Neighborhood Design Report (Part Time)

A Report of Neighborhood Design of Atikori (school gate to ita-ale, Oke Ife,
IJebu Igbo Ijebu north Local Government, Ogun State. 2023.
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Urban planning is the process of guiding and directing the use and development of land,
urban environment, urban infrastructure, and related ecosystem and human services. Planning
also generally involves the ordering of land uses, siting of buildings and communication
routes in order to secure maximum level of economy, convenience and beauty, It is the
intentional planning of land uses in towns, cities, and villages so that there is
complemen0tarity and balance in the uses, easy communication, sustainability, and at the
same time creating aesthetics and convenience for all. This ensures that the world created
today is able to satisfy the needs of the present generation as well as the needs of the future
generation without modifying their needs. It is common to think of planning as a profession
for, of, and by the people because it is never something that is done in isolation and always
requires dealing with people.
An essential component for human survival is the human environment. Communities' living
conditions can be divided into three categories: social, artificial, and natural environments.
Physical environments that are produced by humans for their needs and evolve through time
are referred to as artificial environments. On the other hand, social environments are
described as settings where people interact with one another. Artificial environments are
interactive settings that either permit or prohibit communication. The neighborhood is the
smallest unit in the environment, which is subsequently divided into several parts.
There are four words that can be used to translate the word neighborhood into English:
"neighborhood unit," "district," "quarter," and "community." There are distinctions between
them in terms of size, population, function, and other factors, even if they have all been
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substituted for the neighborhood in various books and resources (Farah, Hamed, & Vahideh,
2013).
The term "neighbor" refers to a person who lives close by or is situated close to another.
Neighborhoods are the divisions of urban or rural places including cities, villages, and towns,
according to Berk's definition from 2005. A neighborhood is, in the most basic sense, the area
where people reside. People in close proximity to one another reside in sections of an area
and form communities. Those sections have some particular physical or social characteristics
that distinguish them from the rest of the settlements (Dicle & Süheyla, 2014).
Neighborhood can also be seen as a planning area commonly identified as such in a
community’s planning documents, and by the individuals residing and working within the
neighborhood. Documentation may include a map prepared for planning purposes showing
the names and boundaries of neighborhoods.
Although not legally defined, neighborhoods are among the most well-known and understood
types of land use classifications. A neighborhood can also be thought of as a compact region
inside a larger city or town. It is a collection of homes and other structures on streets that are
close to one another. There are modest homes in some neighborhoods. It can be thought of as
the smallest planning unit, to put it simply. There are bigger homes in some neighborhoods.
There are rows of duplexes or apartment buildings in several communities. On one block in
some communities, there are numerous distinct types of homes (Habitat for Humanity).
Neighborhood design refers to the planning and organization of physical and social elements
within a residential or urban area to create a functional, attractive, and sustainable
community. It involves the layout, architecture, and infrastructure of a neighborhood, as well
as the arrangement of public spaces, streets, buildings, and amenities to promote a sense of
community and a high quality of life for its residents.
Key elements of neighborhood design include:
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1. Street Layout: The arrangement of streets and roadways, including their width,
connectivity, and design, which can impact traffic flow, walkability, and accessibility.
2. Land Use: Determining how land within the neighborhood is used, such as for
residential, commercial, recreational, or industrial purposes, and ensuring a
compatible mix of uses.
3. Zoning: Establishing regulations that dictate what types of buildings can be
constructed in different areas of the neighborhood, including rules for building height,
density, and design.
4. Green Spaces: Incorporating parks, gardens, and open spaces for recreational and
ecological purposes to enhance the environment and residents' well-being.
5. Public Transportation: Providing efficient and convenient public transportation
options to reduce reliance on private vehicles and ease congestion.
6. Accessibility: Designing for accessibility, ensuring that people of all abilities can
move around the neighborhood easily.
7. Aesthetics: Considering the architectural style, landscaping, and overall visual appeal
of the neighborhood to create an attractive environment.
8. Community Facilities: Incorporating schools, healthcare facilities, community
centers, and other essential services to support residents' needs.
9. Safety and Security: Implementing measures to enhance safety, such as street
lighting, pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, and traffic calming.
10. Sustainability: Promoting eco-friendly practices, such as energy-efficient buildings,
green infrastructure, and waste management, to reduce the environmental impact.
Effective neighborhood design seeks to foster a sense of community, encourage social
interaction, and promote a high quality of life for its residents while addressing practical
needs and challenges like traffic management, housing availability, and environmental
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sustainability. It often involves collaboration between urban planners, architects, engineers,
and the local community to ensure that the design aligns with the values and needs of the
residents.
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Some towns, like Ijebu-Igbo, suffered from a lack of amenities for a good living, such as
electricity, good water supply, lack of employment, good road networks, and other
developmental infrastructures. The rate of rural development appears to be out of proportion
to the rumored allocations made to the Ijebu North local governments. The native people
were upset with their living conditions.
Indigenous people leave their communities in search of greener pastures, while artisans—
skilled manual workers who use tools and machines to perform a specific craft—leave their
homes for urban centers. In contrast to urban areas, rural areas are underpopulated. The
healthy, physically fit people who could stay in their villages and provide food for their aging
parents are no longer there.
1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study will only evaluate rural development and migration in Ijebu-North local
government; as a result, only respondents from Ijebu-North local government (Atikori
(kegbo/oke-ife axis), Ijebu-Igbo) will be included in this study.
1.3 ORIGIN OF NEIGHBORHOOD DESIGN
Neighborhood design stands for an alternative style of practice, based on the idea that
professional technical knowledge is often inadequate in the resolution of social problems. It is
an umbrella term covering community planning, community architecture, social architecture,
community development and community participation, all of which emphasize the
involvement of local people in the social and physical development of the environment in
which they live. Neighborhood design represents the addition of moral and political content
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to professional practice; however, the representation of these ideas has changed over four
decade. Today, wealthy groups use citizen involvement strategies—many of which were
created in the community design movement—to secure their own privileged positions,
leaving Neighborhood Design Centers (CDC) to deal with small-scale solutions to problems
of poverty and disadvantage. The community design movement is now faced with a new
challenge: establishing a more inclusive civic vision that bridges social and geographic
barriers and fosters a widespread appreciation of social and environmental justice.
The widest definition of neighborhood design is a movement to learn how to enable people to
participate in creating and controlling their surroundings. While social architecture is the
phrase used in the United States for the same concept, community architecture is the activist
term used in England to encompass community planning, community design, community
development, and other forms of community technical assistance. Citizens are to develop a
critical consciousness through social architecture. On the other hand, community
participation refers to the procedures that involve professionals, families, community
organizations, and government officials in influencing the environment. It encompasses all
sizes and methodologies.
Another strategy, facilitation, has arisen in opposition to the political activist role played by
CDCs. Facilitation uses participatory approaches for both problem characterization and
design solution production using design assistance techniques. Getting people together to
decide what they want to do and assisting them in finding cooperative ways to decide how to
achieve it is called facilitation. The current book Community by Design: New Urbanism for
Suburbs and Small Communities offers yet another perspective on community design: that of
building communities.
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1.4 CONCEPT OF NEIGBORHOOD
The concept of neighborhood design has been around for centuries, but its modern origins
can be traced to various historical and urban planning movements. Here's a brief overview of
the evolution and origin of neighborhood design:
1. Ancient City Planning: Ancient civilizations, such as those in Mesopotamia, Egypt,
Greece, and Rome, had rudimentary forms of city planning. They often laid out cities
on grids and incorporated elements like public squares, roads, and walls for defense.
2. Medieval Towns: Medieval European towns and cities typically developed
organically with narrow, winding streets. However, some European cities, like
Venice, were known for their deliberate design with canals and pedestrian-friendly
features.
3. Garden Cities: The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the emergence of the
garden city movement. Ebenezer Howard's vision for garden cities, as outlined in his
book "Garden Cities of To-Morrow" (1902), emphasized planned, self-contained
communities with green spaces, a focus on nature, and balanced industrial and
residential areas.
4. City Beautiful Movement: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the City
Beautiful movement promoted the beautification of urban areas, often with grand
boulevards, parks, and neoclassical architecture.
5. Modernist Urban Planning: The mid-20th century saw the rise of modernist urban
planning, which sometimes resulted in large-scale, high-rise housing developments.
Notable examples include Le Corbusier's "Radiant City" concept.
6. New Urbanism: In the late 20th century, the New Urbanism movement emerged as a
reaction to some of the problems associated with modernist planning. New Urbanism
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promotes walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods, with a focus on community,
sustainability, and human-scale design.
7. Smart Growth: Smart Growth is a more recent movement that advocates for urban
development that minimizes sprawl, reduces automobile dependence, and promotes
compact, mixed-use communities.
8. Sustainable Development: The concept of sustainable development has become
increasingly important in neighborhood design. It involves creating communities that
minimize environmental impact, reduce energy consumption, and incorporate green
infrastructure.
The origin of neighborhood design, therefore, can be traced through a rich history of evolving
urban planning ideas, from ancient civilizations to modern movements. Today, neighborhood
design often combines elements of these various movements, with a focus on creating
communities that are not only functional but also sustainable, aesthetically pleasing, and
conducive to a high quality of life for residents.
1.5 TRADITIONAL NEIGHBORHOOD DESIGN
Traditional Neighborhood Design (TND), often referred to as New Urbanism, is a planning
and urban design concept that draws inspiration from historical and pre-automobile urban
layouts. TND focuses on creating human-scale, walkable communities that promote a sense
of place, community interaction, and sustainability. Here are some key characteristics and
principles of traditional neighborhood design:
Mixed Land Uses: TND encourages a mix of land uses within neighborhoods, so residents
can easily access essential services, such as shops, schools, and workplaces, within walking
distance. This reduces dependence on cars and promotes community interaction.
Compact, Walkable Layout: TND neighborhoods feature a compact layout with connected
streets and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure. Streets are designed to be narrow and often
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feature sidewalks, crosswalks, and street trees to make walking a practical and enjoyable
mode of transportation.
Traditional Architecture and Design: Architectural styles in TND neighborhoods often
draw from historical design elements. Homes and buildings are designed with front porches,
distinct facades, and a focus on aesthetics. This adds to the character and appeal of the
neighborhood.
Public Spaces and Parks: TND includes parks, squares, and public spaces where residents
can gather, play, or relax. These areas enhance the sense of community and provide
recreational opportunities.
Public Transportation: TND often supports public transportation systems, such as buses or
light rail, to reduce reliance on private cars.
Connectivity: The street layout is designed to be interconnected, reducing traffic congestion
and making it easy to reach various parts of the neighborhood. Cul-de-sacs and dead-end
streets are minimized.
Street Hierarchy: TND often employs a hierarchical street system with a mix of main
streets, collector streets, and local streets. This helps manage traffic flow and access.
Sustainability: Emphasis is placed on sustainable practices, including energy-efficient
buildings, green infrastructure, and the preservation of open spaces and natural features.
Sense of Place: TND prioritizes creating a sense of place by maintaining a unique identity
and character for each neighborhood. This can be achieved through distinctive architecture,
public art, and community events.
Community Engagement: Residents are often involved in the planning and design process,
ensuring that the neighborhood meets their needs and desires.
TND has gained popularity as a response to the sprawl and automobile-dependent
development patterns that have characterized many modern cities. By focusing on
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walkability, community, and sustainability, TND seeks to create neighborhoods that offer a
higher quality of life and a stronger sense of community for their residents.
1.6 Neighborhood in the Contemporary Urban Context
In the contemporary urban context, neighborhoods play a critical role in shaping the character
and functionality of cities. They are not only places where people live but are also hubs of
social, economic, and cultural activities. Here are some key aspects of neighborhoods in the
contemporary urban context:
1. Diversity and Inclusion: Modern neighborhoods are often diverse in terms of
demographics, culture, and socioeconomic backgrounds. They are increasingly
focused on promoting inclusivity and ensuring that all residents have access to
opportunities and services.
2. Mixed-Use Development: Contemporary neighborhoods are designed with mixed-
use developments that combine residential, commercial, and recreational spaces. This
promotes walkability and reduces the need for long commutes.
3. Urban Renewal and Regeneration: Many cities are engaged in urban renewal and
regeneration projects to revitalize older or neglected neighborhoods. This involves
updating infrastructure, renovating buildings, and creating spaces for cultural and
artistic activities.
4. Sustainability: Sustainable practices are a growing concern in contemporary
neighborhoods. This includes green building designs, renewable energy sources,
public transportation, and green spaces.
5. Smart Cities: The integration of technology and data-driven solutions is becoming
increasingly common in modern neighborhoods. Smart city initiatives can improve
traffic management, energy efficiency, and public safety.
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6. Community Engagement: There is a growing emphasis on involving the community
in the planning and development of neighborhoods. Residents are often consulted on
decisions that affect their neighborhoods, and community organizations play a
significant role in shaping local policies.
7. Affordable Housing: The affordability of housing is a major concern in many
contemporary neighborhoods. Efforts are being made to provide a range of housing
options, including affordable housing units, to ensure that residents from various
income levels can live in the same neighborhood.
8. Security and Safety: Neighborhoods in the contemporary urban context focus on
safety and security measures, including well-lit streets, surveillance systems, and
community policing.
9. Cultural and Creative Districts: Many cities are developing cultural and creative
districts within neighborhoods to foster artistic expression, cultural exchange, and
creative industries.
10. Mobility and Accessibility: Modern neighborhoods aim to improve transportation
options and accessibility. This includes bike lanes, public transit, and pedestrian-
friendly infrastructure.
11. Environmental Resilience: Contemporary neighborhoods are often designed with
environmental resilience in mind, including flood prevention measures and green
infrastructure to mitigate the effects of climate change.
12. Community Spaces: The creation of vibrant public spaces, such as plazas, parks, and
community centers, is a priority in modern neighborhoods to foster community
engagement and social interaction.
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13. Local Economy: Encouraging local entrepreneurship and supporting small businesses
are common strategies in contemporary neighborhoods to boost the local economy
and create job opportunities.
14. Health and Well-being: Contemporary neighborhoods aim to promote residents'
health and well-being by providing access to healthcare facilities, fitness centers, and
green spaces.
In the contemporary urban context, neighborhoods are evolving to address the complex
challenges of urbanization while striving to create more livable, inclusive, and sustainable
communities. They are key building blocks in shaping the future of cities.
1.7 NEIGHBORHOOD AS A PLANNING CONSTRUCT
"Neighborhood as a Planning Construct" refers to the use of neighborhoods as a fundamental
unit or construct in urban and regional planning. Neighborhoods are recognized as essential
components of city and regional planning, and they serve as building blocks for the
development and organization of urban areas. Here are some key aspects of neighborhoods as
a planning construct:
1. Spatial Unit: Neighborhoods are defined geographic areas within a city or region.
They are used to demarcate and organize urban space into manageable units for
planning purposes.
2. Community Identification: Neighborhoods often have distinct identities and
characteristics that make them recognizable and relatable to residents. They can be
defined by historical, cultural, or geographical factors.
3. Local Governance: Some neighborhoods may have local governance structures or
neighborhood associations that provide a platform for community engagement and
decision-making on local issues.
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4. Zoning and Land Use: Urban planners use neighborhoods as a basis for zoning and
land use regulations. Zoning codes often vary from one neighborhood to another to
reflect the unique character and needs of each area.
5. Infrastructure and Services Planning: Neighborhood planning includes
considerations for essential infrastructure such as roads, utilities, schools, parks, and
healthcare facilities. Planners assess the needs of each neighborhood and allocate
resources accordingly.
6. Housing and Housing Policies: Neighborhoods can have varying housing densities,
types, and affordability levels. Housing policies are often tailored to address the
housing needs and preferences of each neighborhood.
7. Transportation Planning: Neighborhoods play a vital role in transportation
planning. The layout of streets, public transit routes, and pedestrian infrastructure is
influenced by neighborhood boundaries and needs.
8. Community Development: Urban planning often includes community development
strategies for neighborhoods, aimed at improving the quality of life, economic
opportunities, and social services available to residents.
9. Sustainability: Neighborhood planning can focus on sustainability by incorporating
green infrastructure, energy efficiency, and environmental considerations tailored to
each area's unique characteristics.
10. Social Equity: Planners may address social equity issues by directing resources and
services to neighborhoods with specific needs, such as affordable housing or
education programs.
11. Cultural and Historic Preservation: Preservation efforts may target neighborhoods
with historical or cultural significance, aiming to maintain their unique character and
heritage.
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12. Crime and Safety: Planning can include strategies for crime prevention and
improving public safety within neighborhoods.
13. Public Engagement: Neighborhood planning often involves engaging with local
residents and stakeholders to gather input and feedback, ensuring that planning
decisions align with the community's wishes.
14. Economic Development: Plans for economic development, business districts, and
employment centers within neighborhoods are integral to creating thriving and
sustainable communities.
15. Place-Making: Planners work to create vibrant and attractive neighborhoods that
foster a sense of place, community, and belonging among residents.
Neighborhoods as a planning construct recognize the diversity and specificity of different
urban areas, each with its unique needs and characteristics. They serve as a framework for
tailoring urban policies, land use regulations, and development strategies to create well-
functioning, livable, and sustainable communities within the larger urban context.
1.8 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The aims and objectives of neighborhood design are to create well-planned, functional, and
livable communities that enhance the quality of life for residents while promoting
sustainability and a sense of place. Specific aims and objectives of neighborhood design may
include:
Community Interaction and Social Cohesion:
 Foster a sense of community and belonging among residents.
 Promote social interaction and engagement within the neighborhood.
 Create spaces that encourage neighbors to connect and build relationships.
Walkability and Accessibility:
 Design streets and infrastructure that support pedestrian and bicycle mobility.
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 Reduce dependence on automobiles and promote alternative transportation options.
 Ensure accessibility for all, including people with disabilities.
Mixed Land Uses:
 Encourage a mix of residential, commercial, and recreational land uses.
 Provide convenient access to amenities, services, and job opportunities within the
neighborhood.
Aesthetics and Character:
 Create an attractive and distinctive neighborhood character through architectural
diversity and landscaping.
 Preserve and celebrate historical, cultural, or architectural heritage where applicable.
Environmental Sustainability:
 Integrate sustainable design and green infrastructure to minimize the environmental
impact.
 Promote energy efficiency, waste reduction, and the preservation of natural features.
Safety and Security:
 Enhance safety through well-lit streets, traffic management, and crime prevention
strategies.
 Foster a sense of security by promoting community policing and neighborhood watch
programs.
Affordable Housing and Inclusivity:
 Ensure a variety of housing options, including affordable housing, to accommodate
diverse income levels.
 Promote inclusivity and diversity within the neighborhood.
Local Economy and Business Development:
 Support local entrepreneurship and small businesses.
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 Create vibrant business districts and employment centers within the neighborhood.
Public Spaces and Recreation:
 Provide parks, plazas, and recreational areas for residents to enjoy.
 Plan for cultural and recreational facilities, such as community centers and theaters.
Health and Well-being:
 Promote residents' physical and mental well-being by providing access to healthcare
facilities, fitness centers, and green spaces.
 Encourage active lifestyles and outdoor activities.
Smart and Sustainable Infrastructure:
 Incorporate technology and data-driven solutions for efficient infrastructure
management.
 Plan for public transportation systems and energy-efficient utilities.
Community Engagement and Participation:
 Involve residents and community organizations in the planning and decision-making
process.
 Ensure that the design reflects the needs and desires of the local community.
Cultural and Historic Preservation:
 Preserve and celebrate cultural, historical, or architectural assets within the
neighborhood.
 Promote cultural events and heritage preservation.
Economic and Environmental Resilience:
 Develop strategies to enhance the neighborhood's ability to withstand economic and
environmental challenges.
 Foster resilience against natural disasters and economic downturns.
Transportation and Mobility:
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 Plan transportation infrastructure to ease traffic congestion and reduce commute
times.
 Prioritize public transportation and encourage non-motorized forms of mobility.
The specific aims and objectives of neighborhood design can vary depending on the unique
needs, goals, and characteristics of each community. The overarching goal is to create
neighborhoods that are sustainable, livable, safe, and appealing to residents while promoting
a strong sense of community and connection.
1.9 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
As was already mentioned, the neighborhood is still a crucial part of society as a whole.
Neighborhood planning is frequently viewed as a solution to urban social issues that are
believed to have their roots in preindustrial towns' weakening of local community
relationships (Colquhoun, 1985). Within cities, neighborhoods always have a distinct
physical reality with unique physical, social, and economic traits. They are the primary
societal unit that contributes significantly to the growth of cities.
People live and spend much of their time in urban neighborhoods. Therefore, urban
community planning and design must be thorough to meet resident needs and accommodate
additional growth while taking into account the needs of coming generations. Accordingly,
urban neighborhood planning and design play a critical role in the development of sustainable
cities (Abolfazl, ebnem, & Nina, 2014). In order to create sustainable urban settlements,
sustainable neighborhood design is therefore a necessary first step (Gildroy & Al-Hagla,
2008).
Professional urban planners and local communities use neighborhood planning as a method
of shaping both existing and future neighborhoods. It can refer to a continuous process
whereby community matters are settled upon, or it can refer to the process of developing a
physical neighborhood plan, such as through participatory planning.
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The idea of a neighborhood as a physical entity has a complicated past. Robert E. Park and E.
W. Burgess introduced the concept of "neighborhood" in 1915 as an ecological idea with
implications for urban design. Since then, a variety of notions and concepts about a
neighborhood have developed, including the significant notion of the neighborhood unit. In
the US, neighborhood planning has a long history dating back more than a century.This
method has been employed by city planners to address a variety of social issues, including
environmental deterioration, economic marginalization, and community disintegration. The
idea was partially applied while new towns were being developed in the UK. Under the
Localism Act of 2011, the procedure has been reinstated as a type of community-led planning
in England.
1.10 NEIGHBORHOOD PLANNING PROCESS
The neighborhood planning process involves a series of steps and activities aimed at
developing a comprehensive plan for a specific neighborhood. This plan typically covers land
use, transportation, infrastructure, and community development. Here's a general overview of
the neighborhood planning process:
Initiation and Preparation:
 Needs Assessment: Begin by conducting a needs assessment to understand the
current conditions and challenges of the neighborhood. This includes gathering data
on demographics, housing, transportation, infrastructure, and community services.
 Stakeholder Identification: Identify key stakeholders in the neighborhood, including
residents, community organizations, local businesses, and government agencies.
 Legal Framework: Familiarize yourself with the legal and regulatory framework that
governs land use and planning in the area.
Community Engagement:
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 Public Meetings and Workshops: Organize public meetings, workshops, and open
houses to engage with residents and gather input on their priorities and concerns.
 Surveys and Questionnaires: Use surveys and questionnaires to reach a broader
audience and collect opinions on various aspects of neighborhood development.
 Online Platforms: Create online platforms or social media channels for residents to
provide input, access information, and engage in discussions.
 Focus Groups: Conduct focus group discussions with specific community segments,
such as youth, seniors, or business owners, to capture diverse perspectives.
Data Collection and Analysis:
 Gather Data: Collect data on land use, infrastructure, traffic patterns, housing
conditions, environmental factors, and any other relevant information.
 GIS and Mapping: Utilize Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to create maps
and visual representations of the neighborhood's existing conditions.
 Data Analysis: Analyze the data to identify trends, opportunities, and challenges that
will inform the planning process.
Goal Setting:
Work with the community to establish a shared vision and goals for the neighborhood. This
may involve setting goals related to land use, transportation, housing, economic development,
sustainability, and other key areas.
Development of Plans and Strategies:
 Land Use Planning: Determine how land within the neighborhood should be used
and designate areas for residential, commercial, recreational, and other purposes.
 Transportation Planning: Develop plans for streets, sidewalks, bike lanes, public
transit, and other transportation infrastructure.
 Community Development: Plan for community facilities, parks, and social services.
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 Zoning and Regulations: Review and, if necessary, update zoning codes and land
use regulations to align with the neighborhood's vision.
 Sustainability Initiatives: Incorporate sustainability measures, such as green
infrastructure, renewable energy, and waste reduction.
Drafting the Plan:
Create a comprehensive neighborhood plan that includes maps, policies, and specific
strategies to achieve the established goals.
Review and Approval:
Submit the draft plan for review and approval by relevant local authorities, such as city or
county planning commissions or city councils.
Public Feedback and Revisions:
Share the draft plan with the community for feedback and make revisions based on their
input.
Finalization and Adoption:
Finalize the neighborhood plan and seek formal adoption by the governing body. Once
adopted, the plan becomes an official guiding document for future development in the
neighborhood.
Implementation and Monitoring:
Develop an implementation strategy that outlines how the plan's recommendations will be
executed over time.
Continuously monitor the progress of plan implementation, regularly assess the
neighborhood's changing needs, and update the plan as necessary.
Community Involvement:
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Throughout the process, maintain ongoing community involvement and engagement to
ensure that residents remain informed and have opportunities to participate in decision-
making.
The neighborhood planning process is a collaborative effort that involves the active
participation of residents, community organizations, local government agencies, and planning
professionals. The resulting neighborhood plan serves as a roadmap for the future
development and improvement of the community, guided by the priorities and aspirations of
its residents.
1.11 METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the methodology and procedure used to carry out the design. It
reveals the procedure and methods used in carrying out survey for this design, in order to
have access to adequate information which will aid proper planning of the neighborhood
design.
1.12 DATA SOURCE
Planning data are facts or information required when a phenomenon is being examined,
for decision making (Basorun, 2006).
In line with this idea, the data that was used for this design survey is collected from the major
sources which are listed as follows:
1. Primary data source
2. Secondary data source
3. Satellite imagery and Geographic Information System (GIS)
PRIMARY DATA SOURCE
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This deals with raw data obtained on field, these are data that is unprocessed and shows
the exact situation on the field, such date requires further analysis so as to make more it
meaningful. It includes personal observations, photography and site sketches.
SECONDARY DATA SOURCE
This refers to data already collected, processed, analyzed and sometimes interpreted and
reconstructed by other researchers, and perhaps have been used formally. The secondary
data used for the study involves extracts form maps (administrative and topographical),
journals, textbooks, reports and online documents which helped to give basic
explanations and details to various aspects of the study. This area was very fruitful as it
helped to influence the design decisions made.
SATELLITE IMAGERY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
GIS is a fast-growing aspect of computer technology introduced for acquiring, storing
manipulating, analyzing and presenting spatial referenced data maps to provide
geographic information and data about the characteristics of land, environment and other
natural resources.
This helps to obtain co-ordinates of mapped out area. Google Earth and Maps were used
A reconnaissance survey was conducted specifically to familiarize ourselves with the site.
This survey aid in ascertaining the boundaries for the study area and possible constraints
on site. Observation method is adopted to see, appreciate and experience the real
atmosphere of the study area and its surroundings. This was done in order to get detailed
and clear first hand up to date information about the study area. To support this
observation method, satellite imagery of the study area was downloaded using Google
Earth. Thereafter, GIS (Geographical Information System) was used to obtain the co-
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ordinates of the area to establish the true points of the study area. This was done to get
real location of the study area.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEWAND HISTORY OF NEIGHBOURHOOD DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
The history of neighborhood design is a multifaceted story that has evolved over centuries,
shaped by changing societal, economic, and urban development dynamics. While it is not
possible to cover every detail, here is a broad overview of the history of neighborhood
design:
Ancient Civilizations:
The concept of organized settlements dates back to ancient civilizations, such as
Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. These early urban centers featured grid-like street
layouts, walls for defense, and central public spaces like squares and forums.
Medieval Towns:
Medieval European towns developed organically over time, characterized by narrow, winding
streets and a lack of formal urban planning. However, some towns, like Venice, were known
for deliberate design, featuring canals and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure.
Renaissance and Baroque Periods:
During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, European cities like Paris, Vienna, and
Florence underwent significant urban planning and redesign, resulting in grand boulevards,
axial streets, and formal city squares.
Garden Cities:
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Garden City movement, spearheaded by
Ebenezer Howard, emerged as a response to the industrial revolution's urban challenges. It
emphasized the creation of planned, self-contained communities with green spaces, a focus
on nature, and balanced land use.
City Beautiful Movement:
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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the City Beautiful movement sought to beautify
cities with grand architecture, grand avenues, and neoclassical design. It aimed to enhance
civic pride and aesthetic appeal.
Modernist Planning:
In the mid-20th century, modernist urban planning emerged with a focus on efficiency,
functionalism, and automobile-centric design. It often resulted in high-rise housing and
separated land uses, contributing to issues like urban sprawl.
Post-World War II Suburbanization:
The post-World War II era witnessed significant suburbanization and the development of
suburban neighborhoods characterized by single-family homes, cul-de-sacs, and a heavy
reliance on automobiles.
New Urbanism:
In the late 20th century, the New Urbanism movement emerged as a response to the
shortcomings of modernist planning. It advocated for walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods, a
focus on community, and a return to traditional neighborhood design principles.
Smart Growth:
Smart Growth principles have gained prominence in the 21st century. They aim to curb urban
sprawl and promote more sustainable, compact development that focuses on economic,
environmental, and social sustainability.
Sustainable and Resilient Design:
Contemporary neighborhood design is increasingly focused on sustainability, incorporating
eco-friendly practices, renewable energy, and resilience measures to address the challenges of
climate change.
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Throughout history, neighborhood design has reflected the values, technologies, and
challenges of each era. Today, it is characterized by a diverse range of approaches and
philosophies that aim to create communities that are both functional and enriching,
prioritizing sustainability, walkability, community, and aesthetic appeal. This evolution
continues as urban planners adapt to the changing needs and priorities of society.
2.1 PRINCIPLES FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DESIGN
Neighborhood design principles provide a framework for creating well-planned, attractive,
and functional communities. These principles help guide the layout, organization, and
development of neighborhoods to enhance the quality of life for residents.
Clarence Perry outlined six guidelines for community unit design. Other writers and
designers, like Jose Sert, Clarence Stein, Onokerhoraye, and Omuta, backed these ideas as
well (Daniel & Imasuen, 2004). Daniel & Imasuen (2004) and Watson, Plattus, Alan, &
Robert (2003) both include the following principles:
• Internal street system: The unit should be provided with a special streetsystem, each
highway being proportioned to itsprobable traffic load, and the street net as a
wholebeing designed to facilitate circulation within the unitand to discourage its use
by through traffic. Interior or internal street patterns should be designed and
constructed through the use of cul-de-sacs, access road, curved layout and light duty
surfacing so as to encourage a quiet, safe, low volume traffic movement and
preservation of the residential atmosphere.
• Boundaries: The unit should be bounded on all sides by arterial streets, sufficiently
wide to facilitate its bypassing by all through traffic. Major arterials and through
traffic routes should not pass through residential neighborhoods. Instead, these streets
could provide the boundaries of the neighborhood.
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• Size: A residential unit development should provide housing for that population for
which one elementary school is ordinarily required, its actual area depending upon
population density. The population of the neighborhood should be that which is
necessary to support its elementary school. When Perry enunciated the neighborhood
concept, he gave this as 5000 persons. He recommended this size because of the
maximum distance of home to school to be covered by a child in the primary school
and should not be more than half a mile. In many places, because of threshold
requirements, a population size of 5,000 – 10,000 have been suggested. Modern
neighborhoods are often segregated into low, medium and high population densities.
• Institution sites: Sites for the school and other institutions having service spheres
coinciding with the limits of the unit should be suitably grouped about a central point,
or common area. The neighborhood focal point should be the elementary school
centrally located on a common or green, along with other institutions that have
service areas coincident with the neighborhood boundaries.
• Open spaces: A system of small parks and recreations spaces should be provided,
planned to meet the needs of the particular neighborhood. The neighborhood should
have a system of small parks and organized recreation spaces planned to meet the
needs of the particular neighborhood. There is need to separate different classes of
children and adults in terms of play areas.
• Local shops: One or more shopping districts, adequate for the population to be
served, should be laid out in the circumference of the unit (at the center of the
neighborhood) preferably at traffic junctions and adjacent to similar districts of
adjoining neighborhoods. The smaller shopping facilities (such as the corner shops)
should be scattered over the neighborhood at distance convenient to the users.
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2.2 KEY FEATURES OF SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBORHOODS
Sustainable cities are prosperous, convenient, livable, and safe. A sustainable city would
possess the following key features, which the Five Principles contribute to:
1. A vibrant street life: Supporting and promoting street life by enabling a variety of
activities, conducive frontage and street width, and reducing the presence and role
of private transport. The Five Principles encourage high density and mixed land
use which boost a lively street life. A high population density generates sufficient
industrial and commercial service demand while mixed land use provides
adequate manufacturing and service space. Cities consistent with the Five
Principles are able to link demand with supply and thus stimulate a prosperous
city street life which satisfies people’s material and spiritual needs and creates a
safe and vibrant city life. This is a key feature of sustainable cities.
2. Walkability: Promoting walkability as a key measure to bring people into the
public space, reduce congestion and boost local economy and interactions. A
vibrant street life encourages people to walk or cycle around, while a rational
street network enables necessary city administrative services to be offered within
walking or cycling distance and ensures security. High density, mixed land use
and a social mix make proximity to work, home and services possible. Walkability
helps to reduce automobile reliance and thus alleviate relevant congestion, air
pollution and resource depletion issues. It is healthier to “walk more and drive
less”! Pedestrians add an incredible amount of vibrancy to city life.
3. Affordability: Supporting affordability of transactions and economic activities, as
well as of services and housing, by promoting proximity and reducing costs and
building services for a diverse group of users. Proximity, brought about by
applying the Five Principles, helps to reduce wastage of time and resources and
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thus brings down general service costs. Furthermore, the social mix principle tries
to promote a rational distribution of urban public resources and provides adequate
housing for different revenue groups through city planning regulations - ensuring
social equity and promoting economic efficiency. An affordable and
accommodating city is a core feature of a sustainable city (UN-Habitat,
2015).
2.3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NEIGHBORHOOD DESIGN
Community consciousness in many low-income neighborhoods emerged in the early 1960s.
Direct involvement of the public in the definition of its physical environment and an
increased sense of social responsibility constituted a new movement. Following this
movement, CDCs, aiming to offer design and planning services to enable the poor to define
and implement their own planning goals, were established in the United States.
Influenced by Paul Davidoff’s advocacy model of intervention, many design and planning
professionals rejected traditional practice. Instead, they fought against urban redevelopment,
advocated for the rights of poor citizens and developed methods of citizen participation.
Federal programs of the 1960s, such as the Community Action Program and Model Cities
Program, encouraged the participation of citizens in improvement programs. With these
programs, people outside the professions were allowed to make decisions about planning and
financing. Citizens were given the right to participate in planning and implementation
processes through grants and technical assistance.
2.4 NEIGHBORHOOD DESIGN REFORM
Today, more people participate in local planning than ever before. This participation is
supported by local authorities and provides unique opportunities for increasing public
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awareness of a variety of community issues. The capacity of Neighbourhood design centers,
however, to address issues of environmental risks and poverty has diminished because
powerful local interests tend to dominate. Such centers are too often marginalized in local
political processes serving the disadvantaged, while those with more resources use
participatory techniques to resist urban change and reinforce their own power.
Citizens today are often short-sighted in their efforts, which are increasingly segregated along
class and racial lines. As wealthy citizens have embraced participation and environmental
risks have become clearer, an increasing number of dangerous land uses, such as landfills,
toxic sites and polluting industries, have been located in poor communities. Today,
participation has been used to preserve the quality of life for affluent and powerful citizens.
Those who already have economic clout are involved in politics in ways that
disproportionately increase their influence, making the practice of democracy increasingly
biased against the economically disadvantaged. Similarly, citizen input has largely been
reduced to reacting to, rather than initiating, projects.
Quality-of-life participation and efforts at neighborhood protection frequently rely on the
methods of advocacy that were developed initially to empower the poor. This citizen
motivation is evidenced in positions like Not on Our Street (NOOS), Not in My Back Yard
(NIMBY) and Locally Unwanted Land Uses (LULU).
Only by refocusing on the initial reasons for community participation can local problems be
effectively solved. This suggests that the grassroots must be empowered with the authority
and responsibility for taking proactive local action, not just blocking actions.
Local groups with similar goals that lack communication or cooperation may undermine the
potential for mutual benefits. The dominance of narrow special interests needs to be replaced
by a broader civic vision that penetrates social and physical barriers. A reformation of
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participatory processes, which stresses the conscious pursuit of a sense of community, a new
form of governance that empowers local communities and the creation of sustainable
communities, is needed. This new approach to participation should examine the cumulative
impact of actions and their social and ecological implications. Community building, in
contrast to the 1960s federal programs where outside professionals selected priorities, sees
resident groups playing a more central role in planning and implementation. It is dedicated to
the idea that residents must take control of their own destiny and that of their community.
Instead of seeing the old idea of citizen participation in government programs, community-
building advocates see government participation in citizen initiatives.
Participation has become a tool for defending exclusionary, conservative principles rather
than for promoting social justice and ecological vision. Professionals need to assume a new
proactive role that distinguishes them from their more traditional counterparts. The new
professional needs to employ a visionary approach that allows a community to expand its
vision through participatory processes. Proactive practice begins well before there is a paying
client and continues long after the contract ends
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CHAPTER THREE
3.0 HISTORY
Before the reign of Oba Ofiran Oye, the 9th Awujale of Ijebu-Ode, five personalities from
different royal households in Ijebu-Ode came to these parts now known as Ijebu-Igbo for
game hunting. One of the five personalities was Tanrin Larinkoye a.k.a. Kegbo, the founder
of Atikori. Tanrin Larinkoye was such a powerful and influential personality that he was
described as "Kegbo, e ni gba, ke gba, e ni sese". This appellation stands till today. The five
friends established five separate game hunting camps.
Tanrin has his camp north of the town. Because of the perculiar hut he made, the place was
called Atikuwo describing the style of entering his hut. The name Atikuwo with times,
change to Atikori. The camps that were built by the five friends soon grew into towns. Each
town has its market both day and night and Iledi Osugbo.
According to oral history, before the arrival of Tanrin Larinkoye and his party, people have
inhabited this part of the town. No wonder, Tarin Larinkoye met a woman also of powerful
character known as Maje. The got married. It was further revealed that one day, while Maje
was in the forest to gather leaves with which to wrap the corn porridge (eko) she sighted an
elephant. Quickly and quietly, she returned home to call her husband. On receiving the news,
Tanrin went to the spot and shot at the elephant at a place called eri Osun and the elephant
finally fell at a place called ojogun, now Bagije.
RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION
The people of Atikori believe in the existence of spiritual forces that influence the lives of
mankind. They believe that the origin of the world is traceable to a Supreme Being generally
known as God or Olodumare. Before the advent of colonialism, the indigenes of Atikori
worshipped many deities that served as direct intermediaries between them and God or
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Olodumare. Some of those traditional religious practices existing till today are ogun,
egungun, oro, sango, orisanla and many others.
At the inception of Christianity and Islam in Ijebu land, Atikori people warmly embraced the
two religions. The first organized Church was built beside the Atikori Market (Ram and Goat
Sections) now the present site of St. James School ground, Atikori, Ijebu-Igbo. Ven (Later
Bishop S. O. Phillips) laid the foundation of the Church on November 30, 1932, The Church
was dedicated on May 9, 1946 by Bishops A. B. Akinyele and S. C. Phillips and Ven. J. O.
Lucas aided by thirty-nine clergymen. Similarly, the first mosque was built at Itamosugbo in
Atikori and the first Chief Imam of Ijebu-Igbo Central Mosque was Imam Aliyu also from
Atikori Town.
OCCUPATION
Atikori Town's main occupation is farming and trading. The people farm in the villages
througout the week and return to the town during the week-end to rest and also for
celebrations. One of such villages, Abeku was very popular. It was named ekefa igbo by the
late Orimolusi, Oba Sami Adetayo (Kupakude IV) when he visited the Village in 1987.
Atikori town has more than on hundred villages. Most of the villages have primary schools,
churches and mosques.
SOCIAL GROUPS
Social and cultural groups like Atikori Community Development Committee (formerly
Atikori Development Council), Atikori Foundation, Atikori Club and other several Clubs and
trade associations are in the vanguard of promoting social and developmental activities in the
town. The age-grade groups (regbe-regbe) are being resuscitated among the old and young
people of Atikori.
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EDUCATION
The people of Atikori believe in the existence of spiritual forces that influence the lives of
mankind. They believe that the origin of the world is traceable to a Supreme Being generally
known as God or Olodumare. Before the advent of colonialism, the indigenes of Atikori
worshipped many deities that served as direct intermediaries between them and God or
Olodumare. Some of those traditional religious practices existing till today are ogun,
egungun, oro, sango, orisanla and many others.
At the inception of Christianity and Islam in Ijebu land, Atikori people warmly embraced the
two religions. The first organized Church was built beside the Atikori Market (Ram and Goat
Sections) now the present site of St. James School ground, Atikori, Ijebu-Igbo. Ven (Later
Bishop S. O. Phillips) laid the foundation of the Church on November 30, 1932, The Church
was dedicated on May 9, 1946 by Bishops A. B. Akinyele and S. C. Phillips and Ven. J. O.
Lucas aided by thirty-nine clergymen. Similarly, the first mosque was built at Itamosugbo in
Atikori and the first Chief Imam of Ijebu-Igbo Central Mosque was Imam Aliyu also from
Atikori Town.
3.1 Traditional Rulers in Ijebu-Igbo and its Environment
 The Orimolusi of Ijebu-Igbo
 The Ebunmawe of Ago-Iwoye
 The Limeri of Awa
 The Alaporu of Ilaporu
 The Oloru of Oru-Ijebu
 The Sopenlukale of OkeSopen
 The Bejeroku of Oke-Agbo
 The Olokine of Ojowo
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 The Keegbo of Atikori
 The Abija Parako of Atikori
3.2 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA
The location is situated in Ogun State, Nigeria's Ijebu North Local Government Area. The
location is at 6.9720 Lat (DMS) 6.58' 19N and 3.9994 Long (DMS) 3.59' 58E.The location of
the site is Kegbo/Ita-ale Okeife in Atikori, Ijebu igbo. The entire location is located in the
tropics. Ogun State is situated between latitudes 50 and 80 north of the equator and
longitudes 50 and 70 west of the Greenwich Meridian. The property is surrounded by dense
foliage in some areas and a 12-meter minor arterial road in the west.
Figure 3.2.1: Map of Ijebu north local Government showing ijebu igbo with green
color
Source: Google imagery, 2023
3.3 VEGETATION AND SOIL OF THE STUDY AREA
The area's vegetation is fairly dense. Evergreen rainforest foliage covers the area. In actuality,
various plant species, particularly trees, can be found there. Obeche is one example. Along
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with large trees that create canopies, there are also creepers and epiphytes. This well-fed
vegetation creates fertile soils that improve local agricultural practices for both income crops
and staple crops. For instance, yam farms, coco yam farms, plantain farms, etc. The greenery
provides the locals with access to fertile, arable ground that they can cultivate if they are
interested in farming. If they take advantage of the opportunities offered by the vegetation,
soil, and climatic conditions to cultivate the available land on their separate assigned plots,
the low-income earners could be able to feed themselves.
The soil is loamy and humus which makes the site suitable for cultivation. The soil is
compact in texture. This makes it generally good to withstand vibrations which could arise
from the construction of houses and installations of complementary facilities
Figure 3.3.1: Vacant land of the Site
Source: Fields survey, 2023
3.4 CLIMATIC CONDITION OF THE STUDY AREA
The report neighborhood site is located in Ijebu Igbo. The site exhibits the climatic attributes
of Ijebu Igbo. In literature, the climatic conditions of Ijebu Igbo have been documented. The
climatic conditions of the site are as follows. Information adapted from climate – data.org
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shows that Ijebu Igbo which houses the project site has a tropical rainfall. The site has
significant rainfall in most months of the year with a short dry season with double maximum
rainfall every year. The seasons of the site is being influenced by the Humid Warm Maritime
Equatorial air originating from over the Atlantic Ocean from the south - west. It is also
regarded as the south west monsoon trade wind.
3.5 CLIMATE CONDITION OF ATIKORI, IJEBU-IGBO
In Atikori, the wet season is overcast, the dry season is partly cloudy, and it is hot and
oppressive year-round. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies
from 69°F to 93°F and is rarely below 63°F or above 97°F.
Based on the best/score the best time of year to visit Atikorifor hot-weather activities is
from early December to late January.
The time of year with warmer water lasts for 3.8 months, from February 15 to June 7, with
an average temperature above 83°F. The month of the year in Atikori with the warmest water
is April, with an average temperature of 84°F.
The time of year with cooler water lasts for 2.0 months, from July 17 to September 17, with
an average temperature below 79°F. The month of the year in Atikori with the coolest water
is August, with an average temperature of 78°F
3.6 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Atikori is the home of Agric produce there are arable land for farming. Also,there are small
villages and hamlet underAtikori. Majority of the people in the rural area ofthe town engaged
in farming. Garri production, banana, bamboo stick etc. are some of the produces that
weproduce in Atikori. Atikoriisblessed with many of spiritualists. Cleric, alfas,pastors’
herbalist, traditionalist. They arecapable of handling any spiritual problem if they
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areconsulted. Though, there are fake among them, butif you need the real and original ones
among them, youwill get them.
3.7 CULTURAL AND FESTIVAL
Atikori is the home of spiritualist; Atikoriis blessed with many of spiritualists. CLERIC,
ALFAS, PASTORS HERBALIST, TRADITIONALIST. They are capable of handling any
spiritual problem if they are consulted. though, there are fake among them, but if you need
the real and original ones among them, you will get them. Atikori normally do Egun festival
during June/July.
Figure 3.7.1: During Egungun festival
3.8 PONMO FACTORY
Ponmo (processed cow skin) production is a major trade in Ijebu Igbo town, Ogun state with
over Atikori people engaged in the business and though many people still underrate this
venture, YEJIDE GBENGA-OGUNDARE, who went round cottage ponmo industries in the
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town finds that ponmo has not only made many people silent millionaires but has also
brought glory to the town. Her report.
Ponmo, a popular delicacy among Nigerians especially people in the South-West, is cow skin
which is processed to become edible and is often used in lieu of beef or such other
condiments
while eating while to some, the diet is not balanced if ponmo is not included.
There are two major types of ponmo; the brown and the white, Ijebu Igbo people are known
for their expertise in the production of the brown ponmo in commercial quantities with so
many people sengaged in diverse aspects of the trade
Figure 3.8: Picture of buka showing plank using for the burning of the ponnmo
3.10 EXISTING BASE MAPS
An existing base map, often referred to as an "existing conditions base map," is a map or
plan that represents the current state of an area or site. It provides a visual and often
detailed representation of various features and conditions in a specific geographic area.
Existing base maps are commonly used in urban planning, land development,
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environmental assessments, and various other fields to provide a foundation for further
analysis, planning, or design.
Figure 3.10.1: Base map of Atikori
Base maps serve as a reference map on which you overlay data from layers and visualize
geographic information, base map is the foundation for your maps and provide context for
your work. Base map is the representation at a specified scale of selected fundamental map
information use as framework, it is also a foundation map use as a reference layer in
geographic information systems (GIS). This are the existing base map we get for our
neighborhood design for Atikori e.g.
1. Condition of buildings
2. Buildings use
3. Age of buildings
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4. Height buildings
5. Land use
CONDITION OF BUILDINGS:
Condition of building is the physical state of the buildings hence its performances and to
know whether the buildings it is either good, or bad. In urban and regional planning, we
use Good, Poor, Fair to indicate condition of buildings. Yellow is use to indicate good
buildings, brown color is use to indicate fair buildings and green is use to indicate poor
buildings. The picture of condition of building is given below
Figure 3.10.2: Picture of Atikori showing condition of building
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BUILDING USE
Building use is building that indicate what the buildings is use for. examples of what
building is use for, commercial, residential, public, industrial etc. The picture of the
building use is given below and the analysis
Figure 3.10.3: Picture of Atikori showing the building use
BUILDING USE ANALYSIS
S/N Building use No of building Percentage

1 Residential 325 96.7%
2 Public 5 1.5%
3 Commercial 6 1.8%
Total 300 100%
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LAND USE
The total area given had a total of 100 hectares. This land covers different types of land
use including; residential, public, commercial, open space etc. In the preparation of the
plan, care was made to ensure adequate zoning which ensured complementarity between
the land uses and the avoidance of conflict in the process. The picture of the land use and
analysis of the land use is given below.
Figure 3.10.6: Picture of Atikori showing the land use
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
A questionnaire was administered to gather information about current conditions and
issues as well as to plan ahead for the community. One questionnaire was administered
for each building. There were both open-ended and closed-ended questions on the
questionnaire, and all of the answers were provided in a clear, concise manner. It should
be mentioned that the majority of people have little to no formal education, making it
very challenging to respond to questions.
4.1 DATA ANALYSIS
After all questionnaires are answer and put together. The following analysis is listed below.
SECTION A: SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
GENDER
Frequency Percent
Female 195 65
Male 105 35
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the gender of people living in Atikori community, in our result here from
respondent’s 35% is Male and 65% is Female
AGE
Frequency Percent
10-20 9 2.7
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21-30 52 15.5
31-40 133 39.6
41-50 69 20.5
51-60 57 17.0
61 - above 16 4.8
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the age of people living in Atikori community\, in our result here from
respondent 39.6% is 31-40, 20.5% is 41-50, 17.0% is 51-60, 15.5% is 21-30, 4.8% is 61-
above and 2.7% is 10-20
MARITAL STATUS
Frequency Percent
Divorced 22 5.4
Married 200 76.8
Single 60 12.5
Widower 18 5.4
Total 300 100.0
This table show the marital status of people living in Atikori community, in our result here
from respondent 76.8% is Married, 12.5% is Single ,5.4% is Divorced and 5.4% is Widower
RELIGION
Frequency Percent
Christian 140 48.5
Muslim 135 45.2
Traditional 25 6.3
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Total 300 100.0 ‘
This table shows the religion of people living in Atikori community, in our result here from
respondent 48.5% is Christian, 45.2% is Muslim and 6.3 is Traditional
EDUCATIONAL STATUS
Frequency Percent
Higher education 46 13.7
No formal education 51 15.2
Primary/ Islamic education 71 21.1
Secondary Education 132 50.0
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the educational status, in our result here from respondent 50.0% is
Secondary education, 21.1% is Primary/Islamic education, 15.2% is No formal education
,13.7% is Higher education
OCCUPATION
Frequency Percent
Artisan 8 2.4
Farming 67 19.9
Other 70 20.8
Student's 21 6.3
Trading 170 50.6
Total 300 100.0
This table show the occupation in japracommunity, in our result here from respondent 50.6%
is Trading, 20.8% is Others, 19.9% is Farming, 6.3% is Student’s and 2.4% is Artisan
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IF FARMING TYPE OF FARMING
Frequency Percent
commercial farming 145 44.3
subsistence farming 155 55.7
Total 300 100.0
This table show the type of framing in Atikori community, in our result here from respondent
55.7% is Subsistence farming and 44.3% is Commercial farming
IF TRADING TYPE OF TRADING
Frequency Percent
large scale 54 16.1
medium scale 110 46.7
small scale 136 37.2
Total 300 100.0
This table show the type of trading in Atikori community, in our result here from respondent
46.1% is Medium scale, 37.2% is Small scale and 16.1% is Large scale
SECTION B: Housing Characteristics
TYPES OF BUILDING
Frequency Percent
Brazilian 30 9.5
Bungalow 200 69.3
Story building 70 21.1
Total 300 100.0
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This table show the type of building in Atikori community, in our result here from respondent
69.3% is Bungalow, 21.1% is Storey building and 9.5% is Brazilian
NO OF HABITANT’S PERSONS PER ROOM
Frequency Percent
1-2 110 32.7
2-3 170 58.6
Above 4 20 8.6
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the No of habitat’s person per room, in our result here from respondent
58.6% is 2-3, 32.7% is 1-2 and 8.6% is Above 4
MATERIALS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Frequency Percent
Block 219 75.9
Brick 13 3.9
Mud 68 20.2
Total 300 100.0
This table show the materials in building construction, in our result here from respondent
75.9% is Block, 20.2% is Mud and 3.9% is Brick
FLOOR MATERIAL
Frequency Percent
Concreate 201 70.5
Not concreate 35 10.4
Tiles 64 19.0
Total 300 100.0
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This table shows the floor materials, in our result from respondent 70.5% is Concrete, 19.0%
is Tiles and 10.4% is Not concrete
WINDOW MATERIALS
Frequency Percent
Aluminum 84 25.0
Iron 73 21.7
Louvers 39 11.6
Wood 134 41.7
Total 300 100.0
This table show the window materials, in our result from respondent 41.7% is Wood, 25.0%
is Aluminum, 21.75 is Iron and 11.6% is Louvers
CONDITION OF WINDOW
Frequency Percent
Fair 180 63.4
Good 95 28.9
Need repair 25 7.7
Total 300 100.0
This table show the condition of window, in our result from respondent 63.4% is Fair, 28.9%
is Good and 7.7% is Need repair
DOOR MATERIALS
Frequency Percent
Metal 5 1.5
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Aluminum 30 4.2
Glass 10 1.5 This table shows the door materials,
Iron 150 39.9 in our result from respondent 53.0% is
Wood 105 53.0 Wood, 39.9% is Iron, 4.2% is
Total 300 100.0 Aluminum, 1.5% is Metal and 1.5 is
Glass
CONDITION OF DOOR
Frequency Percent
Fair 185 62.5
Good 85 30.1
Need repair 30 7.4
Total 300 100.0
This table show the condition of door in our result from respondent 62.5% is Fair, 30.1% is
Good and 7.4% IS Need Repair
ROOF MATERIALS
Frequency Percent
Aluminum 50 14.9
Asbestos 127 43.8
Iron Sheet 104 35.7
Wood 19 5.7
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Total 300 100.0
This table shows the roof materials inAtikori community , in our result here from respondent
43.8% is Asbestos , 35.7% is Iron sheet and 5.7% is Wood
CONDITION OF THE WALL
Frequency Percent
Sound 20 69.6
major crack 150 11.9
minor crack 130 18.5
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the condition of wall in japracommunity, in our result here from respondent
69.6% is Sound, 18.5% is Minor crack and 11.9% is Major crack
CONDITION OF THE BATHROOM
Frequency Percent
Fair 180 62.8
Good 50 27.7
Poor 170 9.5
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the condition of the bathroom in Atikori community, in our result from
respondent 62.8% is Fair, 27.7% is Good and 9.5% is Poor
LOCATION OF THE BATHROOM
Frequency Percent
built separately 190 43.2
in built 45 51.8
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Others 65 5.1
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the location of bathroom in Atikoricommunity, in our result from
respondent 51.8% is in built, 43.2% is built separately and 5.1% is others
AVAILABILITY OF TOILET
Frequency Percent
not available 65 1.5
Available 235 98.5
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the availability of toilet, in our result from respondent 98.5% is Available
and 1.5% is Not available
CONDITION OF THE TOILET
Frequency Percent
Fair 100 58.6
Good 60 31.5
Poor 140 9.8
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the condition of the toilet inAtikori community, in our result from
respondent 58.6% is Fair, 31.5% is Good and 9.8% is Poor
AVAILABILITY OF KITCHEN
Frequency Percent
not available 39 11.6
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Available 261 88.4
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the availability of kitchen, in our result from questionaire from respondent
88.4% is Available and 11.6% is Not available
LOCATION OF KITCHEN
Frequency Percent
built separately 160 37.5
in built 140 62.5
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the location of kitchen, in our result from respondent 62.5% is in built and
37.5% is built separately
SOURCE OF WATER
Frequency Percent
Borehole 50 46.7
Well 250 53.3
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the source of water in japracommunity, in our result here from respondents
53.3% is Well and 46.7% is Borehole
SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY
Frequency Percent
Generator 80 17.6
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Lantern 20 10.4
PHCN 170 47.3
Solar 30 24.7
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the source of electricity in Atikori community, in our result here from
respondent 47.3% is PHCN, 24.7% is solar, 17.6% is Generator, 10.4 is Lantern
DISTANCE OF THE TRANSFORMER TO YOUR HOUSE
Frequency Percent
0.5km - 0.7km 125 46.1
0.8km - 1km 24 7.1
1km 12 1.2
less than 0.5km 143 45.5
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the distance of transformer to houses in Atikori community, in our result
from respondent 45.5% is less than 0.5km, 46.1% is 0.5km-0.7km, 7.1% is 0.8km-1km and
1.2% is 1km
SECTION C: COMMUNITY FACILITIES
DID YOU HAVE HEALTH CENTER IN YOUR COMMUNITY
Frequency Percent
No 79 11.0
Yes 221 89.0
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Total 300 100.0
This table shows if there is health center in Atikori community, in our result from respondent
89.0% is Yes and 11.0% is No
CONDITION OF HEALTH FACILITIES
Frequency Percent
Fair 175 49.4
Good 125 50.6
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the condition of health facilities in Atikoricommunity, in our result from
respondent 50.6% is Good and 49.4% is Fair
DISTANCE OF THE HEALTH FACILITY TO YOUR HOUSE
Frequency Percent
1km above 4 1.2
0.5km - 0.7km 125 40.2
0.8km - 1km 36 11.9
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the distance of the health facilities to their house in Atikori community, in
our result from respondent 46.7% is less than 0.5km ,40.2% is 0.5km-0.7km ,11.9% is
0.8km-1km and 1.2% is 1km above
TYPE OF EDUCATIONAL FACULTIES IF AVAILABLE
Frequency Percent
Primary 140 41.7
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all of the above 50 30.1
nursery 20 1.5
secondary 82 24.4
tertiary 8 2.4
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the type of educational facilities in Atikoricommunity, in our result here
from respondent 41.7% is primary, 30.1% is all of the above, 24.4% is secondary, 2.4% is
tertiary and 1.5 is nursery
OWNERSHIP OF SCHOOL
Frequency Percent
Government 185 97.3
Private 115 2.7
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the ownership of schools in Atikori community in our result here from
respondent 97.3% is government and 2.7% is private
DISTANCE OF THE SCHOOL TO YOUR HOUSE
Frequency Percent
0.5km - 0.7km 140 43.5
0.8km - 1km 40 3.9
Total 300 100.0
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This table shows the distance of school to their house, in our result from respondent 52.7% is
less than 0.5km ,43.5% is 0.5km-0.7km and 3.9% is 0.8km-1km
DO YOU HAVE A BOREHOLE IN YOUR COMMUNITY
Frequency Percent
No 75 80.1
Yes 225 19.9
Total 300 100.0
This table shows if they have borehole in Atikori community, in our result here from the
respondent 80.1% is No and 19.9% is Yes, this we help us to create enough borehole to the
community according to the table
DO YOU HAVE WORSHIP CENTER IN YOUR COMMUNITY
Frequency Percent
No 61 1.5
Yes 239 98.5
Total 300 100.0
This table shows, if there is worship center in Atikori community, in our result from
respondent 98.5% is Yes shows that there is worship center in Atikori and 1.5% is No shows
that there is no worship center in Atikori
DO YOU HAVE A MARKET IN YOUR COMMUNITY
Frequency Percent
No 46 12.5
Yes 254 87.5
Total 300 100.0
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This table shows that if there is market in Atikorineighborhood our result from respondent
87.5% is Yes and 12.5% is No
DISTANCE OF THE MARKET TO YOUR HOUSE
Frequency Percent
0.5km - 0.7km 125 46.1

0.8km -1km 24 8.9
Total 300 100.0
This table show the distance of the market to their house, in our result from the respondent
46.1% is 0.5km-0.7km,44.9% is less than 0.5km and 8.9% is 0.8km-1km
IS THE MARKET SECURED
Frequency Percent
No 39 11.6
Yes 261 88.4
Total 300 100.0
This table shows, that if the market is secured from the respondent 88.4% is yes and 11.6% is
no
METHOD OF WASTE DISPOSAL
Frequency Percent
Burning 224 66.7
Dumping 50 29.5
others 26 3.9
Total 300 100.0
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This table shows the method of waste disposal in Atikori community, in our result in this
table we see that the people of Atikori, their method of disposal from the respondent 66.7% is
burning, 29.5% is Dumping and 3.9% is others
SECTION D: ACCESSIBILITY
TYPES OF ROADS
Frequency Percent
Access 150 19.3
Collector 25 3.0
Distributor 10 3.0
Foot Path 65 19.3
Major 50 55.4
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the type of roads that are available in ojowo,Atikoritown. From this analysis
it obvious that major road is the major type of road available in ojowo,Atikori
TYPE OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Frequency Percent
Tarred 180 40.1
Untarred 120 59.8
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the type of roads by construction in the ojowo,Atikori town tarred is 40.1%
and untarred is 59.8%
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CONDITION OF ROADS
Frequency Percent
Fair 221 71.1
Good 29 3.6
poor 50 25.3
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the condition of roads, in 71.1% of the respondent is fair,good is 3.6%,poor
is 25.3%
DRAINAGE AVAILABILITY
Frequency Percent
No 150 17.0
Yes 150 83.0
Total 300 100.0
This table shows, the drainage availability, in our result in this table from our questionaire we
see that there is drainage in Atikori of the respondent 83.0% yes
TYPE OF DRAINAGE
Frequency Percent
Covered 170 8.7
Open 130 91.4
Total 300 100.0
This table show the type of drainage, in our result of the respondent 91.4% is open drainage
and 8.7% is covered drainage, this we help us to create function drainage for Atikori
community
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CONDITION OF DRAINAGE
Frequency Percent
Fair 200 82.4
Good 45 1.2
Poor 55 16.4
Total 300 100.0
This table shows the condition of drainage, in our result 82.4% is fair, Good is 1.2% and Poor
is 16.4%
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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 THE CONCEPTUAL PLAN
This chapter focuses on the fundamental elements that affected the suggested plan's design.
The primary focus of the issues examined is the plan's goal and objectives, which stem from
the primary goal of developing a building plan that values life.
5.1 PLANNING GOALS AND OBJECTIVE
To make land suitable for complementary uses that will enhance the neighborhood.
Provide effective and functional social services and facilities for the different
environmental areas by making sure that land use and facilities are well-connected.
Encourage and strengthen the neighborhood's natural scene value and ecological
component. The plan calls for the construction of a four-bedroom apartment building that
will house various families. Social services, recreational opportunities, places of public
accommodation, and commercial establishments will all be conveniently located close to
one another.
5.2 BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS
Neighborhood concepts serve as the basis for both alternative plans "A" and "B" to the
preferred alternative.
In fact, the convenience, comfort, and safety of the neighborhood's residents come first.
Consequently, the house is built to have a quiet, clean atmosphere free from all forms of
pollution, most notably traffic.
5.3 ALTERNATIVE PLAN “A”
As a farm work for detailed plan and development control, the alternative plan depicts the
broad kind use distribution throughout the entire place with networks connected to every
part of it.
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InNeighborhood design, "alternative A" typically refers to one of several proposed plans
or design options for a particular project or development. When planning urban
developments, city officials, architects, and urban designers often consider multiple
alternatives or design scenarios to address various needs, goals, and constraints. These
alternatives may have different layouts, features, or characteristics.
The specific details of "alternative A" would depend on the context of the urban design
project you are referring to. It could represent a specific design proposal or a particular
approach to solving a design challenge. The choice between different alternatives is
typically made after careful evaluation, taking into account factors like cost, functionality,
aesthetics, environmental impact, and community input.
LAND USE ELEMENT
The land use element in the propose site includes residential, public, commercial, open
space and recreation center.
The land use distribution is shown below
S/N Land use Hectares Percentage
1 Residential 67.73 50%
2 Public 6.70 5%
3 Commercial 8.04 6%
4 Open space 1.34 1%
Total 100 100%
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RESIDENTIAL LAND USE
The residential land use cover------ Hectares
Representing of the total area
The break down consists of------building (4) bedroom flat
COMMERCIAL LAND USE
The commercial element environment for the plan is an organized formal and informal
economic extricates within the area that will cater for the individual and collectives needs
of the residents.
OPEN SPACE
Open space constitutions a vital element in neighborhood development, It improves the
element of the plan as well as the physical, social and psychological wellbeing of the
residential. The total representing 5 of total land allocated for this use
ESTIMATE POPULATION OF ALTERNATIVE PLAN “A”
The residential land use provides for medium density residential plot within a project of
building at a target population of at the rate of 4 people per building.
5.4 ALTERNATIVE PROPOSE PLAN “B”
In Neighborhood design, "alternative B" denotes an additional plan or design choice for a
specific project or development, much like "alternative A" denotes one of multiple
possible design outcomes. When working on projects involving urban development,
urban designers and city planners frequently take into account a variety of options. To
address different project goals and constraints, these alternatives might provide alternative
layouts, solutions, or design strategies.
63 | P a g e
The specifics of "alternative B" would change based on the particular urban design
project that you are talking about. It might stand for an alternate design concept or a
different approach to a certain urban design problem. Usually, a thorough analysis is
conducted before selecting an option, taking into account aspects like price, usability,
design, environmental effect, and community feedback.
The visual character and image of the neighborhood will be formed by the road system
and with the man-made element super-imposed upon it the land scalping. The layout and
design of residential areas, the architecture and the overall treatment of the neighborhood.
LAND USE ELEMNT
This land was share among the residential use, public use, commercial use and open space
use the land use distribution is shown below.
S/N Land use Hectares Percentage
1 Residential 67.73 50%
2 Public 6.70 5%
3 Commercial 8.04 6%
4 Open space 1.34 1%
Total 100 100%
RESIDENTIAL LAND USE
This cover 67.73 hectares representing 50% of the total area, consisting of building of
four (4) bedroom flat
COMMERCIAL LAND USE
A design without this land use is a waster design because this is of great need to the
people regimenting with neighborhood, it amounts for 8.04% hectares and 6% land mass
64 | P a g e
OPEN SPACE
This land use is a place of great importance, for realization and stress, it covers an area of
1.34% hectares, representing 1% of its total area
ESTIMATE POPULATION
The proposed neighborhood is planning strictly for habitation and functioning more as a
satellite settlement with some level of dependence on existing settlement for some services
thus allowing for work place within in end and outside of neighborhood.
5.5 PREFERRED PROPOSED MAP
Due to their functionality, Alternatives "A" and "B" come together to create the
recommended map.
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CHAPTER SIX
6.0 DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
6.1 INTRODUCTION
In-depth analysis of the design implementation, suggestion, and conclusion are provided in
this chapter. The sections below go over these in more detail.
6.2 IMPLEMENTATION
This is a critical phase in the planning process where decided-upon plan actions, activities, or
proposals are carried out. As long as a plan cannot be carried out, it is pointless. It should be a
workable solution to a real-world issue that falls into a predetermined time frame.The
planning of all towns, including ijebu Igbo and other villages, is governed by the Town
Planning Division. It is in charge of ensuring continuity and uniformity in the formulation
and application of State policy regarding the use and development of land.
6.3 RECOMMENDATION
The proposed site has continuously had greater rates of economic inactivity, unemployment,
and youth and adult unemployment due to low incomes and long-term unemployment. This
coexists with other pervasive socioeconomic problems that are important for people's health
and welfare. The following policies will assist in addressing health disparities, combating
poverty, and promoting healthy lifestyles, thereby enabling all citizens to benefit from the
economic growth that the city is able to provide.
6.4 CONCLUSION
The numerous neighborhood amenities, characteristics, and space standards were examined
in this report. evaluating the site's compliance with the legal, spatial, and physical planning
requirements. During the plan phase, a general assessment of the development's geographical
requirements ought to have been conducted.
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Strict adherence to all of the recommendations made in this technical report will aid in
addressing the issues surrounding housing demand, relieve traffic in the state capital, and
provide housing for residents of nearby towns, all of which will encourage growth in Atikori.
It is expected of all professionals working in the built environment who will be directly
involved in the development process to conduct themselves with the utmost professionalism.
In order to achieve the goal of this design, a functional and sustainable planned neighborhood
design that takes into account the residents' health, security, and overall well-being, as well as
all the supporting facilities required to meet current and future human needs, is the last step.
All facilities and infrastructure must be installed.
67 | P a g e
REFERENCES
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Temporal Aerial Photographs – The Case of Voi, Se-Kenya.
Spangenberg, J.H., Pfah, S., and Deller, K., (2002). Toward indicators for institutional
sustainability: lessons from an analysis of Agenda 21. Ecol. Indicators 2, 61–77.
Stubbs, M., Lemon, M. and Longhurst, P. (2000). Intelligent urban management: learning
Sulaiman et al., (2011); Braun, (2011); “Analysis of Housing Condition and
Neighbourhood Quality of Inner Residential Core of Akure, Nigeria”; Mediterranean
Journal of Social Scientists, Rome Italy; http://mjss@mcser.org/mjss
Telecom Media Convergence (2007).Telecom Media Convergence. Retrieved on 15 June
2009 from http://www.tmforum.org/TelecomMediaConvergence/4645/home.html.
Telephony Online (2009).Simplifying fixed/mobile convergence (FMC) for businesses.
Retrieved on 15 June 2009 from http://telephonyonline.com/global/commentary/simplifying-
fixed-mobileconvergence-0330/?cid=hcom.
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The Royal Society (2012); Report on Change Detection of Informal Settlements Using
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UNDP, (1997).Participatory local governance. United Nations Development Programme
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UN-HABITAT. (2008). State of the world’s cities 2010/2011: Bridging the urban divide(1st
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fromhttp://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3387
United Nations. (2012). World urbanization prospects: The 2011 revision. New
York:Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division.
USAID Asia. (2011). Energy trends in developing Asia: Priorities for a low-carbonfuture.
Bangkok, Thailand: United States Agency for International Development, Regional
Development Mission for Asia.
vanBueren, E., & ten Heuvelhof, E. (2005). Improving governance arrangements insupport of
sustainable cities. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design,32(1), 47–66.
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Scientists, Rome Italy; http://mjss@mcser.org/mjss
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Neighborhood Design Report (Part Time)

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A Report of Neighborhood Design of Atikori (school gate to ita-ale, Oke Ife,

IJebu Igbo Ijebu north Local Government, Ogun State. 2023.

1.1 Background of the Study

generation without modifying their needs. It is common to think of planning as a profession

requires dealing with people.

Neighborhood can also be seen as a planning area commonly identified as such in a

the names and boundaries of neighborhoods.

within a residential or urban area to create a functional, attractive, and sustainable

community. It involves the layout, architecture, and infrastructure of a neighborhood, as well

community and a high quality of life for its residents.

Key elements of neighborhood design include:

residential, commercial, recreational, or industrial purposes, and ensuring a

compatible mix of uses.

3. Zoning: Establishing regulations that dictate what types of buildings can be

density, and design.

ecological purposes to enhance the environment and residents' well-being.

5. Public Transportation: Providing efficient and convenient public transportation

options to reduce reliance on private vehicles and ease congestion.

move around the neighborhood easily.

of the neighborhood to create an attractive environment.

8. Community Facilities: Incorporating schools, healthcare facilities, community

centers, and other essential services to support residents' needs.

9. Safety and Security: Implementing measures to enhance safety, such as street

lighting, pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, and traffic calming.

10. Sustainability: Promoting eco-friendly practices, such as energy-efficient buildings,

green infrastructure, and waste management, to reduce the environmental impact.

Effective neighborhood design seeks to foster a sense of community, encourage social

sustainability. It often involves collaboration between urban planners, architects, engineers,

1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

developmental infrastructures. The rate of rural development appears to be out of proportion

were upset with their living conditions.

parents are no longer there.

1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

government; as a result, only respondents from Ijebu-North local government (Atikori

(kegbo/oke-ife axis), Ijebu-Igbo) will be included in this study.

1.3 ORIGIN OF NEIGHBORHOOD DESIGN

professional technical knowledge is often inadequate in the resolution of social problems. It is

an umbrella term covering community planning, community architecture, social architecture,

community development and community participation, all of which emphasize the

barriers and fosters a widespread appreciation of social and environmental justice.

term used in England to encompass community planning, community design, community

critical consciousness through social architecture. On the other hand, community

participation refers to the procedures that involve professionals, families, community

organizations, and government officials in influencing the environment. It encompasses all

sizes and methodologies.

1.4 CONCEPT OF NEIGBORHOOD

the evolution and origin of neighborhood design:

1. Ancient City Planning: Ancient civilizations, such as those in Mesopotamia, Egypt,

2. Medieval Towns: Medieval European towns and cities typically developed

book "Garden Cities of To-Morrow" (1902), emphasized planned, self-contained

boulevards, parks, and neoclassical architecture.

planning, which sometimes resulted in large-scale, high-rise housing developments.

Notable examples include Le Corbusier's "Radiant City" concept.

promotes walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods, with a focus on community,

sustainability, and human-scale design.

development that minimizes sprawl, reduces automobile dependence, and promotes

compact, mixed-use communities.

8. Sustainable Development: The concept of sustainable development has become

increasingly important in neighborhood design. It involves creating communities that

minimize environmental impact, reduce energy consumption, and incorporate green

conducive to a high quality of life for residents.

1.5 TRADITIONAL NEIGHBORHOOD DESIGN

Traditional Neighborhood Design (TND), often referred to as New Urbanism, is a planning