra de | Q eof Sodium hydsoyide and Chloxine _b Glectralysis of ByiNe Solption. anode DCI" ——> Cla + 2e> Cathode 2H20 + 2e- — Ho + 20h- B _2.Nat (aa) + 2¢1 199) + 2820 caf) — Claig) + Haig) + aya? cag) eis0 ! temp nd in Presence oF Catalyst. | | CoPonta + niin: 270k" neq 4 bang) He j Ni 1 | chu + H2019) _ 12708 -|co + BH My Wates gas I itt [Cts) + Wd cg) P7K Leotay + HetH) | ! _Syn gas | synihesis gas | <5 “this_is Coal gasification [4 CO2 ond Ho mixtore is psed fox Synthesi ly The psoduction of Ha kgas can be incxea |OF Co_gas_af syo gas mixtoxe tnith steam’ in presene OF ison chromate catalyst I | | Teots) + tog) 673k, Cong) + Had | Caraiust Fon > Watex gas Shift Reaction ——A_Physical_pyopentie > sadoaless tasteless, Colausless 4 combust! ~———=2 Lightes_than_aix 4 fnsaluble in _taa + Chemica Psa pexties 4-H bond enthalpy, “ip _highest_Fox_a single _hond — ~——-Hi_dissaciation__is_anly 0-08) yal 2000 __— ie ema 95:57. gt S000 k___ —Ai rn) | Relatively so am ema in HQRIC Sag Clectaic. 01 dex _U-V_sadiation - Ho undergoes weaction in 3 ways — ive Ht L @ Gain of m @ Showing of electron to fox _single_covalent bond. Reaction of H2 —> 6 ReacHan = 1) Reaction with Halagen —> Foxm® of iyaiogen Halse Wl Ho (g) + x2 (9) —> 2HX (3) X= F, Cl Bx, 5 | CE) xeaction accox even in daxk ‘1 xeaction wequixes Catalyst 2 i i O2)— Hey > Highly exatheanic 2H2(g) + 02g) CAtMYS} on oo (a) 7 5 Water OH = -285-9 kT /mol be B Ho (4) + No (9) SEK oe any 2NHs (q) : @ £¢0theamicco ¢ 5 | || a 7 . a ia a Ff a H2(g) + 2M (5s) —> 2MbX(s) T (5) i Ho | Reduces metal ion and metal cxide less acive shan tron) | He + Pat? (aq) —> Pg ¢s) t+ 2H (aq) Yio + MxeOy —> xMs) +4 HO (a) c) Reaction with oxganic compound => i e n gives Cdible For ( maxgaxine ond Vonaspatt Ghee) = Hydrofaxmylarian Of olefins gives aldehyde Which on ‘eduction _pyadvces_aleahal- CO_+ Ha + RCH= CH. —5 RCH, co cHo RCH2CHa CHO +H2 —> RCHa CHa CH20H | Aldehyde Q\cohat * Uses OF H ———= Used_In_making vanaspati ghee ———__>_Makin: i t CO1g) + 2H2I9) cobal} OHsoH ra) catalyst 2 Paepasation Of Hel 2 Alomic_H_4 045 Hone _used_Fo%_cutting—4_twelding — Rocket foe 4 alsa _used in Feel cell fos_encd9y— wegky, Senesation. TH doesn’t pyodoce any patiolion § yelesse esra! +e _Hydride. Ha_gas_Combines _.ith almost all element eacert Noble Re ae 3 ‘gpes ide | a) coitienk 0s_Molecutax Hydride ||») Metalic ox Won stsichiometaic Wydaide \) Tonic | Saline Hydride. Es . ¥ “ C mpo D of 2 foxmed pith S- Blo | Clement _ ae ee tu Behe! . Significant cavalent chasacter | Now 1 Mata | | Ky Cal | RbH San CsW Baha 1 > 2 i . Bela 4 PIgHo Palymesic Nature => ionic hydrides axe Caystalline . non volatile» non Conducting In Solid state- Bot their metis conduct. electricity: on __elertsolysis it liberates Ho aq: J I I Qt qnode- | DH" (melt) 28, Hig) DP + o0- Th "yencts: ui e Nak C5) + H20 (aq) —» NaOH Cag) + He tg) 4 SL is_onteachive Ot maderaie_temp so i} is Used H— Make _Othey__hydride | HWA Ato — ae : —— = hg —) Lic) PSSAVM ee oe eee | - epee He Ha Si BHy at1a) covalent J moiec | compovnds of 2 Fosmed with p ioc ——~F .__CHy, NH3, 420, HE ete: 1) e- deficient 2) © precise 3) e- wich {Mos too Fei electason Has xequixed Have excess e- Fox _Loxiting convention —_no- oF e- to Which oxe present Llewis Stroctuxe Write lewis Sty OS lone paix > pane > cue Ay wads HFS | Foumed by Giz > Equmed by Gall Foumed by Gis element element: elements i Octs as lewi > Tetrahedxa) ~ > act as Lewi +—Gcla Greamerxy base. I 13) Metallic | non stoichiometaicl Intex, Htiqus | Eoxmed -by_d 4 F block elements G6, G2, G4. 63 do por Form hydride except-Cy i> Th conducts heat 4 electuicly: (CoH) > ey age non SHochiome bay \Ouo-g7 | YbHa-gs etc - i intexsti f Gccupies _inteystices in metal lattice Water = \nivessal solvent 9,0 ———>Colonless 4 taste ess liquid v . =H Bond Occuas > High freezing point, High Boiling Pains. High Heat of ‘ ——~Yapovsization due to 4 Bong ——~9S_Compaed_to Hos 4HaSe a_____=5 As compared to othe waaiey. _have_high SPEC eg, | dhesmal_canductivily.,Svaface Tension. dip omen,” | +—dielectsic_constank- — Due_to_H bond With polas molecule covalent comp like alcohol _and caxboby dale _dissalve LD —Wayey j || Styuctuxe OF H20 > In_gos phase H20 is a bent molecule 2$+ >I is polat_motecwte 9, | becanse it acts like a dipole $+ 4H $+ > Tn liquid phase i+ Shows nding i Tce : cay talline foxm oF H20 is called ice: | — Highly Oxdeyed 9 dimensional — Hydrogen Bonded Sta 2 Each watex motecuie fosms — , 4_Hydagen bond I ia aves > 2 Bond > due 408 t oa 2H bond — due 40 lone pale > _Each_oxygen__marecure is — Sumsaunded _fetrahed xaily-by— Vets 4_aihey Oxygen atom at 1 =a. —distance of 276 Pm —— see> ce — > open Cage like Stxuictuse Ls nensity of ice : less than 29 So ice Floats on wax > In_winte £ Lav | thexmal insulation re 40 hich | : Ba a Reaction OF 20- — fara a Cacia RY donaie < W014 + N53 cag) <= NAG (aq) + On" (aa) \ _=at_atmosphenic_pressuse ice Caystatizes IN hezagonat torn, >at_Vvesy loud temp ice condenses 40 cubic Fox: fives [prosed HY accepte H20,tH2S (aq) <= 430" (aq) + Hs7(ag) + Had te) + Hrd (4) === Hadtiag) + OH 199) @ Redox Reaction of H20 Highly electzopositive metal edyce 20 40 2 I HaQ (a) + Nats) —> NooH (a) + Hat Watex iS Oxidised’ 40 O2 during photosynth: d v | H20u) +C02tq)-—> Cg Hi206 (aq) + O2¢g) + Ha0 La) i With Flo: _with Flousine also , H20 is oxidised “o 02 Fo (3) + H20 (g) — > HF (aq) + O2 i ——B_Hyadsory Req Poe +H20 — HaPou —L —Sitly_+ H20_ —? sid24 He)__________— N N37 {320 —> Nig +3 0K1) Condinote taates —> [cy (ino) Bacio. +2120. a 4 > Cusou- § Hao - Bive Vi J Ceu(H2a)¥ Jt? H20 Sou"* nH 4 0 oye Hoan 610 > Coordinate toy Poy OK yp Asg =H K we 7A = = Corte ta we! i = lonic bom | Had | Wwatex becomes hard due 10 presence oF Hydxagen Cotzast | Chloxine i Sulphate Of Calcium & Magnesium cfonte > solwbl r> Hayd tater doesn’t give lathes with Soap) > tnatex free _fyom Soluble salt oF Ca & Mg is Called — ft Wares: > Soft winter Gives: lathex «ith soap 2) 3 > Hard water foxms Scom/ pxecipitate with Soap. > Soap contains lowge oxganic molecu (Ci7 Has Wows weacts {ith hard lates to precipitate out ca 4 Ng> — 2 Cir Has CooWa + M**laq)—s (ci Hag Conds M+ Dat M=Cq M9 Scum Precipitar — Hosdness is unsuitable fox | laundasy- |> _Hoxmfu) fox boiles because of depasition Of ss¢— | in _boiles Precipitars ¢ —~ 1 Seu, | Hosdness OF water is of too types [a empniny Hondness = presence of_iyaiogen —$Ssbinase Cassy 7 aananent Hardness Paesence “OF Soluble sath of Ca 4” Mg__Chionide 4 Sulphate Fe ogni ino be ome io nag (O eating» bun boili HCOs) 2. § @ ' 2. olWble Ca(HCo3)2 js aa . | _jnsoiuble CaCo3 | ingotnble Mg CoW)s a con is Wale | wg tiicoa)", 2—> "Mg (an) 2! £ co ‘ \ \ pCa (Hoa): | 2-5! Cato, + Cor tHe Solple iNsotwble "it is precipitaid aut 6G Clark ’S Methad.- Caleviaied amount of lime is added +0 Hard Wwatea- insoluble Mg(oH)2 4 cacos is_pxeclpital, Co(ucosl2 + Calon. —>itacoa + Ho j 1 SS __Mg (HCO3) 2 + Cdok) 2 —» K Mg(on) 2 + Cacog it HO Ve { # Removal Of Paxmaneni Wordness > 4 tnays ® Treating with Mashing Sada_{NO2C03) ® Calgon's me thod ® ton exchange method 6 Synthetic Resin method———0-Taea!ment_with_wosbing_soda ————||_No2cos__yeacts with Soluble _Ca4.1 Mg_chiowide 4. SUA In hardinaier_to_foam insoluble Cawbonate————___] = MCla + Noo C03 —> Nach -b IMcos 1 Msoy + Nooo; —> Naasoy H.MCO3 Sobble m= Mg 4 cq _ Insoluble Procipitaie orm jon's _ Method. cilas Pc 01g Sodium hexa_meiaphosphaie > ommesciay it is_noun_a5-calg hen Cato Calgon_is Added 40 Water | NO¢ Pe Oi —> Nat + Nay Pe O1g-2 Now Peis * + MI > (Nap we ogy? + 2ha? B. .@_Ton exchange method |_—_lso_callled_as__zeatite /_penmutit_pyacess = ee - Zeolite —> Na A\sioyu—> Nz. laren zeolite _ig_added_in_H2a,_exchange_yeaciion AS — A. | Naz tM —> Mz. + angi ms Mg_4 ¢q__—~ ~~ ~———Hohen_all_ Sodium. is_ustd, then zeolite is_saja_10. 1 f ~-Schansiedit_18_fusther_negeneraied by i ame | aq-_hac = M22 fF Naci—> Nae EMCI —#—B syminetic Resin Method > mase_efficlent thon_zeaie 1 -tontsns tonge_saginie_rmatgcaie_taith S04 ae sy i > Ra xesin exchanges Nat _aaith Cot? ¢t4gt2 tn hander to make it Soft wakes | RNa ts) + MY? (aq) —» QaMes) + 2Nat (aq) __—_|=> Resin is Yegenesaied by Beactian ith aq: Nac # To Obtain pose water ( free from all SQlwbk mineral sau) > Water [Ss Spccessively passe Q lon and I Anion exchange Resin ‘i ‘#Cation exchange Resin _/ R803 | Rw + Mt? — 5 Mea + Ht (aq) _ Onion exchange Resin Rw oF + X7 ~> RwWHs v- + OW™ (aq) [HF (a) ¢ On caa) —> L0G) I HT + OH" —> fae = Pxopexnes Hoo 020 FP atc B-8°c —_|_ BP __Joote Jo-uec — Density 0:98" W) {4 —lotent heaof 536 cal gm 552 calgn. ———— ——.Yapousisaion ——— Latent heat of fusion 80 cal [gry aE Sgn—— Pepa No. Oa + HaSou —> Hae + NQ2S04 1 I) : : ol a |_ ice, cord. dil H2Sou =| | Boos + BHO + H2SOy —> 202 + Basou + 2430 = [Hydraie of (dik) (dil:) (PPE Baxium peyoxic ______| a) Basou (pet) is separated by Filtexation ——______b) anhudyous Goo. is Not used fox preparation of ~—______| H202__Becanse Bad2 xeacts Lith dil Hasou +0 foxm __ Bp ag Bnet an His Sabet a H | fusthey chemical xeaction —_ j—fuathes Chemical geaction — ce 8) By electaolysis OF 507. Solution OF Hasou Hasou PE Wt + Ho I electrolysis il Eg. => Anode (+): 2 WSOU" —> angoy—> Hagadg $22- I H2$2.08 + 2H20 —> Hr. + 2Hesoy z (=> Cathode (-):2H* 4 96” 5 Hot aos Dp Rceeeee Sen eee ise eeeese ee eerteenI | | 4 | ADthraqyinsne | # Physica, Pao pestie: Ly) Light blue colons Sysupy Wquid- 2) BP {52'¢ Msp — 0 -Rg' iS) Foxm intexmolecuiax Hudxogen bonding: u) Bent polax Molecule with dipaie mament af 2:1 debe {| | - ais i HaOg ==> 130. +.60n) —> To _stop decomposition Some amaunt of HaPou Qlucexine. ~—_uxea. Wacky anili 202 rk cts | as ~ve i St SING. HE Oxidizing Poopexties of 4202 HaO2 == _H20F foi] 2 Lt is _staong oxidising agent ' \)_Tpsns_Pbs Block [nPbsou White ip x ee _pps_+ WH202 —> PbSow + Yheosm, Emp-= oil paintings made vp-of Pb Aftee 5ossetbeoe jy _ | teacis with Sviphur 10 fosin black layes Of PbS by | 4aeaiment_of 202 the black layer 46 ——#etioved } —_Open - Book moadel_ OF H202" : 0-02 S49 A* O-H + 0-97 A® > Th ig pon poles Beni rrolecue > Dipole_rmoment! 15 2-1 Debye | 1 — |