ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE - 4TH QUARTER

— CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES

1. Replace incandescent bulbs and CFL bulbs with LED bulbs

- An LED is 90% efficient and lasts up to 25 times longer than traditional incandescent bulbs., a
CFL bulb is 85% efficient, and an incandescent bulb is only 10% efficient.

2. Fix Air Leaks

- Proper insulation will fix air leaks that could be costing you more.
● Caulk - a flexible material used to seal air leaks through cracks, gaps, or joints < 1/4 inch wide
between stationary building components and materials.
● Weatherstripper - durable plastic or metal strip that seals air leaks around movable building
components, such as doors or operable windows.

3. Use Energy Efficient Appliances

- When planning to buy some electrical appliances, prefer to buy one with Energy Star rating.
- They consume less energy and save you money.
- They might cost you more in the beginning, but it is much more of an investment for you.

4. Get Energy Audit Done

- It is a process that helps you to identify areas in your home where it is losing energy and what
steps you can take to overcome them.
- Implement the tips and suggestions given by those energy experts.

5. Plant Shady Landscaping

- Shady landscaping outside your home will protect it from intense heat during hot and sunny
days and chilly winds during the winter season.

6. Use smart power strips

- Household electronics will still draw power from outlets ( phantom load ).
- It shuts down appliances that have gone into standby mode, helping you cut down on
phantom-load costs, potentially resulting in money and energy savings.

7. Air-dry dishes and clothes

- Consider letting the dishes air-dry instead of using a dishwasher; hang your clothes outside to
dry.

8. Cool down hot foods before putting in the refrigerator

- Your fridge works harder to bring its temperature back down, which puts stress on the
compressor.

9. Defrost before cooking

- Save energy and plan ahead by putting out your frozen food to defrost rather than using your
microwave or oven.

10. Decorate home with lighter colors

- Light colors will reflect light that will help you save energy.
// ENERGY SOURCES
- ENERGY SOURCE:

- A source from which useful energy can be extracted or recovered either directly or by means of
a conversion or transformation process.
- Renewable and Nonrenewable energy sources

- RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE:

- An energy source that can be easily replenished because there are infinite sources.
Examples:
- Solar energy, Biomass, Geothermal, Wind and Hydrothermal energy.

- NONRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE:

- An energy source that cannot be replenished since they are finite.

- Some of these energy sources also emit GHG.
Examples:
- Coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy

- FOSSIL FUEL:

- A fuel that is formed from the decomposition of fossils or remains, of dead animals, plants
and other organic matter that were buried under dirt and rock.
- It includes natural gas, coal and oil which can all be found below the Earth.
- It also accounts for about 90% of the world’s energy consumption.

PUMPJACK - used at land

OIL RIG - used at sea
● COAL FIRED POWER STATION:

● NUCLEAR

● BIOMASS ( BIOGAS )
● BIOMASS

● GEOTHERMAL

● WIND
 ● HYDROPOWER PLANTS

● TIDAL POWER PLANTS

( sinama ko just in case ipapaidentify ni sir 'yung mga power plants )

TYPES OF ENERGY SOURCES
- NUCLEAR ENERGY:
- An energy that comes from the splitting of atoms of a radioactive element in a reactor to heat
water into steam, turn a turbine and generate electricity.
- Nuclear power plants use uranium (U) as fuel, a clean and efficient way to drive turbine
generators.

- BIOMASS:
- A renewable source of fuel to produce energy that comes from waste residues. (plant and
animal waste & wood and other solid waste)
- Biomass can be converted directly into liquid/gas fuels. (biofuels)
- It can be converted into gas as well. (biogas)

- SOLAR POWER:
- The cleanest and most abundant renewable energy source available in the world.
- Solar power plant uses solar panels which are made up of solar cells that harness solar
energy from the sun which will be converted to electrical energy.
- Solar Panels:
● Solar Panels - absorbs energy from the sun and turns it into DC ( direct ) current.
● Inverter - converts DC current into AC current and controls the electricity production.
● Electrical panel - distributes the electricity to your home.
● Utility meter - any excess solar electricity will flow back to the grid through the meter.
● Utility grid - provides electricity when you exceed the amount produced by solar panels.

- GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT:

- A power plant that offers an enormous and clean source of energy.
- Energy that comes from the intense heat from the Earth’s interior.

- WIND POWER PLANTS:

- It is a power plant that are composed of clusters of wind turbines that produce large amounts
of electricity.
- It is also a clean source of energy.

- HYDROPOWER PLANTS:
- It is a power plant that generates power by using a dam or diversion structure to alter the
natural flow of a river or other body of water.
- It relies on the water cycle to produce electricity, using water that is not reduced or eliminated in
the process.

- TIDAL POWER PLANTS:

- It is a form of hydropower produced by the natural rise and fall of tides caused by the
gravitational interaction between Earth, the sun, and the moon.
- Tidal power is also more predictable and consistent than solar and wind energy.
— OIL-FIRED POWER PLANTS
Advantage: It can be started up quickly, making them a flexible source of electricity to meet sudden
changes in demand.
Disadvantage: It is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions.

— HYDROPOWER PLANTS
Advantage: It has low operating costs as the fuel source is free and abundant.
Disadvantage: Its output can be affected by weather conditions such as calm air or severe storms.

— SOLAR POWER PLANTS

Advantage: It emits no greenhouse gases, thus a clean source of electricity.
Disadvantage: Its output can be affected by clouds or the winter months.

— WIND POWER PLANTS

Advantage: It has a high-reliability factor and can operate continuously, providing a stable source of
electricity.
Disadvantage: It is vulnerable to drought conditions, requires regular maintenance, and leads to the
displacement of people.

— GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS

Advantage: It is a renewable energy source, as heat energy from the Earth's core is continuously
produced.
Disadvantage: Building materials are expensive due to the need for specialized equipment and drilling to
access the needed resources.

// ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND POLICIES

The environmental principle, “Ours is a finite Earth” implies that taking care of the environment is very
important for human existence. For us to carry out the proper environmental care, it is very important to
have some regulations in place so that guidelines and implementation of these regulations can be in an
effective manner. In our country, there are different Environmental Laws and policies set by the
government.

•RA 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000)

● RA 8485 (Animal Welfare Act of 1998)
● RA 7942 (Philippine Mining Act of 1995)
•RA 9512 (National Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008)
● RA 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act)
● PD 1181 (Pollution Control Law)
● PD 1586 (Environmental Impact Statement System)
•RA 8749 (The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999)
(1) RA 9003 -
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

• A law that aims to provide a comprehensive framework for the proper management of solid waste to
promote environmental protection and public health.

• The National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC)

- the policy-making body responsible for the formulation and implementation of solid waste
management policies and programs.

— Provisions of RA 9003:

1. Waste Management Hierarchy:

- The law promotes the adoption of the "3R" approach— Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle—as the
preferred solid waste management strategy.

2. Mandatory Segregation of Solid Waste:

- Households, institutions, and business establishments are required to segregate their solid
waste into biodegradable, recyclable, and residual waste streams.

3. Solid Waste Management Plan:

- LGUs are mandated to develop a comprehensive solid waste management plan that should
include waste reduction, segregation, recycling, composting, and the establishment of
sanitary landfills.

4. Closure and Rehabilitation of Dumpsites:

- Open and controlled dumpsites are phased out and replaced with sanitary landfills or
acceptable disposal facilities.

5. Special Waste:
- The law also covers the proper management of special wastes, such as hazardous waste,
healthcare waste, and electronic waste.

6. Environmental Education and Public Participation:

- The law emphasizes the importance of educating the public and encouraging their active
involvement in waste management.
(2) RA 9512 -
National Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008

• A law that aims to promote environmental awareness and education among Filipinos.

— Provisions of RA 9512:

1. Environmental Education:
- The law mandates the integration of environmental education in the curricula of all levels of
formal and non-formal education, including primary, secondary, tertiary, technical-vocational, and
indigenous learning systems.

2. Public Awareness Campaigns:

- The law calls for the development and implementation of public awareness campaigns that
promote environmental consciousness and responsible stewardship.

3. Environmental Education Programs:

- Government agencies, educational institutions, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are
encouraged to develop and implement environmental education programs that promote the
understanding of ecological concepts,principles, and sustainable practices.

4. Declaration of Environmental Awareness Month:

- Pursuant to the policy set forth in this Act, the month of November of every year shall be known
as “Environmental Awareness Month” throughout the Philippines.

(3) PD 1586 -
Establishing An Environmental Impact Statement System

• A law that aims to promote environmental protection and sustainable development by requiring the
preparation and evaluation of Environmental Impact Statements for certain projects.
• All Environmental Impact Statements shall be submitted to the National Environmental Protection
Council for review and evaluation.

Provisions of PD 1586:

1. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):

- The law mandates the preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report for
projects subject to the EIS system. The EIA report should assess the potential environmental
impacts of the project, propose mitigation measures, and evaluate alternatives, among other
requirements.

2. Environmental Impact Statement System (EIS):

- The law establishes an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) system as a means of presenting
the results and findings of the EIA in a summarized and accessible format.

3. Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC):

 - Prior to the implementation of a project, the law requires the proponent to secure an
Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) from the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR). The ECC certifies that the project has undergone the necessary
environmental assessment and mitigation measures have been incorporated.

(4) RA 8749 -
The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

• A law that aims to protect and preserve the country's air quality.
• The law assigns regulatory and enforcement powers tto the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) and other relevant government agencies.

Provisions of RA 8749:

1. Ambient Air Quality Standards (AAQS):

- The law sets standards for ambient air quality, specifying the acceptable levels of pollutants
in the atmosphere. It includes criteria for common air pollutants such as PM, SO2, NO2, CO, O3,
and Pb.

2. Emission Standards:
- The law establishes emission standards for stationary and mobile sources of air pollution,
such as industries, motor vehicles, and other sources.

3. Motor Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Program:

- The law mandates the implementation of a motor vehicle inspection and maintenance
program to ensure that vehicles meet emission standards. It requires regular emissions testing
for vehicles and sets penalties for non-compliance.

4. Pollution Control Devices:

- The law requires industries, power plants, and other stationary sources to install and operate
pollution control devices or technologies to reduce emissions. It provides incentives for the
adoption of cleaner production technologies and practices.

5. Prohibition of Burning:
- The law prohibits the open burning of solid waste, agricultural waste, and other materials
that contribute to air pollution. It encourages the adoption of environmentally sound waste
management practices, such as recycling and composting.

6. Air Quality Monitoring and Reporting:

- The law mandates the establishment of an air quality monitoring network to assess and
report on ambient air quality. It requires regular reporting on air quality status, emission levels,
and compliance with air quality standards.

7. Public Information and Education:

- The law emphasizes the importance of public awareness and education on air pollution
prevention and control. It calls for the dissemination of information, public participation, and
cooperation among government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the public.
(5) RA 9275 -
The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

• A law that aims to protect and manage the country's water resources.
• The law designates the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) as the lead
agency for the implementation of the Clean Water Act.

Provisions of RA 9275:

1. Water Quality Management:

- The law establishes a comprehensive framework for the management of water quality, aiming to
prevent and control water pollution.

2. Water Quality Standards and Monitoring:

- The law sets water quality standards for different water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, and coastal
areas. It requires regular monitoring and assessment of water quality to ensure compliance
with the standards.

3. Water Pollution Control Programs:

- The law mandates the formulation and implementation of water pollution control programs
by government agencies, local government units (LGUs), and stakeholders.

4. Sewage and Septage Management:

- The law requires the establishment and maintenance of proper sewage and septage
management systems. It encourages the development of sewerage systems, the proper
treatment of wastewater, and the construction of appropriate septage facilities.

5. Water Quality Impact Assessment:

- The law mandates the conduct of Water Quality Impact Assessments (WQIA) for projects that
may potentially impact water bodies.

6. Prohibited Acts:
- The law identifies prohibited acts related to water pollution, including the discharge of pollutants
without a permit, the construction of wastewater facilities without clearance, and the
tampering or unauthorized use of wastewater treatment systems.
(6) RA 8485 -
Animal Welfare Act of 1998

• A law that aims to protect the welfare of animals.

• The law establishes the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) as the regulatory body responsible for
implementing and enforcing the provisions of the Animal Welfare Act.

Provisions of RA 8485:

1. Cruelty to Animals:
- The law prohibits maltreatment, abuse, neglect, or cruelty towards animals. It defines acts
of cruelty, such as beating, mutilating, torturing, or killing animals without justifiable reason.

2. Responsible Pet Ownership:

- The law encourages responsible pet ownership and sets guidelines for the proper care and
treatment of pets. It includes provisions for providing adequate food, shelter, and veterinary care,
as well as ensuring the physical and mental well-being of animals in captivity.

3. Prohibited Acts:
- The law identifies prohibited acts, including the killing, selling, or trading of animals without
proper permits or licenses. It prohibits engaging in activities that cause pain, suffering, or distress
to animals.

4. Animal Research and Testing:

- The law regulates the use of animals in scientific research, experimentation, and testing. It
requires researchers to follow ethical guidelines, obtain necessary permits, and ensure the
welfare of the animals involved.

5. Animal Transport and Handling:

- The law sets standards for the transport and handling of animals to prevent unnecessary
suffering and stress. It includes requirements for the proper handling, ventilation, and provision of
food and water during transportation.

(7) RA 7942 -
Philippine Mining Act of 1995

• It is a law that governs the exploration, development, and utilization of the country's mineral
resources.
• The law designates the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) as the primary
government agency responsible for the regulation and monitoring of mining operations. It grants the
DENR the power to issue permits, conduct inspections, and enforce compliance with mining laws and
regulations.

Provisions of RA 7942:

1. Mining Rights and Contracts:

 - The law allows for the granting of mineral agreements and financial or technical assistance
agreements for the responsible exploration, development, and utilization of mineral resources.
These agreements are subject to specific terms, conditions, and obligations set forth in the law.

2. Environmental Protection and Rehabilitation:

- The law mandates the implementation of environmental protection and rehabilitation
measures in mining Operations. It requires the preparation of Environmental Protection and
Enhancement Program (EPEP) and the establishment of a Mine Rehabilitation Fund to ensure
environmental sustainability.

3. Indigenous Peoples' Rights:

- The law recognizes and upholds the rights of indigenous cultural communities and
indigenous peoples affected by mining operations. It requires the free, prior, and informed
consent (FPIC) of indigenous communities before any mining activity can take place in their
ancestral domains.

4. Revenue Sharing:
- The law establishes a revenue-sharing scheme between the government and mining
contractors or permit holders. It specifies the government's share in mining revenues, which
includes taxes, royalties, and other fees.

5. Mine Safety and Health Standards:

- The law mandates the adoption and implementation of mine safety and health standards to
ensure the welfare and protection of workers in mining operations.

(8) RA 6969 -
Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990

• It is a law that aims to regulate and control the importation, manufacture, processing, storage,
handling, and disposal of toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear wastes.
• The law designates the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) as the lead
agency responsible for the implementation and enforcement of this law.

Provisions of RA 6969:

1. Importation, Manufacture, and Processing:

- The law regulates the importation, manufacture, and processing of toxic substances. It
requires the registration and approval of toxic substances before they can be imported,
manufactured, or processed in the country. The law also sets guidelines for the labeling and
packaging of toxic substances.

2. Storage, Handling, and Transport:

- The law sets standards and guidelines for the storage, handling, and transport of toxic
substances. It requires the adoption of appropriate safety measures, such as the use of proper
containers, storage facilities, and protective equipment. It also mandates the preparation of
emergency response plans for handling accidents or spills involving toxic substances.

3. Disposal and Treatment:

 - The law establishes requirements for the proper disposal and treatment of toxic substances
and hazardous wastes. It prohibits the open burning, burial, or dumping of toxic substances and
requires the use of authorized treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. It promotes the use of
environmentally sound technologies for waste treatment and disposal.
-

(8) PD 1181 -
Providing For The Prevention, Control and Abatement Of Air Pollution From Motor Vehicles And
For Other Purposes (Pollution Control Law)

• It is a law that specifically addresses air pollution caused by motor vehicles.

• The National Pollution Control Commission, in cooperation with the National Science Development
Board, Department of Energy, Department of Industry, and Land Transportation Commission, shall
promulgate rules and regulations for appropriate control measures to implement and attain the objectives
of this Decree.

Provisions of PD 1181:

1. Emission Standards:
- The law sets emission standards for motor vehicles, including standards for carbon monoxide
(CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). These standards
specify the maximum allowable levels of pollutants emitted by motor vehicles.

2. Inspection and Maintenance:

- PD 1181 mandates the establishment of a Motor Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance (IM)
program. Under this program, motor vehicles are subject to periodic inspection to ensure
compliance with emission standards. Vehicles that fail the inspection may be required to undergo
repairs and re-inspection.

3. Smoke Belching:
- The law prohibits excessive smoke emissions or "smoke belching" from motor vehicles. It
provides guidelines for law enforcement agencies to identify and apprehend vehicles that emit
excessive smoke. Violators may be subject to penalties, fines, or vehicle impoundment.

4. Catalytic Converters and Pollution Control Devices:

- PD 1181 requires the installation and proper functioning of pollution control devices, such
as catalytic converters, in motor vehicles. It prohibits the tampering or removal of such devices,
which are designed to reduce harmful emissions.

5. Vehicle Registration and Renewal:

- The law makes compliance with emission standards a requirement for vehicle registration
and renewal. Motor vehicle owners must present a valid emission compliance certificate as proof
of compliance with the emission standards during the registration process.

6. Testing Centers and Facilities:

- PD 1181 authorizes the establishment of vehicle emission testing centers and facilities.
These facilities are responsible for conducting emissions testing and issuing emission compliance
certificates to compliant vehicles.
7. Enforcement and Penalties:
- The law grants enforcement powers to designated authorities to monitor and enforce
compliance with emission standards and smoke-belching regulations. Violators may face
penalties, fines, or imprisonment, depending on the severity of the offense.

8. Penalties:
- Any person violating this decree and/or its implementing rules and regulations involving the same
vehicle shall, for the first offense, be liable to a fine of not exceeding P200.00; for the second
offense, to a fine of not exceeding P500.00; and for the third and succeeding offense to a
fine of not exceeding P1,000.00 plus the suspension of his vehicle's certificate of registration,
until such time as he shall have complied with the requirements of the regulations.

-credits kay Sean kasi siya halos naginput 🤝