DEEP FOUNDATIONS

FOUNDATION

DEEP FOUNDATION SHALLOW FOUNDATION

•SBC is poor 1. SBC is good
•Water logged area 2. /less structural load
•Hard strata is deeper 3. /hard strata is near

The most common forms of construction pertaining to deep

foundation Pile foundations.
 What is pile ?
Piles are long vertical (column
like) member which transmit
load of superstructure to
ground safely.
 NECESSITY OF PILE FOUNDATION
Highly compressible or weak strata directly below the ground surface

Transmission of load through deep waters to a hard stratum

Structures with risk of soil being washed out- shallow foundations almost impossible

In expansive soils- subject to swelling or shrink

In collapsible soils 4

 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
BASED ON FUNCTION BASED ON MATERIAL

END
BEARING
STEEL
SHEET FRICTION

COMPACTI
BATTER PILES PILES CONCRETE
ON COMPOSITE

FENDER TENSION
PILE
ANCHOR TIMBER

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 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
MODE OF TRANSFER OF LOAD BASED ON METHOD OF INSTALLATION

END DRIVEN
BEARING PILES

DRIVEN
JACKED AND CAST-
PILES IN-SITU
PILES PILES

COMBINED
END
BEARING FRICTION
AND BORED AND
FRICTION SCREW CAST-IN-
SITU

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Compaction Piles 10
Fender Piles 11
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Batter Piles 14
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 LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF PILE
• The following is the classification of the methods of determining pile
capacity:

(i) Static analysis

(ii) Dynamic analysis

(iii) Load tests on pile

(iv) Penetration tests

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Static Analysis
• The ultimate bearing load of a pile is considered to be the sum of the
end-bearing resistance and the resistance due to skin friction:

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 Piles in sand

q = ɣ*Depth

Critical depth can be taken as

10 * B- loose sands

20 * B- dense sands

B is the diameter of the pile 25

 c = adhesion
a

σh = K * σv [K = coefficient of earth pressure] Average vertical stress/ surcharge is considered for analysis

𝝈𝒗
𝒇𝒔 = 𝑲 ∗ ∗ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜹
𝟐 26
 Piles in Clay
Nc = bearing capacity factor for deep foundation
9 - commonly used for piles

Ultimate load (Qu) = c * Nc * Ab + α * c * As

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EXAMPLE:

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 DYNAMIC FORMULAE
• Engineering News Record Formulae

(W ∗ h ∗ ηh)
Qu =
(S + C)
• S = penetration of pile per hammer blow; obtained from the average for the last
few blows of the hammer
• C = constant
• 2.54 cm- drop hammer

• 0.254 cm- steam hammer

(En ∗ ηh)
• Qu = En = energy of hammer in kN-cm
(S + C)
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• Engineering News Record Formulae

• Efficiency of drop hammer- 0.7 to 0.9

• Single acting - 0.75

• Double acting- 0.85

• Diesel hammer- 0.80 to 0.90

• Factor of safety- 6 (recommended)

• Formula not dependable

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 Modified Engineering News Record Formulae

• P = weight of pile; e = coefficient of restitution; ηh= hammer

efficiency
• Hammer efficiency dependent on
• Pile driving equipment
• Driving procedure
• Ground conditions

Hammer Type Drop Single Acting Double Acting Diesel

Efficiency 0.75 – 1 0.75 - 0.85 0.85 0.85 - 1

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 Coefficient of Restitution (e)

Type of Pile Coefficient of Restitution

Broomed timber pile 0.0
Good timber pile 0.25
Driving cap with timber dolly on steel pile 0.3
Driving cap with plastic dolly on steel pile 0.5
Helmet with composite plastic dolly and packing on
0.4
R.C. C. Pile

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• Hiley’s Formulae

• Takes into account the various losses

• Qf = ultimate load on pile

• W = weight of hammer, in kg

• H = height of drop of hammer, in cm

• S = penetration or set, in cm per blow

• C = total elastic compression = C1+C2+C3

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DYNAMIC FORMULAE
• C1, C2, C3 = temporary elastic compression of dolly and packing, pile and soil
respectively

• ηh = efficiency of hammer

• ηb = efficiency of hammer blow

P = weight of pile

e = coefficient of restitution

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Group Capacity of piles

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=

45
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 For Individual Piles

Individual capacity of pile

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑄𝑔 (𝑢൯ = 𝜶𝑪 ∗ 𝑨𝒔𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟔 × 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟒𝑩 × 𝟗 Group capacity of pile

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A group of twelve friction piles arranged in a square pattern is to
be proportioned in a deposit of medium stiff clay. Assuming the
size of piles is 35 cm x 35 cm and 12 m long. Find the optimum
spacing for piles. Assume  = 0.82 and Cu = 45 kN / m2
The optimum spacing of individually piles is based on premises that
the efficiency of the pile group is unity.
i.e. the total load carried by group action S=? cm
Let the c/c spacing of each pile=s
Dimension of the pile (35x35 cm) d S=? cm
d=35 cm
Bg=2xs+ 3x35
= 2s +105 cm

L=12 m

Lg=3xs+ 4x35= 3s +140cm

The perimeter is 2xwidth & 2xlength of pile group is 2(2s+105 +
3s+140) cm
0
Being friction pile neglecting end bearing
Group action of pile group using only block shear=Nc Ab +x Cux Ap xL
=0.82 x 45 x 2(2s+1.05 + 3s+1.40)x12
= 886 (5s+2.45)
Compare it with individual pile skin friction capacity multiplied by
number of piles
Qu= n  Cu (PxL)
=12x 0.8 x45 (4x0.35)x12
=7257.60
Compare
7257.60=886(5s+2.45)
8.19-4.35 =5s
S=0.77 m
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Pile Load test

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B=Diameter of Pile

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A pile load test has been carried out on a 30 cm dia. RCC precast pile
already driven into the ground. The results obtained are tabulated below
.Determine the allowable compressive load in kN that you would
recommend.
Load (t) 40 80 120 140 160 170
Penetration(mm) 3 5 10 21 32 37.5

Safe Load as per IS: 2911

1. Safe Load for Single Pile:= 2/3 of final load when displacement
(penetration)=12mm
2. 50% of ultimate load when displacement (penetration)=10% of
pile diameter or (7.5% for bulb)
 Safe Load as per IS: 2911

1. load when displacement (penetration)=12mm

for 10mm disp. Load =120
for 21mm disp. Load =140
for 11mm disp additional load 20t
for 2mm disp additional load is 20x2/11=3.64mm
(120+ 3.64=123.64 kN)
Qa =2/3 (123.6)= 82.4 t
2. load when displacement (penetration)=10% of pile diameter
=30mm
140 160 , 21 32mm,
20t rise of load disp = 11mm, what is the load for
30mm = 160- 22/20 = 158.9
Qa= 158.9 x 50/100 = 79.45 t

Safe load is minimum of the two hence around 79 .45 t

 Settlement of pile groups in clay
• The equation for consolidation settlement may be used treating the pile group as
a block or unit.

• The increase in stress is to be evaluated appropriately under the influence of the

load on the pile group.

• When the piles are embedded in a uniform soil (friction and end-bearing piles),
the total load is assumed to act at a depth equal to two-thirds the pile length.

• Conventional settlement analysis procedures assuming the Boussinesq or

Westergaard stress distribution are then applied to compute the consolidation
settlement of the soil beneath the pile tip. 63
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• Calculate the final settlement of the clay layer shown below due to an increase in
pressure of 30 kN / m2 at the mid-height of the layer. Take γw = 10 kN / m3.

4.0 m
Sand γ = 20 kN / m3

Clay γ = 18 kN / m3 2.5 m
Cc = 0.22 e0 = 1.30

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γw = 10 kN / m3; γsand = 20 kN / m3; γclay = 18 kN / m3

Height of sand layer = h1 = 4 m

Height of clay layer = h2 = 1.25 m

CC = 0.22; e0 = 1.30

Additional pressure = 30 kN / m2

Pressure at the center of the clay layer = 20 * 4 + 18 * 1.25 = 102.5 kN / m2

Settlement ∆H = CC * H * log10 ((σ0’ + ∆σ’) / σ0’) / (1 + e0)

= 0.22 * 2.5 * log10 ((102.5 + 30) / 102.5) / (1 + 1.30)

= 0.0266 m = 2.66 cm 66
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 Well Foundations

• Well foundation is the most commonly adopted foundation for major

bridges in India.

• Since then many major bridges across wide rivers have been founded on
wells.

• Well foundation is preferable to pile foundation when foundation has to

resist large lateral forces

• The construction principles of well foundation are similar to the

conventional wells sunk for underground water.

• Well foundations have been used in India for centuries.

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Advantages of well foundation

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Types of Well Foundation

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Types of well shapes

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Design aspects of well foundation

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Terzaghi and Peck have suggested the ultimate bearing
capacity can be determined from the following expression.

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