Earth Science

Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Energy Resources
Earth Science– Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 5: Energy Resources
First Edition, 2020

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 Earth Science
Quarter 1 - Module 5:
Energy Resources
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Earth Science for Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Energy Resources

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

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 What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.

2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.

3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.

4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.

5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.

6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need
to Know
This module was designed and written to help you understand the basic
concept of Energy Sources such as Fossil fuels, Geothermal energy, and
hydrothermal energy for human use.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Fossil Fuels

• Lesson 2 – Geothermal Energy

• Lesson 3 – Hydrothermal Energy

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe how fossil fuels are formed and used.
2. Explain how heat coming from the Earth (Geothermal) tapped as a source
of energy for human use.
3. Explain how Water (Hydrothermal) tapped a a source of energy for human
use.

What I Know

Multiple Choice
Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write
your answer on your answer sheet.

1. The temperature of an efficient geothermal reservoir must be at least?

a. 10 000 ⁰C c. 100 ⁰C
b. 20 000 ⁰C d. 200 ⁰C
2. When burned it produces the greatest amount of energy
a. Peat c. Bituminous
b. Lignite d. Anthracite
3. This type of gas increases in the atmosphere when burning fossil fuels
a. Nitrogen c. Carbon
b. Helium d. Hydrogen
4. It is a dull black coal with 70 % carbon
a. Peat c. Bituminous
b. Lignite d. Anthracite
5. What is the meaning of a spillway?
a. Structure that allows water to flow to prevent overflow or dam breach.
b. Machine that makes generators move
c. Machine that produces electricity
d. Large reservoir of water.
6. Which of the following is not an example of fossil fuel?
a. Biomass c. Natural Gas
b. Coal d. Oil
7. Which of the following is the correct sequence of coal formation?
a. Peat – anthracite – subbituminous – bituminous
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 b. Lignite – bituminous – subbituminous – peat
c. Peat – lignite – bituminous – anthracite
d. Anthracite – peat – lignite – bituminous
8. It is the power generated by the energy from falling water or fast running
water
a. Geothermal power c. Fossil fuels
b. Hydropower d. Hydroelectricity
9. The worlds primary Energy source
a. Fossil Fuel c. Hydroelectric energy
b. Geothermal energy d. Wind energy
10. It is a black combustible rock, formed from the remains of plants and other
living organisms.
a. Natural gas c. petroleum
b. Coal d. oil
11. The rate of changes in temperature with depth is called _______.
a. Hydrothermal energy c. Geothermal Energy
b. Geothermal Gradient d. Hydrothermal
12. It is used to run turbines and generate electricity.
a. Fire c. Steam
b. Oil d. Smoke
13. A diversion structure, is constructed along the stream to divert water and
allow it flow through a canal.
a. Barrage c. tidal basin
b. turbine d. Weir
14. Hydropower was used to generate electricity called ______.
a. Geothermal Gradient c. Hydroelectricity
b. Hydroelectric energy d. Hydrothermal
15. It is a waxy material, that eventually turn into hydrocarbons through the
process of catagenesis.
a. Kerosene c. Methane
b. Kerogen d. Petroleum

Lesson 1: Fossil Fuels

What’s In

Directions: Answer the following questions and write the first letter of your
answer in the box provided.

1. What is the process of removing or taking out mineral ores?

2. Limestone, magnesite, dolomite, quartz are most common __________ minerals.
3. Process of looking for the ore body, a deposit that can yield a large amount of the
required ore mineral.
4. Metamorphic processes lead to the alteration and ____________ of minerals.
5. Sand and ___________ extraction, very little waste rock left behind after the
milling process.
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 What's New
Activity 1: Decode the hidden message
Directions: Decode the following words written in BAYBAYIN into English
alphabet. Follow the translation of letters provided below, make possible
questions and answers out of the words decoded.

Created Questions Possible Answer

What is It

As presented in Activity 1: Decode the hidden message, there are words

given to ponder, Energy resources, fossil fuels, coal, natural gas and
petroleum.
1. and 2. Energy Resources - Energy is simply defined as the capacity to do
work while resource is the general term referring to any item which is used
for a specific purpose. Energy is derived from fossil fuels, geothermal, and
hydrothermal energy and such.
3. How fossil fuels are formed and used - Fossil fuels are the main energy
source in the world. It provides most of the energy that supports the transport,
electricity generation, building heating and cooling, and various industrial
activities. Fossil fuels include coal, petroleum or oil, and natural gas, which
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are non-renewable energy sources. They come from the remains of prehistoric
plants and animals which died millions of years ago and were buried under
the right conditions to form fossils.
Humans have mostly relied on nonrenewable source of energy such as
coal, natural gas and petroleum, since the industrial revolution (between the
eighteenth and nineteenth century).
4. Coal - is a black combustible rock consisting of elemental carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and varying sulfur quantities. Coal is formed from
the remnants of plants that once grew millions of years ago in swamps and
adjacent forest. The largest deposits of coal date back to the carboniferous
period of 290 to 360 Mya. Under oxygen-poor or anoxic conditions these
organisms were then buried. Continuous burial and compaction transforms
decaying vegetation into peat, a precursor of coal containing 50 percent
carbon. At burial depths of 4 to 10 km, peat is converted into coal.
Geologists classify coal according to its carbon content, which increases
along with the temperature during formation. Lignite is a soft, dark brown,
low-rank coal composed of 70 percent carbon. The bituminous coal is
transformed into the shiny, black, high-ranking anthracite coal composed of
95 percent carbon when the temperature continues to rise.
The amount of energy emitted when coal is burned is directly
proportional to the amount of carbon within the coal; thus, the most energy
provided by anthracites among the different types of coal.
5. Petroleum
Petroleum is a fossil fuel derived from large amounts of aquatic
microscopic organisms such as algae and planktons. The remains of these
organisms remain settled on the bed of the sea or lake millions of years ago
and were buried under fine sediments and conditions of anoxic conditions,
with increased pressure and temperature due to continuous burial, the
organic matter in these organisms transforms through the catagenesis
process into a waxy material known as kerogen, and eventually into
hydrocarbons.
Petroleum forms within a specified range of depth, pressure and
temperature known as "oil window." Kerogen is not transformed into
hydrocarbons below this range of temperature (50 0C to 150 0C). In the other
hand, if the temperature increases past the oil limit, in a process called
thermal cracking, the oil is converted to natural gas.
6. Natural Gas
Natural gas is mainly methane (CH4) formed by hydrocarbons. Methane
is a basic chemical compound consisting of the atoms of carbon and
hydrogen. This gas is lighter than air, and extremely flame retardant. Oil and
natural gas migrate upwards and are often deposited in porous reservoir rocks
such as sandstone until they are surrounded by an impermeable rock layer
to avoid further migrations. This gives rise to petroleum and natural gas
deposits that are being extracted at present.
Fossil fuel deposits are areas in which carbon is stored. The carbon
locked in the fossil fuels is not cycling through Earth. When fossil fuels are
burnt, however, the stored carbon is released as carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere. The carbon is then free to cycle through Earth affecting both the
natural carbon balance and the associated processes. One such effect is the
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rising global temperature caused by increasing atmospheric carbon
concentrations which could lead to global warming and subsequent climate
change.

What’s More

Activity 2: Metacognition
Directions: Chose a type of fossil fuel energy source that you will use
to power your House and write down its pros and cons.
Topic:
Pros Cons
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

What I Have
Learned

Directions: Fill in the herringbone with the proper concept definition

base on your own understanding. Write your answer in the answers
sheet.

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 What I Can
Do
Activity 3: A question to ponder
Directions: Answer the question carefully.
Question:
Give the benefits and possible effects of using Fossil fuels as an energy
source?

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Lesson 2: Geothermal Energy
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____

What’s In

Given the right conditions, how can energy stored in specific types of
organisms can be converted into a fossil fuel?
How fossil fuels are formed?

What's New

Activity 1: Geothermal System

Directions: Analyze the flow of geothermal system as seen in the given picture
and answer the guide questions below.

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Guide Questions:
1. Base on the geothermal system, how did steam converted into electrical
energy?
2. How does Earth internal heat can be tapped to produce energy for
human consumption?

What is It

Geothermal Energy
For question number 1 One energy source in Earth's system is its internal
heat, which is known as geothermal energy. Earth's temperature is getting
warmer as you head deeper into the core. The temperature change rate with
depth is referred to as the geothermal gradient. In upper crust it varies from
15 ⁰C to 50 ⁰C per km. Some of the heat inside Earth is leftover energy from
its formation. Friction causes these particles to collide and produce heat as
large amounts of mass accreted and compacted. As minerals sank into the
interior, they transformed their potential energy into kinetic energy, which
also produced heat. All these processes had caused the Earth to become
internally very hot.
There are several ways of harnessing geothermal energy. Geothermal heat is
directly utilized in cold areas such as Iceland. Water heated by hot volcanic
rocks is used for heating indoor households, growing winter vegetables,
aquaculture, and heating pools made from humans. Romans anciently
recognize the importance of hot spring for heating and treating skin diseases.
For question number 2 Geothermal energy is utilized in a smaller scale in a
household using ambient geothermal system, particularly in temperate areas.
At about 2m below the ground surface, an almost constant heat ranging from
7 ⁰C to 21 ⁰C is maintained year-round, depending on the latitude. This heat
is used to regulate the temperature inside the house using a system of pipes,
heating fluid, and pumps buried underground.
Another way of tapping geothermal energy is by utilizing an active
geothermal system in the volcanic areas. Extremely hot, shallow magmas
underneath volcanic areas heat up groundwater sometimes up to 370 ⁰C. this
creates a geothermal reservoir or underground system of hot water or steam
that circulates in fractured or porous rocks, an efficient geothermal reservoir
should have a temperature of at least 200 ⁰C and must be within 3 km below
the surface. When the hot ground water is pumped out, it expands and
generate steam. The steam is used to run turbines and generate electricity.
When the steam cools and condenses into water, it is injected at high pressure
into wells to be heated again and pumped back out. The high pressure causes
existing fractures to expand and enable the water to move freely. In this way
the hot groundwater resource is replenished.

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 What’s More

Activity 2: Modified True or False

Directions: Modified True or False, if the statement is true. if it is false, replace
the underlined word(s) with the word(s) that will make the statement true.
1. ___________ geothermal energy is referred as source of energy in Earth’s
system is its internal heat.
2. ___________ geothermal gradient is called the rate of change in temperature in the
surface.
3. ___________ geothermal energy is also utilized in a smaller scale in household
using ambient geothermal system.
4. ___________ 7 ⁰C – 21⁰C is maintained, this heat is used to regulate the
temperature inside the house using a system of pipes, heating fluid and etc.
5. ___________ a geothermal reservoir should have a temperature of at least 2000
⁰C;
6. ____________ and must be 3 km below the surface.
7. ____________ when the hot ground water is pumped out, it expands and generate
smoke.
8. ____________ the steam is used to run turbines and generate electricity.
9. ____________ when the steam cools and condenses into water, it is injected at high
pressure into wells to be heated again and pumped back
10. ____________ the high pressure causes existing fractures to expand and enable
the water to move freely.

What I Have
Learned
Directions: Write at least Three (3) terms that you have learned in the lesson
and define the terms based on your understanding. Write your answer in
the answer sheet.

Key Terms Meaning

What I Can
Do
Directions: Explain process of Geothermal Energy system and answer the
given question. Write your answer in the answer sheet.
Question:
1. Is it possible to have a geothermal system in your house?
2. Is your location appropriate to have a geothermal system?

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 _____________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
___________________________________

Lesson 3: Hydrothermal Energy

What’s In

Directions: Match column A to the words from column B, write your answer
in the answer sheet provided.
Column A Column B
1.) The rate of change in temperature with depth is
a. Steam
called
2.) it is a hot water or steam that circulates in
b. 200 ⁰C
fractured or porous rock.
c. Geothermal
3.) it is used to run turbines and generate electricity.
Gradient
4.) The temperature of an efficient geothermal reservoir
d. 7 ⁰ C – 21 ⁰C
must be at least?
5.) this heat is used to regulate the temperature inside
e. Geothermal
the house using a system of pipes, heating fluid and
reservoir
etc.

What's New

Activity 1: Hydrothermal Energy

Directions: Two forms of Hydroelectric systems are presented, Hydroelectric
power plant and small-scale hydropower system. Analyze the two given
processes and answer the guide questions below.

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 Hydroelectric Powerplant Small scale hydropower system
Electroniclovers. com Earth Science, Olivar 2016
Guide Questions:
1. What can you infer from the two given forms of Hydroelectric
process?
2. Explain how the power of raging waters converted into electricity?
3. What process is happening in a small-scale hydropower system?

What is It

Hydrothermal Energy
For question number 1, Gravity is vital for hydroelectric power. An object in
a higher elevation at rest has a gravitational energy potential. The potential
energy is transformed into kinetic energy when it moves toward lower
elevation. The energy generated by the falling water or the fast running water
is called hydropower. During the ancient times, hydropower was harnessed
using water wheels for the operation of mills, lifts, and provision of water. In
the nineteenth century, hydropower was used to generate electricity called
hydroelectricity. In large rivers, dams where built to allow water to move from
higher to lower elevations.
For question number 2. The potential of conventional hydroelectric dam
depends on the volume of water stored in the reservoir and the difference in
height between the source and the water’s outflow. This difference is called
the head. Water enters the intake at the bottom of the reservoir and flows
through a tunnel or large pipe called penstock to reach the turbine. The water
pressure causes the turbine to rotate and generate electricity. The higher the
dam, the higher the head, and the stronger is the pressure that would cause
the turbine to generate power. When the reservoir is not in its full capacity
even in high dams, the head is lower depending on the need for electricity, the
amount of water entering penstock can be controlled in the intake. Excess
water in the reservoir is allowed to flow through the spillway particularly
during rainy season to prevent overflow or dam breach. San Roque dam in
Pangasinan is the largest hydroelectric dam in the Philippines with a height
of 200 meters.

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Large hydroelectric dams can generate several hundred megawatts of
electricity. However, dams and reservoirs have limited lifetimes. After a
specific time, a reservoir will be filled up with sediments. There are also
environmental effects, such as altering the river ecosystem and displacing the
communities living in the area that will be converted into reservoir.
for question number 3. There are presence of small scale hydropower system
or run-of-the-river power. It generates 10 MW to 30 MW of electricity. The
requirements for small scale hydropower is sufficient flow and proper height
of fall of water. This is more common in rugged areas where gradient of
streams is steeper, requiring only smaller flows to generate the desired power.
A diversion structure called weir, is constructed along the stream to divert
water and allow it to flow through a canal called headrace, into a forebay
where sediments can settle. The outlet of the forebay has screen to trap
sediments and debris. From the forebay, water passes to a penstock and flows
towards the turbine in the powerhouse. The water will turn the turbine and
generate electricity. From the powerhouse the water flows back to the stream.
A water storage may not be necessary for this system. Small scale systems
have limited environmental impacts compared to large hydroelectric dams. In
mountainous areas in the Philippines like the cordilleras, many small scale
hydropower plants are operational.

What’s More

Activity 2
Directions: Read each question and chose the letter of the best answer from
the box below.

a. Head e. San Roque i. Spillway

b. Penstock f. Weir j. intake
c. Water pressure g. Hydropower k. turbine
d. Cordillera h. Hydroelectricity
e.
1. _____ this is called the power generated by the energy from falling
water or fast running water.

2. _____ hydropower was used to generate electricity called _______.

3. _____ It is called the height difference.

4. _____ water enters the intake at the bottom of the reservoir and flows
through a tunnel or large pipe.

5. _____ what causes the turbine to rotate and generate electricity.

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 6. _____ the amount of water entering in the penstock can be controlled
by the ________.

7. _____ where does the excess water in the reservoir flow?

8. _____ it is the largest hydroelectric dam in the Philippines with the

height of 200 meters.

9. ______ it’s a diversion structure, constructed along the stream to divert

water and allow it to flow through a canal.

10. _____ in what areas in the Philippines where there are many
operational small-scale hydropower plants.

What I Have
Learned
Directions: Write at least (3) advantages and disadvantages of Hydroelectic
energy source on the environment and human activities.

Advantages Disadvantages

What I Can
Do
Directions: Make an essay on how useful is the hydroelectric energy source
in our everyday life?

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 Assessment

Multiple Choice

Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write
your answer on your answer sheet.

1. Hydropower was used to generate electricity called ______.

a. Geothermal Gradient c. Hydroelectricity
b. Hydroelectric energy d. Hydrothermal
2. Which of the following is the correct sequence of coal formation?
a. Peat – anthracite – subbituminous – bituminous
b. Lignite – bituminous – subbituminous – peat
c. Peat – lignite – bituminous – anthracite
d. Anthracite – peat – lignite – bituminous
3. The temperature of an efficient geothermal reservoir must be at least?
a. 10 000 ⁰C c. 100 ⁰C
b. 20 000 ⁰C d. 200 ⁰C
4. When burned it produces the greatest amount of energy
a. Peat c. Bituminous
b. Lignite d. anthracite
5. The worlds primary Energy source
a. Fossil Fuel c. Hydroelectric energy
b. Geothermal energy d. Wind energy
6. Which of the following is not an example of fossil fuel?
a. Biomass c. Natural Gas
b. Coal d. Oil
7. It is a waxy material, that eventually turn into hydrocarbons through
the process of catagenesis.
a. Kerosene c. Methane
b. Kerogen d. Petroleum
8. This type of gas increases in the atmosphere when burning fossil fuels
a. Nitrogen c. Carbon
b. Helium d. Hydrogen
9. It is a black combustible rock, formed from the remains of plants and
other living organisms.
a. Natural gas c. petroleum
b. Coal d. oil
10. A diversion structure, is constructed along the stream to divert water
and allow it flow through a canal.
a. barrage c. tidal basin
b. turbine d. Weir
11. It is used to run turbines and generate electricity.
a. Fire c. Steam
b. Oil d. Smoke
12. It is a dull black coal with 70 % carbon
13
 a. Peat c. Bituminous
b. Lignite d. Anthracite
13. It is the power generated by the energy from falling water or fast
running water
a. Geothermal power c. Fossil fuels
b. Hydropower d. Hydroelectricity
14. The rate of changes in temperature with depth is called _______.
a. Hydrothermal energy c. Geothermal Energy
b. Geothermal Gradient d. Hydrothermal
15. What is the meaning of a spillway?
a. Structure that allows water to flow to prevent overflow or dam
breach.
b. Machine that makes generators move
c. Machine that produces electricity
d. Large reservoir of water.

Additional
Activities

Directions: Read, comprehend and answer the given questions.

Questions:
1. As a student, think of the ways on how you can contribute in
conserving energy in your house?
2. Why are we facing energy shortage, specially during summer season?
3. What can you do to help resolve this crisis of energy shortage?

14
 Answer Key

What I know Lesson 1 Lesson 1

1. D 9. A
What’s In What’s New
2. B 10. B
1. Extraction 1. Resources
3. C 11. B
2. Non-metallic 2. Energy
4. C 12. C
3. Exploration 3. Fossil Fuels
5. A 13. D
4. Recrystallization 4. Petroleum
6. A 14. C
5. Gravel 5. Natural Gas
7. C 15. B
(ENERGY)
8. B

What’s New (Answers may Vary)

Created Questions Possible Answers

1. What are the natural
resources?
2. Where does energy come
from?
3. What are the advantages
of fossil fuel?
4. What is petroleum used
for?
5. Can we ran out of
natural gas?
What’s More (Answers may vary)
Natural resources come from environment, example
air, water, natural gas and coal.
Form different sources such as coal, oil, sun, water.
They provide large amount of concentrated energy and
they are low cost, and available most of the time.
It can be used for transportation, electricity generation
and industrial or home consumption.
Any fossil fuels, like oil and natural gas, won’t be
running out for generations, some sources are able to
be recycled or replenished.

Topic: Petroleum
Pros Cons
1. Authoritative energy source that can be
1. Can lead to environmental
used by any vehicle
pollution such as oil spillage.
2. petroleum is easily extracted as low
2. it has toxic residue or
cost.
byproducts.
3. Safest to use and to make.
3. it needs regular maintenance of
4. Storage and transportation of
the structure.
petroleum is easy doesn’t require more
4. can result to scarcity because it
energy.
cannot be replenished easily.
5. petroleum has many purposes and
5. due to high demand and its fast
uses, as for cooking, heating and
depletion, the price is rapidly rising.
transportation.

15
What I have learned

Fossil fuels are made from a solid carbon-rich

decomposing plants and
animals. These fuels are
found in the land and
contain hydrocarbons
which can be burned for
energy.
material that is
usually brown or
black and most often
occurs in stratified
sedimentary deposits.

It is a naturally
is a naturally
occurring liquid found
occurring
in land, can be refined
hydrocarbon gas mixt
into fuel. It has been
ure consisting
created by the
primarily of methane.
decomposition of
organic matter

What I can do
There are lots of benefits of fossil fuels, it can generate a large amount
of electricity at a single location. They can be found easily. they are cost
effective. Transportation of oil and gas can be done easily through pipelines
and they have become safer over time.

In the other hand there are effects brought by fossil fuels, such as
they emit carbon dioxide when burnt which is a major greenhouse gas and
the primary source of pollution. This has contributed to global warming. They
are a non-renewable resource.

Lesson 2 Geothermal Energy

What’s In
Given the right conditions, how can energy stored in specific types of
organisms can be converted into a fossil fuel?
Combustion is the burning of a substance. The release
of energy from fuels is used to make other forms of energy. When gasoline burns in
a car engine, some of the chemical energy in the gasoline is converted into heat. The
heat is converted into mechanical energy.
How fossil fuels are formed?
Fossil fuel is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic
materials, formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to
crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the
earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years.

Lesson 2
What’s More
1. True 6. True
2. with Depth/ Depth 7. Steam
3. True 8. True
4. True 9. True
5. 200 ⁰C 10. True

16
What I have learned What I can do

The process of geothermal power plant,

Key Terms Meaning wells are drilled 1 or 2 miles deep into the
Earth to pump steam or hot water to the
Geothermal system in a surface. The steam spins a turbine, which
Ambient
smaller scale, specifically is connected to a generator that
geothermal produces electricity. The steam cools off in
in a household with
system a cooling.
temtemperate areas.
1. No, first it is costly to have and our house
Geothermal It is the rate of change in doesn’t need so much energy because we only
Gradient temperature with depth. have a limited resources and appliances.
2. No, it is not possible to have a geothermal
Underground system of system in our house because we are not located
Geothermal hot water or steam that on a temperate area as the requirement for the
reservoir circulates in fractured or system to be fully operated.
porous rocks.

Lesson 3 Lesson 3
What’s In
What’s More
1. C
2. E 1. G 6. J
3. A 2. H 7. I
4. B 3. A 8. E
5. D 4. B 9. F
5. C 10. D

What I have learned

Advantages
It’s Reliable and Highly Efficient
One of the biggest pros of hydroelectric
energy is that it is one of the most
efficient energy resources in the world.
It’s Safe, compared to many other
forms of energy production, dams that
produce hydro energy have been fairly
safe over the years. Most issues or
problems that have occurred are the
result of poor construction and low
safety standards in older dams.
Disadvantages
It Has an Environmental Impact,
Perhaps the largest disadvantage of
hydroelectric energy is the impact it
can have on the environment. Dams
can damage or otherwise impact the
environment both upstream and
downstream through their
construction process during the
formation of the dam.
There are Limited Reservoirs
Although water is an unlimited
resource, the conditions necessary to
build a dam are limited. This is a
disadvantage of hydroelectric energy
because it means you cannot simply
build a dam anywhere you please.

17
 It’s Good for the Environment
Although hydroelectric energy does
It’s Expensive, Another disadvantage
have some disadvantages, it is one of
of hydroelectric energy is the expense
the most environmentally friendly
required to build a dam in the first
forms of energy production available to
place. Although they don’t cost much
us today. It does not use any fossil
to operate, the time it takes for a dam
fuels, nor does it produce any harmful
to pay for itself can vary widely.
emissions, and it also provides a
steady supply of clean energy.

What I can do

A primary use of hydropower energy is to Assessment

produce electricity. The main ingredients
of hydroelectric power plants are dams, rivers and 1. A 8. C
turbines. Plants use dams to create reservoirs 2. C 9. B
where the water is stored. This water is then 3. D 10. D
released through turbines and spun to activate 4. B 11. C
generators and create electricity. One example is
5. A 12. C
the Agusan Falls hydroelectric plant. Some of the
water that would normally go over the falls is
6. A 13. B
channeled through a turbine. The water turns the 7. A 14. B
turbine (waterwheel) which turns an electric 15. A
generator, and out comes electricity. There are also
much bigger examples, for instance, the Grand
Coulee dam.

Additional Activities
1. Energy conservation is important and beneficial for many reasons.
You can save money, increase your property value, and protect the
environment all through simple energy-saving measures. These are great
benefits you can gain from saving energy no matter your exact motivation for
conservation in the first place. By simply taking a small step towards living a
more energy-conscious lifestyle, you can begin to enjoy all of the perks of being
energy efficient. Purchase energy efficient appliances, appliances are
responsible for most of your total household energy use.

2. The use and cost of energy affects each of us every day of our lives.
Many issues arise from the use of energy: greenhouse gas emissions, acid
rain, climate change, dependency on depleting supplies of fossil fuels —
especially from politically unstable regions of the world. Most energy
crisis have been caused by localized shortages, and market manipulation.
Some have argued that government actions like tax hikes, nationalization
of energy companies, and regulation of the energy sector, shift supply and
demand of energy away from its economic equilibrium.

3. In order to prevent an energy crisis, it is also crucial that we consume

less energy by improving and modernizing energy infrastructure such as
smart grid solutions, and smart cities. It is also important that we replace old
devices by energy efficient solutions, such as replacing traditional light bulbs
by LEDs.

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References
Ted-ed: A guide to the Energy of the Earth
http://bit.ly/lvsjRom
Energy City: Interactive Game
http://bit.ly/1Q3XJdi
World Energy resources
http://bit.ly/1qfL5xG
How stuff works: Energy Production
http://bit.ly/1ScDtOk
Olivar, Jose Tolentino et., al. Exploring life through Science, Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc., 2016
Introduction to Earth Science, C and E publishing company, Mc Graw Hill
Education., 2016
Borabo, Milagros L. and Borabo, Heidi Grace L, Interactive and innovative teaching
strategies 1, Lori mar publishing., 2015
Borabo, Milagros L. and Borabo, Heidi Grace L, Interactive and innovative teaching
strategies 3, Lori mar publishing., 2015
Borabo, Milagros L. and Borabo, Heidi Grace L, Interactive and innovative teaching
strategies 6, Lori mar publishing., 2015

Image References
Baybayin
https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/baybayin.htm
Geothermal System Image
https://www.google.com/search?q=geothermal+system+image&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjzrtnuhpbqAhWCxIsB
HY9PCIUQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=geothermal+system+image&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoCCAA6BAgAEB46BggAEAUQHjoECAAQGFDI0wdY6OQHY
MXqB2gAcAB4AYABsweIAa0ekgEJMy0yLjAuMS4zmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=ovjwXvPVAYKJr7wPj5-
hqAg&bih=526&biw=1093#imgrc=Oy8hi8qQoqNzlM&imgdii=L2g7MIfM1HtG7M
Hydroelectric power plant image
https://www.google.com/search?q=hydroelectric+power+plant&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved
=2ahUKEwjp8oeVipbqAhXSfXAKHfIDBY4Q_AUoAXoECBYQAw&biw=1093&bih=526#imgrc=A2YqDv2
bRgGT8M
Small-scale Hydropower system
https://www.google.com/search?q=hydroelectric+power+plant&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved
=2ahUKEwjp8oeVipbqAhXSfXAKHfIDBY4Q_AUoAXoECBYQAw&biw=1093&bih=526#imgrc=62eaWvA
X1SZVDM
https://www.google.com/search?q=hydrothermal+power+plant+process+images&source=lnms&tb
m=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj__tKz9ZnqAhWTPXAKHWYlBBEQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw#imgrc=raVGhq9v
hLbB-M

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