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 Runway orientation
Audiobook Audiobook Audiobook Audiobook
1. Runway • Rectangular-shaped, paved surfaces on an airport, designed for the landing or takeo! of
Last Days
airplanes. of themay be a man-
• Runways ThismadeIs Your Airplane
surface (o"en asphalt concrete, Flying Stick
or a mixture of both) or a and
Concorde:
natural surfaceThe Captain
(grass, dirt, gravel, ice, or salt). Handbook: FAA- Rudder: An
Samme
Crash of
2. Runway Chittum
Flight • Based on
Designations Doug Morris
Speaking:
a runway’s magnetic heading, Federal
H-8083-3BAviation A…
using the 360 degree compass Wolfgang
system Langewi…
Explanation of
• Runways may be
4 /used
5 in two opposite directions
5 / 5• All runways have TWO runway
0 / 5designations
4590 and the Stories from the (Federal the Art of Flying
3. Runway Designations • The pictured runway is oriented in the north- south direction • The pictured
End of Flight Deck Aviation
runway would be designated Runway 18/36
Supersonic
4. Runway Incursion Avoidance Administration)
Definition of a Runway Incursion: “any occurrence at an airport
Passenger
involving an aircra", vehicle, person, or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in
loss of separation with an aircra" taking o! or intending to land” Primarily caused by errors
Travel
associated with clearances, communication, airport surface movement, and positional awareness.
5. Runway Incursion Avoidance
6. Examples of an incursion: an aircra" or vehicle crossing in front of a: ◦ landing aircra" or aircra"
taking o! an aircra" or vehicle: ◦ crossing the runway-holding position marking; ◦ unsure of its
position and entering an active runway; ◦ passing behind an aircra" or vehicle that has not vacated
the runway. failure to follow an air tra!ic control instruction
7. Runway length • A runway of at least 6,000 " (1,800 m) in length is usually adequate for aircra" weights
below approximately 200,000 lb (90,000 kg). • Larger aircra" including wide bodies will usually require
at least 8,000 " (2,400 m) at sea level and somewhat more at higher Altitude airports. • International
wide body flights, which carry substantial amounts of fuel and are therefore heavier, may also have
landing requirements of 10,000 " (3,000 m) or more and takeo! requirements of 13,000 " (4,000 m).
8. • At sea level, 10,000 " (3,000 m) can be considered an adequate length to land virtually any aircra". •
An aircra" will need a longer runway at a higher altitude due to decreased density of air at higher
altitudes, which reduces li" and engine power, requiring higher take-o! and landing speed Runway
length
9. Runway Surface Markings • Runway surface markings are white in colour
10. The runway centerline is a broken white stripe which indicates the center of the runway and provides
alignment guidance for aircra". Runway Surface Markings
11. The runway edge-line is an unbroken white stripe indicating the edges of the runway, and the edges of
the full-strength pavement. Runway Surface Markings
12. Runway threshold markings identify the beginning of the runway which is available for landing.
Runway Surface Markings
13. Runway Surface Marking • Displaced Threshold: A threshold that is moved back usually due to
obstructions, such as trees, powerlines, or buildings o! the end of the runway. This might prohibit
you from making a normal descent to landing on the initial portion of the pavements.
14. Runway Markings • Displaced Threshold:
15. Runway Markings • Blast Pad/Stopway Area: Sometimes referred to as an overrun, it is di!erent
:
 from the area preceding a displaced threshold because it cannot be used for landing, takeo!, or taxiing.
The blast pad is where propeller or jet blast can dissipate without creating a hazard to others.
The “overrun” aspect comes in the fact that the blast pad is paved, allowing aircra" more room to come
to a stop a"er an aborted takeo!.
16. Runway Markings • Blast Pad/Stopway Area:
17. Runway Lighting Runway Edge Lights:- • Single row of white lights bordering each side of runway and
lights identifying the runway threshold •Three Intensity Levels: High Intensity (HIRLs), Medium Intensity
runway lights (MIRLs), and Low intensity runway lights (LIRLs) • Elevated edge-lights identify the runway
edges during adverse visibility conditions •Some are Pilot Controlled, some ATC controlled
18. Approach Lighting Systems • REILs (Runway End Identifier Lights) High intensity white strobe
lights that are places on each side of the runway to mark the threshold.
19. Approach Lighting Systems • In-Runway Lighting Some precision approach lighting systems have
lights mounted flush with the surface of the runway. The runway centerline lighting system (RCLS) is
white until the last 3,000 ". From the 3,000 ". point to the 1,000 ". point, alternating red and white
lights appear. The remaining 1,000 ". are red lights. Touchdown Zone Lighting Two rows of
transverse light bars on either side of the runway centerline starting at 100 ". from the threshold and
extending 3,000 ". or to the midpoint of the runway.
20. Approach Lighting Systems • In -Runway Lighting:
21. Taxiways • A paved surface designed for the movement of aircra" from one part of the airport to
another
22. Taxiway Surface Markings ALL taxiway surface markings are yellow. Taxiway centerline markings
indicate the center of the taxiway.
23. Double yellow taxiway edge-lines indicate the edges of the taxiway as well as the edge of full-
strength pavement Taxiway Surface Markings
24. Taxiway Shoulder Markings consist of transverse stripes extending from the taxiway edge markings
into paved areas which are not intended for aircra" use paved areas which are unsuitable for aircra"
may be painted green. Taxiway Surface Markings
25. Taxiway Surface Markings Runway Hold Lines are located on taxiways which intersect runways All
aircra" and vehicles must hold short of the runway at the hold line.
26. Hold Lines are located at the intersection of a taxiway and a runway. Aircra"/vehicles must hold on the
solid side of the hold line. Taxiway Surface Markings
27. Taxiway Lighting Taxiway edge-lights are blue in color Taxiway edge lighting identifies the edge of
a taxiway during periods of darkness or reduced visibility.
28. Taxiway Lighting In-pavement: Taxiway centerline lights are green in color Taxiway Lighting
29. • Elevated Runway Guard Lights consist of two alternating, flashing yellow lights •Two Types: Elevated
and In-Pavement Runway Guard Lights Taxiway Lighting
30. • In-pavement Runway Guard Lights consist of flashing yellow lights, which extend across the taxiway,
parallel to the hold line Runway Guard Lights Taxiway Lighting
31. In-pavement Runway Guard Lights Extend across hold line Taxiway Lighting
32. A paved surface used for access between taxiways and Ramp (gate) areas Taxilanes (Alleys/Alleyways)
33. Taxilane Surface Markings Taxilanes have either solid white or yellow lead-in lines
34. Ramp/Apron Area Surface Markings Wing-clearance lines are white or red.
:
35. Active Runway • The active runway is the runway at an airport that is in use for takeo!s and landings.
Since takeo!s and landings are usually done as close to "into the wind" as possible, wind direction
generally determines the active runway. • Selection of the active runway, however, depends on a
number of factors. At a non- towered airport, pilots usually select the runway most nearly aligned with
the wind, but they are not obliged to use that particular runway. • At controlled airports, the active is
usually determined by a tower supervisor.
36. Active runway • At major airports with multiple runways, the active could be any of a number of
runways. • At major airports, the active runway is based on weather conditions (visibility and ceiling, as
well as wind, and runway conditions such as wet/dry or snow covered), e!iciency, tra!ic demand and
time of day
37. Section of runway • The Runway Safety Area is the cleared, smoothed and graded area around the
paved runway. It is kept free from any obstacles that might impede flight or ground roll of aircra". • The
Runway is the surface from threshold to threshold, which typically features threshold markings,
numbers, centerlines, but not
38. Runway safety Types of runway safety incidents include: • Runway excursion - an incident involving
only a single aircra", where it makes an inappropriate exit from the runway. • Runway overrun - a type
of excursion where the aircra" is unable to stop before the end of the runway • Runway incursion - an
incident involving incorrect presence of a vehicle, person or another aircra" on the runway • Runway
confusion - an aircra" makes use of the wrong runway for landing or take-o!
39. Pavement • The choice of material used to construct the runway depends on the use and the local
ground conditions. • For a major airport, where the ground conditions permit, the most satisfactory
type of pavement for long- term minimum maintenance is concrete.
40. • Although certain airports have used reinforcement in concrete pavements, this is generally found to
be unnecessary, with the exception of expansion joints across the runway where a dowel assembly,
which permits relative movement of the concrete slabs, is placed in the concrete • Post-tensioning
concrete has been developed for the runway surface. This permits the use of thinner pavements and
should result in longer concrete pavement life. Pavement
41. Pavement surface • Runway pavement surface is prepared and maintained to maximize friction for
wheel braking. • To minimize hydroplaning following heavy rain, the pavement surface is usually
grooved so that the surface water film flows into the grooves and the peaks between grooves will still
be in contact with the aircra" tires.
42. • ASP: Asphalt • BIT: Bituminous Asphalt or Tarmac • BRI: Bricks (no longer in use, covered with Asphalt
or Concrete now) • CLA: Clay • COM: Composite • CON: Concrete • COP: Composite • GRS: Grass or earth
not graded or rolled • COR: Coral (Coral reef structures) • GRE: Graded or rolled earth, Grass on graded
earth • GVL: Gravel • LAT: Laterite • ICE: Ice • MAC: Macadam • PEM: Partially Concrete, Asphalt or
Bitumen-bound Macadam • PER: Permanent Surface, Details unknown • PSP: Marsden Matting (Derived
from Pierced/Perforated Steel Planking) • SAN: Sand • SNO: Snow • U: Unknown surface • In aviation
charts, the surface type is usually abbreviated to a three-letter code. • The most common hard surface
types are Asphalt and Concrete. The most common so" surface types are Grass and Gravel. Surface
Type Codes
43. Runway markings • There are runway markings and signs on most large runways. Larger runways have
a distance remaining sign (black box with white numbers). This sign uses a single number to indicate
:
 the thousands of feet remaining, so 7 will indicate 7,000 " (2,134 m) remaining. The runway threshold is
marked by a line of green lights.
44. There are three types of runways: • Visual runways are used at small airstrips and are usually just a
strip of grass, gravel, asphalt or concrete. Although there are usually no markings on a visual runway,
they may have threshold markings, designators, and centerlines. Additionally, they do not provide an
instrument-based landing procedure; pilots must be able to see the runway to use it. Also, radio
communication may not be available and pilots must be self-reliant. • Non-precision instrument
runways are o"en used at small- to medium-size airports. These runways, depending on the surface,
may be marked with threshold markings, designators, centerlines, and sometimes a 1,000 " (305 m)
mark (known as an aiming point, sometimes installed at 1,500 " (457 m)). They provide horizontal
position guidance to planes on instrument approach via Non-directional beacon (NDB), VHF
omnidirectional range (VOR), Global Positioning System, etc. Runway markings
45. • Precision instrument runways, which are found at medium- and large-size airports, consist of a blast
pad/stopway,threshold, designator, centerline, aiming point, and 500 " (152 m), 1,000 " (305 m)/1,500 "
(457 m), 2,000 " (610 m), 2,500 " (762 m), and 3,000 " (914 m) touchdown zone marks. Precision
runways provide both horizontal and vertical guidance for instrument approaches. Runway markings
46. REFERENCES • Airport Planning & Design by Khanna & Arora • http://en.wikipedia.org

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