Ans.

(a) Milk is made shghtlv alkaline so that it may not get sour easily sdue to the formation of lactic
acid in it.
b) The alkal1ne milk takes a longer time l0 set into urd ecause the lactic aid formed has to
irst nculralise the alkali pescnt in it.
Q. 13. Plaster of Paris should be storcd in a moisture-proof container. Explain why.
Ans. Plaster of PaIS IS a white powder and on mixing with water, it changes to gypsum giving a hard
solid nmass.

CaSO,:,H,0 + 1,H,0
Plaster of Paris
CaSO,.2H,0
Gypsum
Hence, it should be stored in a moisture-proof container.
0 14. What is a neutralisation reaction? Give two examples.
Ans. All bases react with acids to form salt and water. Such type of reactions are called neutralisation
reactiOns.

NaOH HCI NaCI + H,0

Sodium hydroxide Hydrochloric acid Sodium chloride
(Base) (Acid) (Salt)
Water

KOH + HNO3
Potassium hydroxide Nitric acid
KNO3 + H,0
(Base) Potassium nitrate Water
(Acid) (Salt)
0. 15. Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda.
Ans. () Washing soda (Na,CO,. 10H,0)
Uses: (a) Softening hard water.
(6) In paper, paints and textile industries.
(i) Baking soda (NaHCO,)
Uses: (a) Preparation of baking powder and soda water.
(6) In fire extinguishers.

Multiple Choice Questions

Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d). Choose and write the correct option.
1. Calcium carbonate is the chemical formula of
(a) limestone (b) chalk (c) marble (d) all (a), (b) and (c)
Z. On adding dilute HCI to copper oxide in a beaker, the solution turns blue-green due to
formation of
(a) copper(|I) hydroxide (b) copper nitrate
(c) copper (II) chloride (d) copper sulphate
3. Human body works within the pH range of
(a) 7.0 to 7.8 (b) 4.5 to 5.6 () 13.0 to 14.0 (d) I.2 o 2.2
2 Astudent placed 10 mL HCland NaOH in two separate beakers as shown.
|CBSE Question Bank]

Acids,

HCI NaOH Bases

and
Beaker 1 Beaker 2
Salts

43|
 In beaker 1,4 mL. of NaHis added whereas in beaker 2, 4 mi of ICis added. The studen
both sohutions.
notes thc possible changes inpli in
Change in pH Change in pH
(Beaker 2)
(Beaker 1)
inCrease
A increase
increase
reduce
reduce
increase
reduce reduce

Which change in pH is correct?

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
5. Five solutions are labelled on a pH scale. [CBSE Question Banh
3 4 6 7 10 12 13 14

A B C D

Which classification is correct?

Strongest Acid Strongest Base

(a)
A E

Strongest Acid Strongest Base

(b)
B

Strongest Acid Strongest Base

(c)
A

Strongest Acid Strongest Base

(d)
B C

6. A basic solution could have apH of

(a) 1 (b) 11 (c) 7 (d) 2
7. Which of the following gives the correct increasing order of acidic
(a) Water < Acetic acid < Hydrochloric acid (b) Water <
strength? [NCERT Exemplar
() Acetic acid < Water < Hydrochloricacid (d)
Hydrochloric acid < Acetic acid
Hydrochloric acid < Water < Acetic aid
8. Which of the following reactions is a
(u) 4Na + O,
neutralisation reaction? |CBSE Question Bank|
’ 2Na,O (b) Fe + 2HCI
() MgO t H,0 ’ Mg(OH), (d) HN0, + NaOH ’ NaNO, +H,O
9. Common salt, besides being used in
kitchen, can also be used as the raw uaterial for maku3
i) washing soda
(iii) baking soda
(ii) bleaching powder
Xam
idea
Science-X (iv) slaked lime
(a) (i) and (ü) |NCERT Exemplarl
(o) )and (u) (b) (), () aud (v)
10. Which of the (d) (), (uu) and(uv)
following salts does not contain water of [NCERT Exemplarl
(a) Blue vitriol crystallisation?
(b) Baking soda
(c) Washing soda
(d) Gypsum
|44
 1 Ascientist in a chemistry lab wants to make salt of pH5.5 using acid and base. The table shows
theacid and base present in the lab.
HCI
NaOH

H,CO,
4 NH,OH
CH,COOH
Which of the acid and base he should use for the reaction? [HOTS]
(a) CH,COOH and NaOH (b) HCl and NaOH
() HCl and NH,OH (d) H,CO, and NaOH
12. Asample of soil is mixed with water and allowed to settle. The clear supernatant solution
turns the pH paper yellowish-orange. Which of the following would change the colour of this
pH paper to greenish-blue? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Lemon juice (b) Vinegar (c) Common salt (d) An antacid
13. In an attempt to demonstrate electrical conductivity 6 volt battery -Bulb

through an electrolyte, the alongside apparatus was

set up. Which among the following statement(s) is(are) -Switch
correct? [NCERT Exemplar]
() Bulb will not glow because electrolyte is not acidic. Beaker
(ii) Bulb will glow because NaOH is a strong base and
furnishes ions for conduction. Dilute NaOH
Nail- solution
(ii) Bulb will not glow because circuit is incomplete.
-Rubber cork
(iv) Bulb will not glow because it depends upon the type
of electrolytic solution.
(a) (i) and (i) (b) (ü) and (iv)
(c) (ü) only (d) (iv) only
14. If 10 mL of H,So, is mixed with 10 mL of Mg(OH), of the same concentration, the resultant
solution will give the following colour with universal indicator: [CBSE 2020 (31/5/1)] (HOTS]
(a) Red (b) Yellow (c) Green (d) Blue
15. Which of the following solutions will turn phenolphthalein pink?
(a) HCl(aq) (6) CO,(aq) (c) KOH(aq) (d) H,SO,(aq)
16. When a small amount of acid is added to water, the phenomena which occur are:
[CBSE 2020 (31/1/3))
(A) Dilution (B) Neutralisation
(C) Formation of H,0* ions (D) Salt formation
The correct statements are:
(a) (A) and (C) (b) (B) and (D) (c) (A) and (B) (d) (C) and (D)
17. Which of the following statements is true for acids? INCERT Evemplar]
(a) Bitter andchange red litmus to blue (b) Sour and change red linus to blue
(c) Sour and change blue liumus to red (d) Bitter and change blue liumus to red
18. The acid having highest hydrogen ion concentration is one with Acids,
(a) pH = 2.5 (b) pH = 1.8
(c) pH =7 (d) pH = 10 Bases
Salts
and
9. "The pH of the gastric juices released during digestionis: [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) less than 7 (b) more than 7
(c) equal to 7 (d) equal to 0
45
 20, f a few drops of a coneentrnted acid accideutally spils over dhe hand
should be done?
of a student .
(a) Wsh the hanl wuh line ouion. |NCER Evempla
(b) Washhehdinuietely withplentvolwaterandpplapavteolunhvdhoge
) Atler washing with plen nbe
of wate, aplv solution of sodun hvlide on the hl
(d) Neuualise the id with astong alkali.
21. When dilute sulphurie acid iN added to a solid X,a gas Y is forned along
of the salt of the solid. What could be N and Y? with th fonatie
() N:canbon, V: hvdogen (b) N: rin: V: hvogen
)N: zinc; Y: oxVgen (d) N: coppe: \ONygen
Sodium hydrogencarbonate when udded to acetie aeid evolveN gus.
statements is true about the gus evolved? Wlhich ol the lollowin
(i) It turns lime water milky.
(ii) It extinguishes a burning splinter:
(ii) It dissolves in a soluion of sodium hydroxide.
(i)It hs a pungent odour.
(a) (i) and () |NCERT Eemplar
(b) (). ) and (o)
() (), i) and (o) («) ) and (i)
23. Which solution willelange blue litmus to red?
(a) NaOl(aq) (b) ,S0,(uq)
(c) KClaq) ) NILOla)
24. Avisually challenged student, has to perlornna lab test to detectthe
solution. The acid-base indicator prelerred by him willbe: presence ol acid in a giver
|CBSE 2020 612)
(a) Blue limus ()) Cove oil
() Red cabbage CNr d) lilbiscus eNWaC
25. ldentify the busic salt from the following salts:
() Na.CO, |CBSE Sample Paper 2020
() NU,C1
() NaN0, («/) KC
26. In general, salts
(a) eionconpounds. (b)
() conan iydoxide ious,
contin lydogen ons.
(i) m
blue iuus ted.
27. Baking soda is a nsixure of:
|CRSE 2020(1 I
(u) Sodcbonte nd aceic l
(b)SodunGubolale dttani aid
() Soduun hydogencub0le al ut
(d) Sod»
byhogucbone anlac iid
28. Which of e following is (are) true when
IICl g) iN passed thuough wate?
(i) It does not ionise in the Nolution N it is
Nam
dea
Sience-X (ii) Iionises in he solution.
uovalent coupoml.
(iii) It gives botih lhydrogen and lydroxyl ion iu the
(iv) ltors hydronium ion in the olution dlue o
oution.
molecule.
the coubiation ot ydogen
|NCERhenpe
(u) ) only

46
29. Aditi ald dqwie 2% mt of eoenteated 1CL to 25 ml of concentrated Natoll and
eontimously monitors the pllinthe mixture,She finde thatthe pll of themixture at the end
of the experimen in 7.
Which oftlhe ollowing Rph eoreetly demonntrntesthe change in pil in the mixture during
the expevimene |Competeney Bused Ouestion| |CBSE Onestion Ranh|

p 14
13

10 =10
9

Neytral7 Noutral 7
pH pl 6
5

o 3 10 15 2o 25 30 5 10 15 20 25 30
Volumo ofHCl acld Volume of HCI acld
odded (ml) to NacH added (mly to NadH
Q

pH
13
12
1
10

Noutral7
pl

Volumo of HCl ac
adlod (nl) to NaH

(u) Ouly l' (h) Ouly 0

d) Auy ol then !QR

4
 turns phenoiphthalein solution pink. On nldition of an auee.
30. An aqucous solution 'A' colour disappecars. Which of the following statement in rue f
solution B' to A', the pink (COSE 2020 (01/V/1| A
solution A' and B? Th
weak base.
(a) A is strongly basic and Bis a qu
weak acid.
(b) A is stronglv acidicand B is a
has pH less than7.
()A has pH greater than 7 and B
pH greater than 7.
(d) Ahas pH less than 7 and B has What are
carbonate reacts with asolution X which forms a salt, water, and agas Y.
3I. A metal |CBSE Ouestion Banh
X and Y?
(a) X: sodium hvdroxide; Y: carbon dioxide (0) X: sodiun hydroxide; Y: hylrogen
() X: hvdrochloric acid: Y: carbon
dioxide (d) X: hydrochloric acid; Y¥: hydrogen
What
R and S, and performed the following tests.
32. Anand took four colourless solutions P 0,reach? [CBSE Question Bank)
conclusion that Anand can
is the definite
SolutionR Solution s
Solution P Solution Q
Turns red No change in No change in
With methyl orange No change in colour
colour colour
No change in No change in Nochange in Turns pink
With phenolphthalein colour colour
colour
No change in Turns litmus
With red litmus No change in No change in blue
colour colour colour

With blue litmus No change in Turns litmus red No change in No change in

colour colour colour

(a) Both P andS are salt solutions.

(b) Both Q and S are basic solutions.
(d) Both Pand R are neutral solutions.
(c) Both Q and R are salt solutions.
Answers
2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (6) 7. (u)
1. (d)
8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. ()

15. (c)) 16. (a) 17. () 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b) 21. (b)
22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. ()
29. (b) 30. (c) 31. (c) 32. (d)

Explanations of selected Multiple Choice Questions Ans

4. () Addiion of a base to an acid increases the pH and addition of an acid to a base reduces the pl
11. () The salt having pH 5.5 is acidic. So, to prepare an acidic sal, a strong acid
base (NH,OH) is required. (HC) anl weas Exp
12. (d) Greenish-blue colour on he pH paper indicates basic solution. So, an
21. (b) Zn t H,SO, antaidbase) Is te
X
Zns0, + H,
Y
25. (a) Na,C0, is a salt of weak acid (H,CO,) and strong base
N
Seience- 29. (b) Jnitially he pH of Na0H (stong basc) is 14. (NaO),
dereasing ull base gets neutralised by aid. A WIhen aid is added hopwise, the
30. () euualisation point, the pllis 7
inPhenolphthalein
tdca gives pink olour inbasic
Xam aidi nediunn so pH ol B Is les than 7.
mediun so pll otAis gealer 7
liscooul
thau
32. (d) Since there is no change in the
are neural solutions. olou of soluuon Pad R wit1 ny of the ind.
|48
 Assertion-Reason Questions
The follouing questions consist of tuo statements Assertion (4) and Reason (R). Answer these
ouestions selecting the appropriate option girven belouw:
ig) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
b) BothAand R are true but R is not the correct
evplanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) Ais false but R is true.
1. Assertion(4) : The acid must alwavs be added to
water with constant stiving.
Reason (R) : Mixing of an acid with water decreases the
volume.
concenration of H" ions peT unit
2. Assertion(4): Copper sulphate crvstals are wet because it contains
water of crvstallisation.
Reason (R) : Water of crvstallisationis the fixed number of molecules of water
present in one
formula unit of salt.
3. Assertion(4) : The aqueous solutions of glucose and alcohol do not show acidic character.
Reason (R) : Aqueous solutions of glucose and alcohol do not give H ions.
4. Assertion(4) : HCl gas does not change the colour of drv blue
litmus paper.
Reason (R) : HClgas dissolves in the water present in wvet liumus paper to form H ions.
5. Assertion(4) : W'eak acids have low electrical conductivitv.
Reason (R) : Strong acids and weak acids have equal concentration of hydrogen ions in their
solutions.
6. Assertion(4) : Pure water is neither acidic nor basic. [HOTS]
Reason (R) : The pH ofa solution is inversely proportionalto the concentration of hydrogen
ions in it.

7. Assertion(4) : During electrolvsis of concentrated aqueous solution of sodiun chloride,

hydrogen is produced at anode and chlorine gas is produced atcathode.
Reason (R) : lons get attracted to oppositely changed electrodes.
Answers
1. (6) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (d)

Explanations of selected Assertion-Reason Questions

1. 6) The acid must always be added to water with constant sirring because i water is added to
acid, the heat produced is so large that the solution nay splash out and the beaker may break
due to excessive heating.
2. (d) Copper sulphate crystals are dry.
D. (c) Strong acids have more concentration of H* ions than weak acids. Aids,

0. (6) Pure water is neither acidic nor basic because it contains equaluuumber of and O ious. Bases
7. (d) During electrolysis of concentrated aqueous solution of sodiunn chlonde, lvdrogen is
and
produced at cathode and chlorine gas is produced at anode.
Salts

49
 Passage-based/Case-based/Source-based Questions
questions that folloa.
Read the following passages and ansuer the
PASSAGE1
nven in the tabie beo
The pH values of manv common hquds are
pH
Sabstance pH
Substance
Batten and < l0

24
Lemon juice
35 Black cher
Apple juice
5.5 Aod ran
Black tea
Milk 65 DsJed ateT
Human saliva 75
9.0-10 0 MiR of magns
Soap
Ammonia 115 Bicach

Studv the table and answer the questüons that follow:

(i) Which of these is a neutralisation reaction?
(a) Mixing sea water and bleach b Mining lemon jueand soap
() Mixing milk and black tea d MiNing cola and disalkdater
(i) Which of these is a valid conclusion that can be drawn from the table:

(a) ManT common food items are quite 2idc in nmaure.

(b) Our stomach contains a liquid which is a weak add.
(c) Sea water is neither aidic nor basic - it is neutTal.
(d) Acid rain, in spite of its name, is basic in nanure.
(iii) Amit has black coffee with milk.
Which of the following is most likely to be true about the pH of the mixure?
(a) It will be less than that of black coffee.
(b) It will be more than hat of distilled water.
() It will be more than that of aid rain.
(d) Itwill be less than that of apple juice.
(iv) Which of thefollowing would be the best for a person suffering from acidin:
(a) Cola (b) Milk
() Black tea d Milk ofmagnesa
Ans. (i) (b): lemon juice is acidic and soap is basic so, neuralisation reahon un
(w) (a): many food items have pH less than 7
(u) ()
(n) (d): milk of magnesia is basic s0 It would be bes Io eat àndn

Xam
idea
Siencc> PASSAGE-2
The primary Itason behnd the lormaion of he io foam is high
phosphaie wnlc nt
because of detergents used in dyeing iindusnes, dhoti ghat ad
is so bad that parts of it have been labelled dead as
househes lanhuna
there is ho ewl n t aqulh
|Compeleno Based Question) |CSE Q
 ) Predict the pH value of the water of river Yamuna if the reason for froth is
detergents dissolved in it. high content of
(a) 10-1I (b) 5-7
(c) 2-5
(d) 7
(ii) Which of the following statements is correct for the water with
in it?
detergents dissolved
(a) Low concentration of hydroxide ion (OH))and high concentration of
hydronium ion (H,0)
(b) High concentration of hydroxide ion (OH) and low concentration of
hydronium ion (H,0)
(c) High concentration of hydroxide ion (OH) as well as hydronium ion (H,0)
(d) Equal concentration of both hydroxide ion (OH) and hydronium ion (H,O).
(ii) The table provides the pH value of four solutions P, Q, R and S
Solution pH value
P 9

R 5
S

Which of the following correctly represents the solutions in increasing order of their
hydronium ion concentration?
(a) P> Q> R>S (b) P>S>Q> R
(c) S< Q<R< P (d) S< P<Q< R
(iz) High content of phosphate ion in river Yamuna may lead to:
(a) decreased level of dissolved oxygen and increased growth of algae
(0) decreased level of dissolved oxygen and no effect on growth of algae
() increased level of dissolved oxygen and increased growth of algae
(d) decreased level of dissolved oxygen and decreased growth of algae
Ans.
(1) (a); Detergents being basic increase the pH of water above 7.
(u) (b); Detergents are basic in nature. So, it has high concentralion of hvdroxide ion (OH)and
low concenration of bydronium ion (H,0)
(u) (c); Higher the pH, lower is the hydronium ion concenration
(in) (a); Phosphate jon increases the growh of algae which ulmate deucasc the levcl ot
dissolved oxygen.
PASSAGE-3
The
pH of asolutionis a neasure ofits yd1 ogen on( ) onentu
pH scale. The values on pH scale anges hon 00 1
atlon lt is lieAsicd geuetally uNing
sds,
ph of lis very aidic and covespondsto ahigh onuenttalon ot l ons Aphotliis ven bask andBases
OTesponds to alow COncenralion of H' ions he pllota ncutid olulol iN 7 1he Lable g1ven belon
oNsthe pHand H' ion concenuation of some omnon aqueous oluions. Ihe ettumost colunu shows
he number of moles of H' ions in Jmole of liqud
and
Salts
 Concentration of Some Solutions
The pH and Hydrogen ion (H") Solution
H* Concentration (moles) pH
10-! 1
l0-2 Gastric (stomach) juice, cola. lemon juice
l0-3 3 Vinegar
l04 4 Tomato juice
Black coffee, rain water
lo-5 5

10-6 6 Urine
l0-7 7 Pure water
l0-S Sea water

lo-9 Baking soda

l0-10 10
10-11 11 Milk of magnesia
10-12 12 Household bleach
l0-13 13 Oven cleaner
l0-14 14

(i) How is the hydrogen ion concentration and pH related to each other?
(ii) On the basis of above table, arrange the following in the decreasing order of H* 1
concentration.
Pure water, tomato juice, milk of magnesia, sea water
(it) Asolution of pH 2is flled in two separate beakers. A few drops of methyl orange and
phenolphthalein are added into separate solutions. How will the colour of the indicators
change?
Ans. () pH is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ion concentration.
() The decreasing order of H* concentration is
Tomato juice > Pure water >> Sea water > Milk of magnesia
(ui) The solution of pH 2 is acidic in nature. So, the colour change is
Methyl orange: red; phenolphthalein: colourless

Very Short Answer Questions

Each of the follouwing questions are of l mark and have to be answered in one word or one
sentence.
Q. 1. Which acid is injected by the stinging hair of nettle leaf?
Ans. Methanoic acid.
0.2. Show that non-metallic oxides are acidic in
Ans. Ca(OH), + CO, nature with the help of achenmical equation.
’ CaCO, + H,O
Calcium hydroxide is a base. So, to form salt and
is acidic in nature. water it must react wvith an acid. It means C
Science-X
idea
Xam Q.3. Two solutions Aand B have plH
nature? values of 5 and8 respectively. Which solution willbe bate
Ans. Solution B
Q. 4. Why is acetic acid
called a weak acid though there are four hydrogen atous in
Ans. Though aceticacid has four the nolecul
|HOTS)
H* ion in soluion. So, it is ahydrogen atonns, only one of the four
weak acid. hydrogen atoms is released
52
o5 E someone is suflering from the problem of acidity after overcating: which of the following
would you suggestas a remedy?
Lemon juice, Baking soda solution or Vinegar.
Ans Baking sodasolution because it is basic in nature and hence neutralises the excess acid present in
the stomach.

0. 6. Arrange the following in the increasing order of acidic strength.

Gastric juice, milk, lemon juice.
Ans. Milk < Lemon juice < Gastric juice.
Q.7. Why does tooth decay start when the pH of mouth is lower than 5.5?
Ans. Tooth startsdecaying when the pH of our mouth is lower than 5.5. This is because below this pH
value, the medium of the mouth becomes more acidic due to which tooth enamel corrodes at a
faster rate.

0.8. Two solutions X andY have pH values of 3.0 and 9.5 respectively. Which of these will turn
litmus solution from blue to red and which will turn phenolphthalein from colourless to pink?
Ans. Xwill turn blue litmus to red because it is acidicin nature having pH value less than 7. Y will turn
phenolphthalein from colourless to pink because it is basic in nature having pH value greater
than 7.

0.9. Why aqueous ammonia solution considered a base although ammonia does not contain
hydroxyl (OH) ion?
Ans. Ammonia dissolves in water as follows:
NH, + H,0 NH; + OH"
The hydroxyl ions produced in the solution are responsible for basic character of ammonia.
Q 10. Aknife, which is used to cut a fruit, was immediately dipped into water containing drops of
blue litmus solution. The colour of thesolution changes to red, what is the nature of the fruit?
Ans. The fruit is acidic as it turns blue litmus solution to red.
Q. 11. Explain why an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride is acidic in nature.
Ans. Ammonium chloride (NH,Cl) is the salt of astrong acid, hydrochloric acid (HCI), and a weak base
ammonium hydroxide (NH,OH), so an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride is acidic in
nature.

Q12. Write the chemical name and chemical formula of the salt used to remove permanent hardness
of water. [CBSE Sample Paper 2021]
Ans. Chemical name: Sodium Carbonate decahydrate
Chemical formula: Na,CO,. 10H,0
213. Which one of these has a higher concentration of H" ions?
IM HCI or IM CH,COOH
Ans. 1M HCI has a higher concentration of H* ions because it is a stronger acid than CH,COOH.
214. In addition to sodium hydrogencarbonate,baking powder contains a substance 'X'. Name the
substance X'.
Ans. Tartaric acid.
Q. 15. What is the commercial name of calcium sulphate hemihydrate?
Ans. Plaster of Paris.
*10. Name the substance obtained by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime.
Ans. Bleaching powder. Acids,
Q. 17.
How many molecules of water of crystallisation are there in Bases
(i) Plaster of Paris (i) washing soda ery stals? and
Ans. ) (i) 10.
Salts

53
 Q. 18. An aqueous solution turns red litmus solutionbue. Excess addlition of which solution wot.
reverse tlhe changeammonium hydroxicde solution or hydrochloric acid:
Ans. Hydrochloric acid because adding excess acid to the base would turn blue litmus solution red
Q. 19. (i) What do vou think willbe the p}in the sionmach of aperson sufering Irom indigestion.
(ii) What do vou think will be he pH of an antacid solution?
Ans. (i) Less than 7 (ii) More than 7

Q. 20. Why is the electrolysis of aconcentrated solution of solium chloride known

as hlor.allat
process?
sodium hydroxide
Ans. It is because of the products formed: chlor for chlorine and alkali for

Short Answer Questions-l

have to be answered in about 30-50 words.
Each of the following questions are of 2 marks and
passed through it? Write chemical
What is brine? What happens when an electric current is [CBSE 2019 (31/52,1
equation for it.
Ans.
caneenteated kolutn odiuk
buine a Hhe cot an
thloide.

Nall
leteicity N¡t t
Sooliiny Chloide
Sdim
Cheouid.

H¡0Decoimpositie Bgdeggn,.Hydsonide
sates
maueA teueo&eda
maAS
chasged
cauated thece.
tousaa cathodeahd we

At aunDde
CA- 1e
Chane gas
At cathede
H*+ 1e H
Ht H

NaY
Science-N
idea
am
2NaCL t2H,0 luebieuty Cheaun
Sodim ida swateH Sodin
bine
*yoxide ya [Topper's Answer2019
0.2. Out of HCl and CH,COOH, which one is a weak acid and why? Explain with the help of an
example. |CBSE 2019 (31/5/1)]
Ans. Acetic acid (CH,COOH) is a weak acid because it has less concentration of hydronium ion
(H,0*/Ht).
" eg.. Zinc granules reactwith dil. HClvery vigorously and liberate hydrogen gas but in case of
acetic acid, it reacts slowly to liberate hydrogen gas.
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (31/5/1))
o.3. "Sodium hydrogen carbonate is a basic salt." Justify this statement. How is it converted into
washing soda? [CBSE 2019 (31/5/1)]
Ans. Sodium bydrogen carbonate (NaHCO) is a basic salt because NaHCO, is acombination of
strong base and weak acid. 1
Heat
2NaHCO, ’ Na,CO, + Co, + H,0 1

[CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (31/5/1)

Q.4. List the changes that are observed when dil. HCl is added to a small amount of copper oxide
in a beaker. Write balanced chemical equation for the reaction. [CBSE 2019 (31/5/2)]
Ans.
" Colour of the solution becomes blue-green due to formation of Copper (11) chloride.
CuO () + dil 2HCl (aq) ’CuCl, + H,O)
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (31/5/2)]
Q.5. Give reasons for the following: [CBSE 2020 (31/2/1)]
(i) Only one half of water molecule is shown inthe formula of Plaster of Paris.
(i) On strong heating, blue coloured copper sulphate crystals turn white.
Ans. " 2formula units of CaSO/Calcium sulphate share 1 molecule of water of crystallization. 1
" CuSO,.5H,0 CuSO, + 5H,0 /Due to loss of water of crystallization.
(Blue) (White)
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (31/2/1)
Q. 6. List in tabular form two differences between an acid and a base based on their chemical
properties.
Ans.
Acids Bases
H ions are released in aqueous solution. OH ions are released in aqueous solution.
2 Reacts with metal carbonates to liberate CO, 2. Noreaction takes place with metal carbonales.
gas.

Q.7. What happens when a cold and concentrated solution of sodiumchloride reacts with ammonia
and carbon dioxide?Write the equation of the reaction which takes place.
Ans. When a cold and concentrated solutionof sodium chloride reacts with amnouia and carbon
dioxide, sodium hydrogencarbonate (baking soda) and amnonium chloride is tormed.
NaCl + NH, + H,O + CO, -- NaHCO, + NH,CI
Baking soda
Q. 8. () Name a sodium compound used for softening hard water.
(in) Which compound of calcium is used for disintecing drinking water supply? Acids,
(iin) Namea metal compound which has deergent properties.
Bases
(0) State a peculiar property of Plaster of Paris.
Ans. (i) Sodium carbonate and
(ii) Bleaching powder Salts

55
 (üi) Sodium carbonate
(iu) It sets into hard mass on mixing with water:.
Q.9. Name the acid present in an ant sting and give its chemical formula. Also give the
method to get relief from the discomfort caused by the ant sting. Comm
[NCERT Exemplh
Ans. The acid present in an antsting is methanoicacid (formic acid). The chemical formula is HC
To get relief. one should apply any available basic salt, eg., baking soda (NaHCO) on it
Q. 10. What happens when nitric acid is added toan egg-shel1? [NCERT Exemplh
Ans. Egg-shells contain calcium carbonate. When nitric acid is added to it, carbon dioxide
evolved. The reaction can be given as
CaCO, + 2HNO, ’ Ca(NO,), + H,0 + CO,

Short Answer Questions-ll

Each of the following questions are of 3 marks and have to be answered in about 50-80 words
Q. 1. A stain of curry on a white cloth becomes reddish-brown when soap is scrubbed on it.
(i) Which indicator can be used here? What type of indicator is it?
(ii) Why did the stain become reddish-brown when soap is scrubbed on it?
(ii) What happens when the cloth is washed with plenty of water?
Ans. (i) Turmeric indicator has been used. It is a natural indicator.
(iü) The stain becomes reddish-brown when soap is scrubbed on it because soap is basic in natur
and turmericgives reddish-brown colour in basic medium.
(içi) When the cloth is washed with plenty of water, the stain turns yellow again.
Q. 2. (i) Drawa labelled diagram to show the preparation of hydrogen chloride gas in laborator
(ii) Test the gas evolved first with dry and then with wet litmus paper. In which of the rw
cases, does the litmus paper show change in colour?
(iii) State the reason of exhibiting acidic character by dry HCl gas/HCl solution.
[CBSE 2020 (31/2/1)] [HOT
Ans. (i)
Moist litmus paper

Conical flask
Delivery tube.
Rubber cork
containo,
Conc.
Test tube

Test tube
Sodium
chloride

Guard Tube Chning

Caalcium
Xam
idea
Science-X (üi) We observe that dry HCl gas does not dhange the colour of the dry litmus Pape: Butim
of wet blue litmus paper, HCl gas
(ii) Hydrogen ions in HCl are produced changes the presence
in the colouu of ofbluewater.
litmusThepaper to red ofH
Separation
from HCI molecule occurinthe absence of water. Hydrogem chloride is a gas. Itonh
its acidic properies when we
dissolve it in water.
HCI + H,0 - H,0* t CI
S6
 Q.3. Name the acid present in the following: [CBSE Delhi 2015]
(i) Tomato (ii) Vincgar (iii) Tamarind
Ans.
(i) Citric acid () Acetic acid () Tartaric aid
o.4. Awhite powder is added while baking cakes to make it soft and spongy. Name its main
ingredients. Explain the function of each ingredient. Write the chemical reaction taking place
when the powder is heated during baking. [CBSE 2019 (31/5 1)])
Ans.
he ohe pasoe added to coe sa

Baking ousdeu ia feApaMod. sith Baring Loda ie

ith anild
acid dke Thtic acid.

O baning dada. beinq a asea itu and tataie aid

peaee allihig the iton Qnd koue 4lecta

bakingbda t Tautaei ’ Batg touden.

esfect of docliwn Joicanbnata.

2NaHCO3 Soctiuum
Baveing Soda. Coesonate
Cabo
Jionde
Bocing pousden.
he coeO dinAde eleosed ge teapped in trs
caRelaeo and makesit kott aud pong [Topper sAnsuer 2019)
Q. 5. What will be the action of the following substances on litmus paper?
Dry HCl gas, Moistened NH,gas, Lemon juice, Carbonated soft drink, Curd, Soap soluion.
[NCERT Exemplarl
Ans.
Substance Action on Litmus Paper
Dry HCl gas No change
Moistened NH, gas Turns red to blue as il 0s basi
Lemon juice Tuns blue to red because it Onas cilK dwl
Carbonated soft drink Turns blue to red beause il COntans CarbolC d i
Curd Turns bue to red because i COntams Licu dcil
Soap solution TuDs ed (o blue as i is bas
Q0. Astudent prepared solutions of (i) an acid and (ii) a base in two separate beakers. She forgut to
label the solutions and litmus paper is not available in the laboratory. Since both the solutions
are colourless, how willshe distinguish between the wo? [NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. In the absence of litmus paper, any indicator hike mehylotange. phenolphuhalein can be used
Natural indicator like turmeric can also be used.
 Indicator Colour in acidic solution
Colour in basic solution
Methyl Orange Pinkish red
Yellow Ans
Phenolphthalein Colourlcss Pink
Turmeric Yellow
Reddish brown
0.7. When zinc metal is treated with a dilute solution of astrong
acid, a gas is evolved, whit ). 10
utilised in the hydrogenation of oil. Name the gas evolved. Write the chemical equation of.
reaction and also write a test to detect the gas formed. Ans
Ans. When zinc reacts with dilute solution of strong acid, it forms salt [NCERT Exemple
and hydrogen gas is evolvel
Zn + 2HCI ’ ZnCl, + H,
When aburning splinter is brought near the mouth of the test tube, the gas
burns with a pop soun Q. 1I
Q. 8. 2 m of sodium hydroxide solution is added to a few
pieces of granulated zinc metal take
in a test tube. When the contents are warmed, a gas
evolves which is bubbled through a so An
solution before testing. Write the equation of the chemical reaction
detect the
involved and the testi
gas. Name the gas which will be evolved when the same metal
reacts with dilu
solution of a strong acid.
Ans.
[CBSE 201

NaoH (aq)t }n (s) Na,

aolutaw) zincatz) Q. 12

du thi Aeasti luolud

Ans

kubttA fled'with
hyoseuoulbble
Buing,
tlue Ioublole
a Camcle
bwate l t e
ean wolned,

Q. 13.
Juis tlats' he

Ans.

[2opper 's Answer 2O!

0.9. To the three solutions listed below, a few drops of phenolphthalein and blue limus w
added separately. Specify the colour change in each
case, if any:
Name of the solution litmus
Colour change with Colour change with blue
(a) Sodium carbonate phenolphthalein
(b) Hydrochloric acid
(c) Sodium chloride

8
Ans.
Name of the solution Colour change with phenolphthalein Colour change with blue litmus
(a) Sodium carbonate Turns pink No change
() Hvdrochloric acid No change Turns red
() Sodium chloride No change No change

o. 10. Identify the acid and the base from which sodium chloride is obtained. Which type of salt is
it? When is it called rock salt? How is rock salt formed? [CBSE 2019 (31/1/1)]
Ans. Sodium chloride isobtained by the reaction of sodium hydroxide (base) and hydrochloric acid.
It is a neutral salt as it is fornmed by the reaction of a strong acid and astrong base. The salt
obtained from seas contains impurities thus appear brown in colour. This is known as rock salt.
Beds of rock salt formed when scas of bvgone ages dried up. It is mined like coal.
o. 11. List the in1portant products of the Chlor-alkaliprocess. Write one important use of each.
[CBSE 2020 (31/1/1)]
Ans. Products: Hydrogen, Chlorine , Sodium hydroxide 12
Uses:
Hydrogen: In the production of margarine/ ammonia/as a fuel
Chlorine: Water treatment swimming pools/ production of PVC/Disinfectants/CFCs/Pesticides.
Sodium hydroxide: For degreasing metal surfaces/ in making soaps and detergents/
paper making/ artificial fibres.
(any one use of these or any other)
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (BI/1/1)]
0. 12. Write the chemical formula of washing soda. How can it be obtained from baking soda? List
two industries in which washing soda is used for other purposes than washing clothes.
[CBSE 2019 (31/3/3))
Ans. Na,CO,.1OH,0
Heat
2NaHCO, Na, CO, + H,0+ CO,/by heating 1
(Baking soda) (Sodium carbonate)

Na,CO, + 10H,O - Na, CO,.10H,0

(Sodium Carbonate) (Washing Soda)
Uses: In Glass, Soap and Paper Industry (Any two)
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (3133)]
Q. 13. Achemical compound 'X' is used in the soap and glass industry. It is prepared from brine.
(a) Write the chemical name, common name and chemical formula of X.
(6) Write the equation involved in its preparation.
(c) What happens when it is treated with water containing Ca or Mg salts?
|CBSE 2020 (3L/5, 1)
Ans.
(a) Chemical Name - Sodium Carbonate decahydrate
Common Name - Washing Soda
Chemical Formula - Na,CO,.10H,0
(b) NaCI + H,0 + CO, + NH, - NH,CU+ NatlCO,
Heat
2NaHCO, Na, CO, t H,0 +CO, Acids,
Na,CO, + 10H,0 Na,C0, 10H,0 Bases
Salts
and
(c) It helps in removing permanent hardness./ Ioras insoluble Ca or Mg salts in the form
of scum.
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (B1/5/1)
59
 in
Q. 14. With the help of a chemical cquation, explain how a soda-acid fire extinguisher helps
putting out a fire.
which are in
Ans. Soda-acid fire extinguisher contains sodium bicarboate and sulphuric acid,
mixes
separate containers. When knob of the fire extinguisher is pressed, then sulphuric acid
forms a blanket over the
with sodium bicarbonate solution and produCes a lot of CO, gas, which
stops.
fire and cuts it oll fom the supply of the air to the burning substance and the fire
H,SO, Na, SO, + 2H, 0 + 2CO,
2NalHCO, +
Sodum Water Garbon
Sodium Sulpburic a id
sulphate dioxide
hvdrogencarbonate

Q. 15. (i) Write the formula and chemical name of bleaching powder.
bleaching
(ii) Write the chemical equation to represent the action of atmospheric CO, gas on
powder when left exposed in open.
(ii) State for what purpose is bleaching powder used in water treatment plants.
Ans. (i) Chemical formula: CaOCl,
Chemical name: Calcium oxychloride
(ii) CaOCl, (s) + CO2 (g) CaCO, (s) + Cl, (g)
Bleaching Carbon Calcium Chlorine
dioxide carbonate
powder
(i) Bleaching powder is used in water treatment plants for disinfecting drinking water to make
it free of germs.
Q. 16. How would you distinguish between baking powder and washing soda by heating?
[NCERT Exemplarl
Ans. The chemical formula of baking powder is sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO,): whereas, that
of washing soda is sodium carbonate (Na,CO_.10H,0).
Sodium hydrogencarbonate on heating gives CO, gas which will turn lime water milkv whereas
no such gas is obtained from sodium carbonate.
Heat
2NaHCO, Na,CO, + H,0 + CO,
Heat
Na,CO,.l0H,0 Na,CO, + 10H,0
Q. 17. Acompound Xof sodium is used as an antacid and it decomposes on strong heating.
() Name the compound 'X' and give its chemical formula.
(i) Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the decomposition of N'.
(iii) Give one use of compound Xbesides an antacid. [CBSE Sample Paper 2020]
Ans. ) Sodium bicarbonate or Sodium hydrogencarbonate or baking soda and its chemical
formula is NaHCO,.
Heat
(ü) 2NaHCO,(s) Na,CO,(s) + CO,(g) + H,O(s)
Sodium hydrogen Sodium carbonate Carbon dioxide Water
carbonate

(ü) It is used in fire extinguisher and for baking. (Any one)

[CBSE Sample Paper Marking Scheme 2020]
Q. I8. Salt Acommonly used in bakery products on heating gets converted into another salt Bwhich
itself is used for removalof hardness of water and a gas Cis evolved. The gas Cwhen passed
through lime water, turnsit milky. ldentity A, Band C. [NCERT Exemplar, CBSE 2019 (31/4/2)
Ans. Baking powder(NaliC0,), salt Ais conunonly used in bakery products. On heating, it forms
sodiun carbonate (Na0,), Band CO, gas, (: is evolved. When CO, gas is passed through lime
water itlormscalcium arbonate (CaC04), which is slightly soluble in water making it milky.
A NalHCO; B Na,COJ; CCO, gas
 19 What are strong and weak acids? In the following list of acids, separate strong acids from weak
acids: Hydrochloric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid, formnic acid, sulphuric acid.
(NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. In aqueous solutions, strong acids ionise completely and provide high concentration of
bydronium ions. On the other hand, weak acids are partially ionised and an aqueous solution of
same molar concentration provides a much smaller concentration ofHO ions.
Strong acids--Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid.
Weak acids-Citricacid, acetic acid, formic acid.
0.20. With the help of labelled diagram, show an experimental setup for the reaction of Magnesium
with dilute sulphuric acid.
Give equation of the reaction involved. [CBSE 2020 (31/2/3)]
Ans.

Dilute
sulphuric
-Hydrogen
gas bubbles
acid

-Magnesium
ribbon
Diagram 2
Heat
" Mg t H,SO4 MgSO4 + Ht
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (31/2/3)]
Q 21. Explain the formation of
() acidic (ii)) basic and
(i0) neutral salts. [CBSE 2019 (31/1/3)]
Ans. (i) Acidic salt is formed by the reaction of a strong acid and weak base.
HCI + NH,OH + NH,C1 + H,0
(ü) Basicsalt is formed by the reaction of weak acid and strong base
NaOH + CH, COOH CH,COONa + H,0
(m) Neutral salt is formed by the reaction of strong acid and strong base.
HCI + NaOH NaCl + H,0 (or any other example)
222. In an industrial process used for the manufacture of sodium hydroxide, a gas 'A' is formed
asa by-product. The gas 'A' reacts with lime water to give a compound 'B' which is used as a
bleaching agent in the chemical industry. Identify 'N' and 'B', Also give the chemical equations
of thereactions involved. [NCERT Exemplar, CBSE 2019 (3I/5/3)] [HOTS]
Ans, A- Cl, (Chlorine gas)
B-CaOCl, (Calcium oxychloride) Acids,
2NaCl + 2H,0 ’ 2NaOH + Cl, + H 1
Cl, + Ca(OH)2 ’ CaOCl, + H,0 1 Bases
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (31/5/3)] and
Salts

61
 Q. 23. Adry pellet of a common base B, when kept in open absorbs moisture and turns sti
compound is also a by-product of chlor-alkali process. Identify B. What type of
oceurs when B is treated with an acidic oxide? Write a balanced chemical
sichy ,
such solution. (NCERT Exemplar, CBSE 2019 equation
Ans. B-sodium hydroxide (31/3/2)\[Hon
It reacts with sulphur dioxide
NaOH + SO Na,SO, + H,0
(sodium sulphite) (water)
Neuralization reaction
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (31/3,

Long Answer Questions

Each of the following questions are of 5 marks and have to be answered in about 80-120 word,
Q. 1. Acloth strip dipped in onion juice is used for testing a liquid 'X". The liquid 'X changes
odour. Which type of an indicator is onion juice? The liquid 'X' turns blue litmus red. List
observations the liquid 'X' will show on reacting with the following :
(a) Zinc granules (b) Solid sodium carbonate
Write the chemical equations for the reactions involved. [CBSE 2020 (31/41
Ans. Olfactory indicator
(a) Colourless and Odourless gas is evolved with bubbles.
Zinc + Acid Zinc Salt + H, t
(or by using any example of acid e.g. HCVH,SO,)
(b) Brisk effervescence/ colourless and odourless gas is evolved.
Sodium carbonate + Acid ’ Sodium salt of Acid + Water + Carbon dioxide
(or by using any example of acid like HCV H,SO)
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (3141)
Q.2. (i) In the following schematic diagram for the preparation of hydrogen gas as shown
figure,what would happen if following changes are made?
(a) In place of zinc granules, same amount of zinc dust is takenin the test tube.
(6) Instead of dilute sulphuric aid, dilute hydrochloric acid is taken.
(c) Sodium hydroxide is taken in place of dilute sulphuric acid and the tube is heated.
(ii) How do metal carbonates and metal hydrogencarbonates react with acids?
[NCERT Exemplar
Delivery tube Burning hydrogen
gas withapop
Stand

Xam
idea
Science-X Test tube
Dilute
sulphuric -Hydrogen
acid
gas bubbles
Soap bubble filled
with hydrogen
Zinc
granules Soap solution

62
 Ans. ) (a) Hydrogen gas will evolve with greater speed.
(b) Almost same amOuNt of gas is evolved.
c) Jf sodium hydroxide is taken,
hydrogen gas will be cvolved.
Zn + 2NaOH Na,Zn0, +H, t
Sodiumn zinate
(i) All metal carbonates and hydrogencarbonates reat with acids to form acorrespond1ng salt,
carbon dioxide and wate.
Metal carbonate + Acid ’ Salt
+Carbon dioxide + Water
Metal hydrogencarbonate + Acid ’ Salt + Carbon dioxidle + Water
For example, sodium carbonate reacts with dilute hvdrochloric acid as follows:
Na,C0,(s) + 2HClaq) 2NaCl(aq) + H,0) + CO,g)
Sodium hydrogencarbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid as follows:
NaHCO_(s) + HCl(aq) ’ NaCl(aq) + H,O) + CO,(g)
o. Ametal carbonate X on reacting with an acid gives a gas which when passed through a solution
Y gives the carbonate back. On the other hand, a gas G that is obtained at anode during
electrolysis of brine is passed on dry Y, it gives a compound Z, used for disinfecting drinking
water. Identify X, Y, G and Z. (NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. The gas evolved at anode during electrolysis of brine is chlorine (G).
When chlorine gas is passed through dry Ca(OH), (Y) produces bleaching powder (Z) used for
disinfecting drinking water.
Ca(OH), + Cl CaOCl, + H,0
Slaked lime Bleaching powder
(Y) (Z)
Since Yand Zare calcium salts,therefore Xis also a calcium salt and iscalcium carbonate.
CaCO, + 2HCI CaCl, + CO, + H,O
Calcium
carbonate
(X)
Ca(OH), + CO, ’ CaCO, + H,0
Q.4. Match the following pH values 1, 7, 10, 13 to the solutions given below:
Milk of magnesia
Gastric juices
Brine
Aqueous Sodium hydroxide.
Amit and Rita decided to bake a cake and added baking soda to the cake batter. Explain with a
balanced reaction, the role of the baking soda. Mention any other use of baking soda.
(CBSE Sample Puper 2021]
Ans. Milk of magnesia 10

Gastricjuices
Brine 7

Aqueous Sodiumn hydroxide 13

Baking soda undergoes thermaldecomposition to lorm Na,C0,, CO, and H,0; CO, makes the
cake fluffy & soft.
Hcat
2NalHCO, - Na,C0, +CO, + H,O

63
 Uses
(a) Used in fire cxtinguishers.
aid in stomnach.
(b)Act as antacid to ncualize eKCeSS
inset sting. (Any tuvo)
(c) Used to ncutralize the cflct of acid in
Q. 5. Define water of crystallisation. Give the chemical formula for two compounds as example,
crystallisation makes a difference in the . "P
How can it be proved that the water of
colour of the compounds? (CBSE 2020 (31/41
present in one formul
Ans. Water ofcrystallization is the fixed number of water molecules
of a salt.
Examples: CuSO, .5H,0
Na,CO, 10H,0 (or Any other)
colour) ina dryboiling tube.
Heat a few crystals of hydrated copper sulphate (blue
Water droplets are seen in the boiling tube.
Colour:Thecolour of copper sulphate changes to white.
State : The blue crystal changes to white powder. (CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (3141
Table is awhite, soft substance, which a
Q. 6. A sulphate salt of Group 2 element of the Periodic compound is left in ope
be moulded into different shapes by making its dough. When this Identii
for some time, becomes a solid mass and cannot be used for moulding purposes.
behaviour. Give the reaction involved.
the sulphate salt and state why does it show such a
[NCERT Exempla
different shapes is Plaster of Paris. Its chemical nan
Ans. The substance which is used for making
unit of CaSO, share on
is calcium sulphate hemihydrate (CaSO4H,0). The two formula
molecule of water. As a result, it is soft.
atmosphere and forms gvpsum
When it is left open for some time, it absorbs moisture from the
which is a hard solid mass.

CaSO,.,H,0+ 1,H,0 CaSO,.2H,0

Gypsum
Plaster of Paris (Hard mass)
(Soft)

Q.7. (a) Four samples A, B, Cand D change the colour of pH paper or solution to Green, Reddis
pink, Blue and Orange. Their pH was recorded as 7, 2, 10.5 & 6 respectively. Which
the samples has the highest amount of Hydrogen ion concentration? Arrange the fou
samples in the decreasing order of their pH.
(6) Rahul found that the Plaster of Paris, which he stored in acontainer, has become very hur
and lost its binding nature. What is the reason for this? Als0, write a chemical equaton
represent the reaction taking place.
(c) Give any one use of Plaster of Paris other than for plastering or smoothening of wails
|CBSE Sample Paper 2021
Ans.
(a) ) Bas lower the pHvalue, higher is the hydrogen ion concenration.
() C> A> D> B
(b) It reacted with the moisture in the atmosphere and converted into Gypsum, a hardso
mass.

CaSO,-,H,0 +1,,0 -- CaSO,.2H,0

(c) () Making toys. (ü) Dolls or statues.
(m) Making decorative materials.
(Any one)
64