HM04

' ~ ? ~ ..... .A

NHA XUAT BAN f>l:\1 HQC QUOC GIA HA NQI

16 Hang Chuoi - Hai Ba Trung - Ha N9i
E>iE;ln tho~i: Bien tc;lp: (024) 39714896
Quan ly xuat ban: (024) 39728806. TOng bien tc;lp: (024) 39715011
Fax: (024)39729436

Chiu trach nhi~m xuat blm:

Giam doc: PHI:\M TH! TRAM
Chiu trach nhi~m ni)i dung:
T6ng bien t~p: NGUYEN TH! HONG NGA

Bien t~p chuyen mon: NGUYEN TH! HU~ - PHI:\M TH! OANH
Bien t~p xuat ban: DINH .QUOC THANG
Sua ban in: NGUYEN TH! NGA
Che ban: THANH DAN
Trinh bay bla: LEVAN HUNG

Defi tac lien kift

CQNG TV TNHH DICH Vl) GIJ~O Dl)C VIeT NAM

fJia chi: 86 23 ngach 1 ngo. 106 Chua Lang,
Phuong Lang ThLi(ing, Qu~n fJ6ng fJa, Ha Nl)i

SACH LIEN KET

PENBOOK LUYeN E>E THI TOT NGHieP THPT MQN SINH

Ma so: 1 L-318TB2021
In 2.000 ban khO 19x27 em t~i t~i GOng ty TNHH MTV In & nghien cuu thi truong Vi(!lt cuong
E>ja chi: 62 Phan E>lnh Gi6t, PhUdng LiE;lt, Thanh Xuan, Ha N¢i.
So xac nhc;ln E>KXB 3785-2021/CXBIPH/05-301/E>HQGHN, ngay 27/10/2021.
Quyet djnh xuat ban so 682 LK-TN/QE>- NXB E>HQGHN, ngay 16/11/2021.
In xong va n¢p luu chi~u nam 2021.
 LOI MOE>AU

Cac em than min,

K.i thi T6t nghi~p THPT chinh la thir thach rna bit ctr h9c sinh nao ci:ing dn vuqt qua d8
d~t dugc ml,lC tieu bu6c vao canh cling B~i hQC. v 6i tit ca mong mu6n va tam huy~t cua minh,
HOCMAIBOOK cimg cac th&y co giao t~i h~ th6ng giao dvc HOCMAI da cimg xay dvng b() sach
PENBOOK Luy~n d~ thi T6t nghi~p THPT (gfim cac mon Toan - V~t 1i - Hoa h9c - Ngfr van
- Ti~ng Anh - Sinh hQC) d8 t6ng hgp nhfmg ki~n thtrc trQng tam va cung cip b() de luy~n thi chit
lugng nhit giup cac b~n h9c sinh d~t k~t qua cao va chinh phvc u6c rna cua minh.
Tru6c S\f thanh cong vang d()i, nh~n dugc S\f d6n nh~n cua hang nghin dQC gia ca nu6c va d8
phvc Vl) cho ki thi t6t nghi~p THPT, tuy8n sinh B~i h9c, HOCMAIBOOK ti~p tl,lc cho ra dm b() sach
PENBOOK Luy~n d~ thi T6t nghi~p THPT phien ban m6i gfim 6 mon: Toan, V~t li, Hoa h9c,
Ti~ng Anh, Sinh h9c, Ngfr van v6i nhi~u uu di8m vuqt tr()i han nfra.
o/ H~ th6ng va cung cdp toan b() cac d~g bai thuemg g~p trong d~ thi thong qua rna tr~n d~ng
bai dugc phan tich va nghien ctru dn trQng, dam bao bam sat du trUe d~ thi chinh thtrc 2022
cua B() GD-BT.
o/ Bli sung cac phuang phap tu duy ciing nhu ki nang dn thi~t d8 giai nhanh, chinh xac rung
d~g, giup "an di8m" tuy~t d6i.
o/ Cung cip them h~ th6ng 10 d~ thi qua phOng luy~n trvc tuy~n giup hQC sinh ren luy~n ki
nanglamd~.
o/ Ra mit m6i PENBOOK Luy~n d~ thi T6t nghi~p THPT mon Ngfr van.
Mvc dich chinh cua b() sach nay 1a giup cac em hQC sinh ren luy~n nang ll,rc tu duy, ki nang lam
d~ huang t6i d~t dugc k~t qua t6t nhit trong ki thi T6t nghi~p THPT. Ben c~nh d6, b() sach nay con
duqc xay dvng nh~m bli trg giao vien trong cong tac giang d~y.
Cu6n sach PENBOOK Luy~n d~ thi T6t nghi~p THPT mon Sinh n~m trong b() sach
PENBOOK Luy~n d~ thi T6t nghi~p THPT. Cu6n sach baa g6m b6n phk chinh:
• Cac d~ng bai thm'mg g~p: cung dp ki~n thtrc tr9ng tam, phuang phap giai, cac vi dv minh ho~ ~
Cl) th8 va m()t s6luu y cho tUng ~g bai thuemg xuit hi~n trong d~ thi r6t nghi~p THPT mon Sinh .
• :D~ thi tham khao: h~ th6ng 20 d~ thi duqc bien so~ quet tit ca cac d~ng bai thuemg g~p v6i
nhfmg mtrc d() nh~n thtrc khac nhau bam sat cho ki thi r6t nghi~p THPT ciing nhu dinh huang thi
cua B() Giao dvc va Bao t~o.
• :Dap an va hu6ng dftn chi ti~t: di kern v6i m6i d~ thi cho rung cau hOi giup h9c sinh tv danh
gia nang lvc lam bai cua minh.
• Qua "khiing" t~ng them: d~ luy~n thi qua phong thi trvc tuy~n, video chua d~g tieu bi8u
do thdy co bien so~n sach trvc ti~p ghi hinh.
V 6i n()i dung nhu tren, chUng toi hi v9ng rfug cu6n sach nay n6i rieng va b() sach PENBOOK
Luy~n d~ thi r6t nghi~p THPT n6i chung se tra
thanh m()t tai li~u bli ich, tin c~y cho cac em h9c
sinh va cac thdy co d8 sfu sang cho ki thi T6t nghi~p THPT.
Trang qua trinh bien so~, m~c du da rit c6 ging va ti~p thu nhi~u y ki~n phan hili, song nhfmg
sai s6t la di~u khong th8 tranh khoi. Ban bien t~p va cac tac gia mong nh~n dugc nhfmg y ki~n dong
g6p cua quy d()c gia de cu6n sach dugc hoan thi~n han khi tai ban.
M9i y ki~n dong g6p xin thong qua kenh lien l~c: facebook. com/Hocmai. vnTHPT
Chuc cac em h9c sinh, d~c bi~t la cac em h9c sinh 16p 12 se d~t dugc k~t qua cao nhit trong ki
thi T6t nghi~p THPT va d6 vao ngoi truemg B~i h9c rna minh h~ng rna u6c!
Tran tr9ng!
H~ th6ng giao dl}.c HOCMAI
 I' :: I' A ?

HU'ONG DAN E>QC SACH HII;U QUA

Cuon sach nay tong hqp kien thuc cac chuyen de quan trQng, xoay sau vao gi:ii quyet
mQi d<;tng bhl trQng tam, di kern d6 la cac phuong phap giai bhl toi uu nhat. D~c bi~t, vi~c
luy~n thi Vdi 20 de chuan du<;jc ChQn lQC ky trong sach cling h~ thong 10 de thi phong luy~n
tn;l'c tuyen, bam sat n9i dung, cau true de thi Tot nghi~p THPT se ghip cac em giai thanh
th<;to mQi d<;tng bru, chinh phvc k)r thi.
De su dvng cuon sach m9t each hi~u qua, cac em can chu y nhu sau:
0 Dqc hie'u tu:in h)' tung chuyen de
MQi chuyen de quan trQng da duqc sap xep theo trinh tl,i hqp ly, mvc dich de cac em
de dang m6c noi kien thuc. HQC song chu de nay roi m&i tien den chu de khac.
M6i chuyen de deu c6 toan b9 cac d<;tng bai trQng tam kern phuong phap giai chi tiet
va cac vi dv mau. Cac em can dQC k:y kien thuc thay co dua ra de hieu het vi dv mau.
8 Luy¢n cac d~.ng bai tit' d~ - kho:
Sau khi hieu ro cac vi dv mau, cac em tl,i giai bai t~p tl,i luy~n, sau d6 so sanh v&i dap
an va huang dan giai. Lam l<;ti nhung cau da sai va tl,i rut kinh nghi~m cho ban than.
8 Luy¢n de chuan trong sach theo thCii gian quy dinh
Lam lan luqt va day du 20 de trong sach de thanh th<;to hon 1000 d<;tng bai se thi. To an
b9 20 de nay deu duqc thay co nghien cuu de on sat nhat v&i cau true de cua B9 Giao
dvc va Dao t<;to. Tuy~t doi khong duqc bo qua cau nao.
Cau nao chua giai quyet duqc c6 the xem l<;ti kien thuc va vi dv abu&c 1 + bu&c 2.
0 Doi chieu v&i dap an & rut ra kinh nghi¢m
Doi chieu v&i dap an, tinh diem. Ghi chep l<;ti pharr kien thuc con thieu s6t. Xem th~t
k:y nhung cau sai, tim nguyen nhan de sau nay g~p l<;ti d<;tng bhl tuong tl,i se tr:inh mat
diem dang tiec.
0 Ket hqp bai ghing thay co huong dan luy~n de
""Go roi"" tat ca nhung thac mac trong qua trinh on luy~n va lam bai t~p v&i h~ thong
video huang dan giai chi tiet cua cac thay co.
v ua xem video thay co chua de, viia on luy~n kien thuc trong s:kh, chac chan khong
m9t de thi ho~c d<;lllg bhl nao lam kh6 duqc cac em.
0 Cling co kien thuc v&i hQ de online:
Luy~n t~p v&i b9 de online t<;ti: https:/lapp.onluyen.vn! de theo doi sl,i tien bQ, xu ly
tot cac d<;lllg de va kha nang "khac phvc" 16i sai giup cac em tl,i tin bu&c vao ki thi.
Luu y: HQc sinh khong nen luy~n de don d~p. Sau khi ket thuc 1 de, v&i cac pharr
kien thuc chua nam vfi'ng hQc sinh can phai cling col<;ti de dam bao khong bi vap khi
hQC cac de tiep theo.
8 Nhan tin ngay cho thay co khi can h8 trc;i:
Neu c6 bat ki thac mac nao ve cuon sach, cac em hay nhan tin, gui cau hoi ve fan page:
facebook.com/Hocmai. vnTHPT de duqc giai dap nhanh nhat.
Chuc cac em hQC tqp thqt tot!
 Ml)C Ll)C

~ - ~
PHAN A: MOT SO D~NG BAI THU'ONG G~P
' ' ~

D~g 1: Bru t~p ve cau true ADN

D~g 2: Bru t~p ve rna di truyen
D~g 3: Bru t~p qua trinh nhan doi ADN
D~ng 4: Bru t~p qua trinh phien rna
D~ng 5: Bai t~p qua trinh dtch rna
D~ng 6: Bai t~p d{>t bien gen
D~g 7: Bai t~p xac dinh ti 1~ giao tu d{>t bien cau true nhiern sac the
D~g 8: Xac dinh so1o~i the 1~ch b{>i
D~g 9: Xac dinh the d{>t bien va so1uqng nhiern sac the trong the d{>t bien
D~g 10: Bai t~p quy 1u~t phan li
D~g 11: Bai t~p quy 1u~t phan li d(>c 1~p
D~g 12: Bru t~p tuong tac gen
D~ng 13: Bru t~p lien ket gen hoan toan
D~ng 14: Bru t~p hoan vi gen
D~ng 15: Bru t~p di truyen lien ket v&i gi&i tinh
D~ng 16: Bru t~p di truyen ngoai nhan
D~ng 17: Phep 1ai da b(>i di b(>i
D~g 18: Bai t~p tinh so1o~i, ti 1~ giao tu
D~g 19: Bai t~p tinh so1o~i, ti 1~ kieu gen, kieu hinh
D~g 20: Bai t~p ve di truyen quan the tlj phoi
D~g 21: Xac dinh tan so alen trong quan the
D~ng 22: Xac dinh quan the can bang di truyen 50
D~ng 23: Xac dinh ti 1~ kieu gen, kieu hinh trong quan the 51
D~ng 24: Xac dinh so kieu gen, kieu giao phoi toi da trong quan the 52
D~ng 25: Bru t~p pha h~ 55
D~ng 26: Bru t~p tinh toan ve sinh thai h<;>c 57
~ ~ ?

PHAN 8: flE THI THAM KHAO 59

De so 01 60
Hu&ng dan giru 66
De so o2 74
Hu&ng dan giru 80
De so o3 91
Hu&ng dan giai 97
De so o4 107
Huang dan gi<H 115
De so os 131
Huang dan giai 138
De so o6 150
Huang dan giai 156
De so 01 162
Huang dan giai 169
De so o8 175
Huang dan giai 181
De so o9 187
Huang dan giai 194
De solO 201
Huang dan giai 208
De soll 214
Huang dan giai 221
De sol2 227
Huang dan giai 234
De so13 240
Huang dan giai 247
De sol4 254
Huang dan giai 261
De solS 267
Huang dan giai 274
De sol6 280
Huang dan giai 289
De sol7 __3J)_Q__ _j

Huang dan giai 309

De sol8 320
Huang dan giai 328
De sol9 337
Huang dan giai 344
De so 20 353
Huang dan giai 361
Hu'ong dan lam cac d~ng bai

https://hocmai.link/PenBookSinhhoc
 DI:\NG 1: BAI T~P VE CAU TRUC ADN
... KIEN THUC TRQNG TAM

I Bang 1: Cong thuc ve diu true cua ADN/gen

Du ki~n de cho Yeucau Congthuc

Tong so nucleotide N o
Lgen =Lm~ch dcln gen = -X3,4A
cuagen 2
Chieu dai cua gen
0

So vong xoan cua gen L =Lm~chdO'ngen = 10Cx3,4A

gen

So nucleotide cua gen Khoi hi<;mg phan tu cua gen Mgen =N X 300 dvC

So nucleotide tUng
soLKH Hgen (LKH)= 2A + 3G
lo~icua gen
So lien ket hoa trj giua ccic
nucleotide cua gen
= S6 lien ket phosphoeste
giua d.c nucleotide cua gen
Tong so nucleotide
?
cuagen = So lien ket phosphodieste So lien ket phosphodieste = N - 2
cuagen
= So lien ket giila du<'mg
va goc phosphate giila d.c
nucleotide cua gen
So lien ket phosphoeste cua
Tong so nucleotide gen Tong s6lien ket phosphoeste
?
cuagen = So lien ket giua duang va =2N-2
goc phosphate cua gen

PENBOOK Luy~n de thi Tot nghi~p THPT man Sinh

 Hoc cHu E>ONG - soNG TfcH eve

21
Chieu dru cua gen N= --o (nucleotide)
3,4A
So vong xoan cua gen N = 20C (nucleotide)
Khoi htqng pharr ttl' M
N =-(nucleotide)
cuagen 300
Tong so nucleotide
N = NmOj.chdan X 2 (nucleotide)
tren m(>t m;;tch dan
So nucleotide tung Tong so nucleotide cua gen N = 2A + 2G (nucleotide)
1o;;ti cua gen
Tong so lien ket
HT
phosphoeste (HT) cua N= - + 1 (nucleotide)
gen 2

Tong so lien ket hidro Giro h~ {~=~~~3 G (trong d6 "?" 1a

va hi~u gifta hai 1o;;ti
hi~u so de cho) tim Ava G, sau
nucleotide khong bo
sung v&i nhau d6 tim N bang cong thuc
N=2A+2G
A = T = %A X N = %T X N
Tong so nucleotide
(nucleotide)
cua gen va ti 1~ % tung
G = X = %G X N = %X X N
1o;;ti nucleotide
(nucleotide)
1-------------1 So htqng tung 1o;;ti nucleotide f - - - ' - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - - - 1
Theo nguyen tac bo sung:
cuagen
So nucleotide tUng A = T = A 1 + A2 = T 1 + T 2
1o;;ti tren tung m;;tch (nucleotide)
dan cua gen G = X = G1 + G2 = X1 + X2
(nucleotide)
N N
A = T = %A X - = %T X -
1 2 1 2 2 2
(nucleotide)
N N
T1 = A2 = %T1 X -2 = %A2 X -
2
Tong so nucleotide
(nucleotide)
cua gen va ti 1~ % tung So htqng tung 1o;;ti nucleotide
1o;;ti nucleotide tren tren m;;tch dan cua gen N N
G1 = ~"2
y = %G X -
2 = %Y
~"2
X -
2
m;;tchdan 1
(nucleotide)
N N
y = G2 = %X1
~'1
X -
2 = %G2 X -
2
(nucleotide)

PENBOOK Luy~n de thi Tot nghi~p THPT mon Sinh

 Tong s6 nucleotide A T
%A=%T= -x100% =-X100%
cua gen va s6 1uc;tng TI 1~ pham tram tiing 1o~i N N
tung 1o~i nucleotide nucleotide cua gen G X
%G=%X= -X100% =-X100%
cua gen N N
%A %T =
TI 1~ pham tram tung %A1 +%A 2 -
%T1 +%T2
1o~inucleotide tren TI 1~ phan tram tung 1o<P. -
2 2
tUng m~ch don cua nucleotide cua gen %G = %X =
gen
%G1 + %X2 - %G1 + %X2
-
2 2
A
%A = %T = - 1-x100%
1 2 N /2
S6 1uc;tng tUng 1o<P. T1
%T =%A= --x100%
nucleotide tren TI 1~ phan tram tren tung 1 2 N /2
m~ch don va tong s6 m~ch don cua gen G1
%G = %X = --x100%
nucleotide cua gen 1 2 N /2
%X = %G = --x100%
x1
1 2 N /2

Cac don vi dung:

0

- 1 A = 10-4 flm =10-7 mm = 1Q-10m.

0

- Chieu dru cua 1 nucleotide 1a 3,4 A.

- Kh6i 1uc;tng cua 1 nucleotide 1a 300 dvC.
- Kh6i 1uc;tng cua 1 aa 1a 110 dvC.

. ,. PHUONG PHAP LAM BAI T~P

.Bu'dcl: 'Ihu(>c cac cong thuc ve cau true cua ADN/gen.

------------------;;-----d------------------------.:--~--------------b-- -- --- - -- --- --- - - -----
Bucic 2: .fiP vng cong tuuc vao cac ru t~p tuong ling.

[Vi dvl] Chieu dai cua phan tu ADN 0,51 flm, trong d6 A chiem 20% tong s6 nucleotide,
cac thanh phan khac cua ADN 1a:
A. S6 vong xoan 1500. B. S6lien ket hidro 1a 3600.
C. C6 s6 kh6i 1uc;tng 9.10 5 dvC. D. S6 nucleotide 1o~i A 1a 800 nucleotide.
Hucing d~n giai:
L= 0,51 flm ::::::> s6 nucleotide N = 0,51. 104 ' 3,4. 2 ,;-3000 nucleotide
S6 vong xoan C = 3000/2: 10 = 150 ::::::>A sai

PENBOOK Luy~n de thi Tot nghi~p THPT men Sinh

 HOC cHu E>ONG - soNG TfcH eve

A = T = 20%. 3000 = 600 nucleotide ::::::> D sai

G = X = 30%. 3000 = 900 nucleotide
::::::> So lien ket hidro = 2A + 3G = 2.600 + 3.900 = 3900 ::::::> B sai
So khoi htqng = 300.3000 = 9.105 dvC
DapanC.
[ Vi dlJ 2) M<)t gen cua sinh v~t nhan so c6 guanin chiem 20% tong so nucleotide cua gen.
Tren m<)t m~ch cua gen nay c6 150 adenin va 120 timin. So lien ket hidro cua gen Ia: .
A. 1120. B. 1080. C. 990. D. 1020.
Hu<ing d~ gicii:
G = 20% ::::::> A= 50% - 20% = 30%
A= A 1 + A 2 = A 1 + T 1 = 150 + 120 = 270 nucleotide
::::::> N = 270/0,3 = 900 nucleotide

::::::> G = 20%. 900 = 180 nucleotide

So lien ket hidro la: 2A+3G= 2.270 + 3.180 = 1080
DapanB.

D~NG 2: BAI T~P VEMA Dl TRUVEN

~ , ~

.,.. KIEN THaC TRQNG TAM

- Ma di truyen la rna b¢ ba.
- C6 64 rna di truyen, trong d6 c6 61 rna di truyen rna h6a cho axit amin va 3 rna ket thuc.
- Ma di truyen c6 tinh pho bien, tinh d~c hi~u va tinh thoru h6a.
... PHUONG PHAP LAM BAI TAP

Ap dvng kien thuc Toan hQC phan xac suat, to hqp vao de tinh so lo~ ho~c ti 1~ rna di
truyen thoa man dieu ki~n cua de bhl.

[ Vi dlJ 1] Tu 3 lo~i nucleotide khac nhau se t~o duqc nhieu nhat bao nhieu lo~ b¢ rna
khac nhau?
A.27. B. 36. c. 9. D.48.
Hu<ing d~n ghii:
Ma di truyen la rna b¢ ba.
Vl tri thu nhat c6 3 each chQn nucleotide.

PENBOOK Luy~n de thi Tot nghi~p THPT mon Sinh

 Vi tri thu hai c6 3 each chQn nucleotide.
Vi tri thu ba c6 3 each chQn nucleotide.
V~y v&i 3lo;;ti nucleotide khac nhau se t;;to du<;1c nhieu nhat 3.3.3 = 27 rna b9 ba khac nhau.
DapanA.
[ Vi dv 2 ] Tu 4lo;;ti nucleotide, c6 tat ca bao nhieu b9 ba khac nhau hoan to~m ve thanh phan
nucleotide?
A.27. B. 32. C.24. D.40.
Hli&ng d~n gh\i:
Ma di truyen la rna b9 ba.
Vi tri thu nhat c6 4 each chQn nucleotide.
Do de yeu cau b9 ba khac nhau hoan to~m ve thanh phan nucleotide nen sau khi chQn vi tri
thu nhat roi thi vi tri thu hai chi con 3 each chQn nucleotide.
Tuong tl.;i, sau khi chQn du<;1c vi tri thu nhat va thu hai thi vi tri thu ba chi con 2 each chQn
nucleotide.
V~y ket qua la 4.3.2 = 24 rna b9 ba khac nhau hoan toan ve th~mh phan nucleotide.
Dapanc.
[Vidv3]V&i4lo;;tiribonucleotideA, U, G,Xsec6 baonhieurnab9 bac6 chua 1 ribonucleotide
lo;;ti G?
A.12. B.27. C.36. D.49.
Hu'dng d~n gh\i:
Ma di truyen la rna b9 ba.
Vi tri ciia G c6 C~ each xep (xep dau, giua ho~c cuoi).
Con 2 vi tri con l;;ti, rnoi vi tri se c6 3 each chQn nucleotide (A ho~c U ho~c X).
V~y ket qua la C~ .3.3 = 27 rna b9 ba c6 chua 1 ribonucleotide lo;;ti G.
DapanB.
[ Vi dl] 4 Jrrong ong nghi~rn, c6 ti 1~ 4lo;;ti ribonucleotide A, U, G, X v&i ti 1~ Ian lu<;1t la A : U :
G : X = 2 : 2 : 1 : 2. Tit 4lo;;ti ribonucleotide nay ngliC1i ta tong h<;1p du<;1c rn9t phan tU mARN
nha.n t;;to. Theo li thuyet, tren phan tu mARN nay, xac xuat xuat hi~n b9 ba AUG la bao nhieu?
A. 0,0117. B. 0,001. C. 0,0021. D. 0,003.
Hu'dng d~n giiti:
A: U: G: X= 2:2: 1:2 ~Til~ A= 2/(2+2+1+2) = 2/7; U= 2/7; G=1/7
Theo li thuyet, tren pha.n tu mARN nay, xac xuat xuat hi~n b9 ba AUG la:
2/7. 2/7. 1/7 = 4/343 = 0,0117
DapanA.

PENBOOK Luy~n de thi Tot nghi~p THPT mon Sinh

 HOC CHU E>QNG - SONG TfCH eve

(Vi dv 5 ) M<)t dung dich c6 80% Adenin, con I<P.Ia Uraxin. Neu du c<k dieu ki~n de t~o thanh
cac b¢ ba ribonucleotide, thi trong dung dich nay Xclc suat g~p d.c b¢ ba rna hoa Lizin Ia:
A. 16%. B. 51,2%. C. 24%. D. 38,4%.
Huting dan giai:
Ta c6 b¢ ba rna hoa Lizin Ia AAA va AAG.
Vi trong dung dich chi chua A = 80% = 0,8 va U = 20% = 0,2 nen Lys chi ad~g AAA.
=> Trong dung dich xac suat g~p b¢ ba rna hoa Lizin Ia: 0,8 = 51,2%.
3

DapanB.

Dl:\NG 3: BAI T~P QUA TRINH NHAN f>OI ADN

~ KIEN THUC TRQNG TAM
* Cac cong thuc thtiilng gij,p
So pha.n tit ADN tq_o ra sau nhan doi:
Xet x gen sau n Ian nhan doi t~o ra (x. 2n) phan tu ADN.
So htc;Jng nucleotide moi tntong cung cap cho ADN ttj nhan doi:
- Soiuqng nucleotide cua 1 gen IaN, X gen sau n Ian nhan doi soiuqng nucleotide rna
rnoi truang cung cap Ia: X. N. (2n- 1).
- Soiuqng tung Io~i nucleotide rna rnoi truang cung cap cho 1 gen sau n Ian nhan doi Ia:
AMT=TMT=A. (2n-l)
GMT= XMT =G. (2n- 1)
So lien ket hydro bi pha va:
Xet 1 gen vai so lien ket hydro Ia H. Tong so lien ket hydro bi pha YO sau n Ian nhan doi
cua 1 gen Ia: H. (2n- 1). .
So lien ket hidro duc;Jc hinh thcmh:
Xet 1 gen c6 so lien ket hydro Ia H. Tong so lien ket hydro duqc hinh thanh sau n Ian
nhan doi Ia: 2. H. (2n- I).
Tfnh so doq_n moi va so doq_n okazaki xuat hi~n trong qua trinh nhan doi:
Xet vai rn<)t ch~c chfi Y:
M~ch duqc tong hqp lien tl,lc c6 1 do~ rnoi de kh&i dau, 0 do~ okazaki
M~ch duqc tong hqp gian do~n c6: so do~n rnoi = so do~n okazaki

PENBOOK Luy~n de thi Tot nghi~p THPT mon Sinh

 Trong m(>t dan vi tru ban thi c6 hai ch~c chu Y nen so do<;1n moi xuat hi~n trong m(>t ch<;1c
chu Y la: So do<;1n moi = So do(;lll okazaki + 2.
~ PHUONG PHAP LAM BAI T ~P
Bu<ic 1: Thu(>c cac cong thuc ve qua trinh nharr doi ADN.
Bu<ic 2: Ap dt,mg cong thuc vao cac bru t~p tuang ung.

(Vi dl}l) M(>t ADN c6 1500 nucleotide h;i nha.n doi 3lan lien tiep thi moi trubng n(>i bao
da cung cap cho qua trinh d6 tat ca bao nhieu nucleotide tl;i do?
A. 24000 nucleotide. B. 10500 nucleotide.
C. 12000 nucleotide. D. 9000 nucleotide.
Hu<ing d§.n ghii:
So nucleotide moi tnibng cung cap cho pharr tu ADN nay nharr doi 3 lan lien tiep la:
NMT = Ngen·(2 3 - 1 ) = 1500.7 = 10500 nucleotide.
DapanB.
(Vi d\12] Trong m(>t do(;lll pharr tu ADN c6 khoi hiqng pharr tu la 7,2.10 5 dvC, 6 m(;lch 1 c6
A 1 + T 1 = 60%. Neu do(;lll ADN n6i tren tt;i nhan doi 5lan thi so hi<Jng tung lo<;1i nucleotide
moi trubng cung cap la:
A. AMT = TMT = 22320, XMT =GMT= 14880.
B. AMT = T MT = 14880, XMT = GMT = 22320.
c. AMT = TMT = 18600, XMT= GMT= 27900.
D. AMT = TMT = 21700, XMT =GMT= 24800.
Hu<ing d§.n giai:
So nucleotide cua gen = 7,2.105/300 = 2400 (nucleotide)~ So nucleotide 1 m(;lch = 1200
(nucleotide).
C6 A 1 + T 1= 60% N/2 = 0,6.1200 = 720 (nucleotide)~ G 1 + X 1 = 40% N/2.
Ma A= T= A 1 + T 1 = 720 (nucleotide);
G =X= G 1 + X 1 = 0,4.1200 = 480 (nucleotide).
So nucleotide moi tnibng cung cap khi gen nharr doi 5 lan:
AMT = TMT = 720.(2 5 - 1) = 22320 (nucleotide)
GMT= XMT = 480.(2 5 - 1) = 14880 (nucleotide).
DapanA.
(Vi d\13] Trong m(>t do(;lll pharr tu ADN c6 khoi hiqng pharr tu la 7,2.10 5 dvC, (J m(;lch 1 c6
A 1 + T 1 = 60%. Neu do(;lll ADN n6i tren tl;i nharr doi 5 Ian thi tong s6lien ket hidro bi pha
vo trong qua trinh tren la:
A. 89280 lien ket. B. 98280 lien ket. c. 89820 lien ket. D. 98820 lien ket.

PENBOOK Luy~n de thi Tot nghi~p THPT man Sinh

 HOC CHU £)()NG - SONG TfCH Cl,JC

Hlidng d~n gi<li:

So nucleotide cua gen = 7,2.105/300 = 2400 (nucleotide)=> So nucleotide 1 m(;l.ch = 1200
(nucleotide).
Co A1 + T1= 60% N/2 = 0,6.1200 = 720 nucleotide=> G1 + X 1 = 40% N/2.
MaA= T= A 1 + T 1 = 720 (nucleotide);
G =X= G1 + X 1 = 0,4.1200 = 480 (nucleotide).
So lien ket H cua gen la: 2A + 3G = 720.2 + 480.3 = 2880 (lien ket)
So lien ket H bi pha va khi ADN nhan doi sian la: 2880.(25 - 1) = 89280 (lien ket).
DapanA.
0

a
[Vi dv4] M9t do(;l.ll ADN sinh v~t nhan chuan co chieu dru 81600 A thl,ic hi~n nhan doi
a
dong thai 6 dan vi taiban nhu nhau, biet chieu dru m6i do(;l.ll Okazaki la 1000 nucleotide.
So do(;l.ll ARN moi tham gia qua trinh taiban la:
A. 48. B. 46. C. 36. D. 24.

Hu<1ng d~n giai:

So nucleotide tren gen la: 81600:3,4.2= 48000 (nucleotide)
So do<;1.n Okazaki la: 48000:2:1000 = 24 ( do(;l.ll Okazaki) =so do(;l.ll moi can cho m<;1.ch taiban
khong lien tl,lc.
Co 6 dan vi taiban~ so do(;l.ll moi can cho ffi(;l.Ch taiban lien tvc (j 6 dan vi taiban= 2.6
= 12
~ So do(;l.ll moi cho qua trinh nhan doi = 24 + 12 = 36
Dapanc.

D~NG 4: BAI T~P QUA TRINH PHIEN MA

~ KIEN THUC TRQNG TAM
* Ctic cong th(tc thtiong gij,p
+ GQi N la so nucleotide tren gen, rN la so ribonucleotide tren mARN do gen do phien
mara, taco:
rN = N/2
rN = rA + rU + rG + rX
0

+ Chieu dru cua mARN: LmARN = LADN = rN. 3,4 (A)

+ Khoi luqng cua mARN: M = 300.rN (dvC)

PENBOOK Luy~n de thi Tot nghi~p THPT mon Sinh

 + So ribonucleotide tl,i do rnoi tni<'ing cung cap khi gen phien rna k Ian:
rNmt= k. rN = k. N/2
rAmt = k. rA = k. Tg6c
rUmt = k. rU = k. Ag6c
rGmt = k. rG = k. Xg6c
rXmt = k. rX = k. Gg6c
+ So phan tu rnARN t~o ra sau k Ian phien rna: k (phan tu).
+ So lien ket hidro bi pha va sau k Ian phien rna: I:Hpba vfi = k.H, trong d6 H la so lien ket
hidro cua gen.

~ PHlJdNG PHAP LAM BAI T~P

Buck 1: Thu9c cac cong thuc ve phien rna.

Buac 2: Ap dvng cong thuc vao cac bai t~p Wong ung.

[Vi dv 1) M9t gen cua vi khuan tien hanh phien rna da can rnoi tniC1ng cung cap 900U,
1200G, 1500A, 900X. Biet phan tu rnARN nay c6 tong so 1500 don phan. So phan tu mARN
duqc t~o ra:
A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5
Huang dan giai:
Tong so ribonucleotide rnoi tnt<1ng cung cap= 900 + 1200 + 1500 + 900 = 4500 (ribonucleotide)
Ma rnARN c6 rN = 1500.
::::} So phan tu rnARN = 4500: 1500 = 3.
DapanB.
0

[ Vi dt.t 2] Gen dai 2601 A . Khi gen phien rna can rnoi tnt<1ng cung cap tat d 3060
ribonucleotide h;i do. So Ian phien rna cua gen tren la:
A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5
Huang dan giai:
So nucleotide cua gen la: N = (2601 : 3,4). 2 = 1530 (nucleotide)
::::} ribonucleotide (rnt) cung cap cho 1lan phien rna= N/2 = 1530/2 = 765 (ribonucleotide)
::::} Solan phien rna: 3060: 765 = 4
Dapanc.

PENBOOK Luy~n de thi Tot nghi~p THPT mon Sinh

 HOc cHu DONG - s6NG TfcH eve

[ Vi dv 3] M<)t gen c6 20% Adenin va tren rn9-ch g6c c6 35% Xitozin. Gen tien hanh phien
rna 4lan va da su d1;mg rnoi tnidng tong s6 4800 ribonucleotide tl,i do. M6i phan tu rnARN
dti<JC tl;lO ra c6 chua 320 Uraxin. S6 ltiqng tung lol;li ribonucleotide rnoi trtidng cung cap
cho phien rna la:
A. rA=640, rU=1280, rG=1680, rX=1200.
B. rA=480, rU=1280, rG=1260, rX=900.
C. rA=480, rU=1260, rG=960, rX=900.
D. rA=640, rU=1680, rG=1280, rX=1200.

Hu&ng dan gilti:

Gen tien hanh phien rna 4lan va da su dvng rnoi trtiCing tong s6 4800 ribonucleotide tV do,
s6 nucleotide cua gen la: N = ( 4800:4).2 = 2400 (nucleotide).
+ S6 nucleotide cua rn6i lol;li cua gen la: A= T = 20%. 2400 = 480 (nucleotide); G =X= 30%.
2400 = 720 (nucleotide).
+ M~t khac tren rn9-ch g6c c6 35% nucleotide lol;li X: X1 = G 2 = rG = (2400/2). 35% = 420
(nucleotide)
Xz = Gl = rX = X - xl = 720 - 420 = 300 (nucleotide)
Ma rn6i phan tu rnARN t9-o ra c6 chua 320 nucleotide lol;li U
=> rU = A 1 = T2 = 320 (nucleotide)
T 1 = A2 = rA =A- A 1 = 480-320 = 160 (nucleotide)
V~y s6 hi<Jng tUng lol;li ribonucleotidecleotide rnt cung cap cho qua trlnh phien rna tren la:

l: rA= 4.rA = 4.160 = 640 (ribonucleotide);

L rU = 4. rU = 4.320 = 1280 (ribonucleotide);
l: rG = 4. rG = 4.420 = 1680 (ribonucleotide);
L rX = 4.rX = 4.300 =1200 (ribonucleotide).
DapanA.

Dl:\NG s: BAI TAP auA TRiNH DICH MA

,r , ~

..,. KIEN THO'C TRQNG TAM

* Cac cong th(tc thuung gqp
Gqi N la so nucleotide tren gen, rN la so ribonucleotide tren mARN do gen d6 phien ma ra.
- S6 axit amin tren phan tu polipeptit chua hoan chinh do gen rna h6a la:

PENBOOK Luy~n de thi Tot nghi~p THPT mon Sinh

 So axit amin = N/6 - 1 = rN/3 - 1.
- So axit amin tren pharr tu polipeptit hoan chinh do gen rna h6a la:
So axit amin = N/6- 2 = rN/3 - 2.
- So axit amin tlj do moi tru<mg cung cap cho 1lan cijch rna la:
So axit amin = N/6- 1 = rN/3- 1.
- So pharr tu nude duqc giru ph6ng khi tong hqp 1 chu6i polipeptit la:
So H 20 = rN/3 - 2.
- So lien ket peptit duqc hinh thanh khi tong hqp 1 chu6i polipeptit la:
So lien ket peptit = rN/3- 2.
GQi k la sophan tu mARN tham gia djch rna, n la so ribosome trucjt qua m6i phan tu mARN.
- Tong so pharr tli polipeptit duqc t9-o thanh la: L P = k.n.
-Tong so axit amin tlj do moi tru<1ng cung cap la: L axit amin = k.n. (rN/3 - 1).
- Tong so pharr tu nude duqc giru ph6ng: L H 2 0 = k.n. (rN/3 - 2).
- Tong so lien ket peptit duqc hinh thanh: L peptit = k.n. (rN/3 - 2).

~ PHUdNG PHAP LAM BAI TAP

Bli(k 1: Thu9c cac .cong thuc ve cijch rna.

Budc 2: Ap dl,l11g cong thuc vao cac bc\i t~p tuong ung.
0

[Vi dvl) M9t gen cua vi khuan c6 chieu dai 5100 A. Trong qua trinh dich rna t9-o thanh
1 chu6i polipeptit tit gen tren, so pharr tu nude duqc giru ph6ng la:
A. 497. B. 498. C. 499. D. 500.
Huting dan giai:
So nucleotide cua gen la: N = 5100/3,4.2 = 3000 (nucleotide).
=>So ribonucleotide cua mARN sau khi phien rna tu gen tren la: rN= N/2 = 3000/2 = 1500
(ribonucleotide).
=> So pharr tu nude duqc giru ph6ng la: rN/3 - 2 = 1500/3 - 2 = 498.
DapanB.
[ Vi dv 2) Pharr tu mARN duqc sao rna tit 1 gen c6 3000 nucleotide thljc hi~n qua trinh
dich rna. Qua trinh tong hqp protein c6 5 ribosome cling truqt qua 1 Ian. So axit amin moi
tru<1ng cung cap la:
A. 2490. B. 4995. C. 2495. D. 4990.
Huting dan giai:
Gen c6 N = 3000 (nucleotide)=> mARN c6 rN = N/2 = 3000/2 = 1500 (ribonucleotide)

PENBOOK Luy~n de thi Tot nghi~p THPT mon Sinh

 HOC cHu DONG- soNG rfcH eve

=> So axit amin moi tn.ibng cung cap cho 5 ribosome tnfqt 1lc1n Ia:
5.1. (rN/3- 1) = 5.1.(1500/3- 1) = 2495 (axit amin).
Dapanc.
0

[ Vi d1J 3) Phan tu mARN thu nhat dru 2550 A va gap 1,25 Ian so v&i chieu dru phan tu
mARN thu hai. Qua trinh dich ma cua 2 phan tu mARN tren da can moi tnfang cung cap
1593 axit amin. So phan til protein duqc tong hqp tit ca. 2 mARN n6i tren Ia:
A. 6. B. 7. C. 8. D. 9.
Hu<ing dan giai:
So ribonucleotide tren phan til mARN thu nhat Ia: 2550/3,4 = 750 (ribonucleotide).
So ribonucleotide tren phan tu mARN thu hai Ia: 750/1,25 = 600 (ribonucleotide).
So axit amin moi truang cung cap cho mARN thu nhat dich ma a Ian Ia: a.(750/3 - 1) = 249a
So axit amin moi truang cung cap cho mARN thu hai dich ma b Ian Ia: b.(600/3- 1) = 199b
Ta c6: 249a + 199b = 1593=> a::;; 6; (a, b > 0; a, bEN).
Nham nghi~m chQn duqc a = 4, b=3.
=> So phan tu protein duqc tong hqp tit ca 2 mARN n6i tren Ia: 4 + 3 = 7 (phan til).
DapanB.

D}:\NG 6: BAI TAP E>QT BIEN GEN

.or , ~

~ KIEN THO'C TRQNG TAM

D~g thuang g~p: tim Slj thay doi axit amin tren chuoi polipeptit cua gen d(>t bien.
- De cho trinh tlj ADN mq.ch khuon ho~c ADN mq.ch bo sung ho~c mARN.
- Cho ca.c trinh tl;i d(>t bien tuong ung.
- Cho bang ma di truyen.
- Hoi ve chuoi polipeptit cua cck alen d(>t bien.

~ PHlldNG PHAP LAM BAI T~P

Bu'<ic 1: Tu cac trinh tlj ADN mq.ch khuon ho~c ADN mq.ch bo sung ho~c mARN cua
alen goc va cac alen d(>t bien, viet ra cac trinh tl;i mARN theo chieu 5' -3'.
Bu'<ic 2: Tu cac trinh h;i mARN theo chieu 5' -3: so cac b(> ba v&i bang ma di truyen, viet
ra cac trinh tlj axit amin tuong ling.
E-lide 3: So sanh trinh tl;i cua axit amin do alen d(>t bien ma h6a v&i trinh tl;i axit amin do
alen ban dau ma h6a, tim ra sl;i thay doi va tra Iai cau hoi de bru.

PENBOOK Luy~n de thi Tot nghi~p THPT mon Sinh

 l
[ Vi d\1 1 Tren vling rna h6a cua rn()t gen khong phan rnanh, gia su co Sl,i thay the rn()t c~p
nucleotide avi tri thu 134 tinh tu triplet rna dau, thi protein do gen nay dieu khien tong
hqp bi thay doi nhu the nao so v&i protein binh thudng?
A. Protein d()t bien c6 the hi thay doi axit arnin thu 45.
B. Protein d()t bien c6 the hi thay doi axit arnin thu 44.
C. Protein d()t bien hi mat axit arnin thu 44.
D. Protein d()t bien hi mat axit arnin thu 45.
H u.ing dftn giai:
Ta c6 44 < 134/3 = 44.67 < 45.
V~y c~p nucleotide narn avi tri thu 134 thu()c b¢ ba thu 45.
Thay doi c~p nucleotide thu 134 thi b¢ ba 45 se thay doi chu khong mat di nen protein do
gen nay dieu khien tong hqp c6 the bi thay doi axit arnin thu 45 - 1 = 44 (tru 1 do khi de
n6i protein nghia la hoan chinh, da bi ca.t axit arnin rna dau).
Dap an B.
[Vi dt.I2] (De THPTQG 2019): Cho biet cac codon rna h6a rn()t solo~ axit arnin nhu sau:

5'GAU3'; 5'UAU3'; 5'AGU3'; 5'XAU3';

Codon
5'GAX3' 5'UAX3' 5'AGX3' 5'XAX3'
Axit
Aspactic Tirozin Xerin Histidin
arnin
M()t do9-U rnc;tch lam khuon tong hqp rnARN cua alen M c6 trinh tl,f nucleotide lei 3'TAX
XTA GTA ATG TXA ... ATX5'. Alen M bi d()t bien diem t<;~.o ra 4 alen c6 trinh tl,f nucleotide
ado9-fl rnc;tch nay nhu sau:
I. Alen M1: 3'TAX XTG GTA ATG TXA ... ATX5:
II. Alen M2: 3'TAX XTA GTG ATG TXA ... ATX5'.
III. Alen M3: 3'TAX XTA GTA GTG TXA ... ATX5:
IV. Alen M4: 3'TAX XTA GTA ATG TXG ... ATXS'.
Theo H thuyet, trong 4 alen tren, c6 bao nhieu alen rna h6a chuoi polypeptide c6 th~mh
phan axit arnin bi thay doi so v&i chuoi polypeptide do alen M rna h6a?
A. 4. B. 3. C. 1. D. 2.
Hu.ing dftn giai:
+AlenM:
ADN khuon: 3'TAX XTA GTA ATG TXA ... ATX5'
rnARN: 5'AUG GAU XAU UAX AGU. .. UAG3'

PENBOOK Luy~n de thi Tot nghi~p THPT man Sinh

 HOC CHU EH)NG - SONG TfCH CVC

Protein: Metionin - Aspactic - Histidin - Tirozin - Xerin .... Ket thuc.

+ Alen M1: 3'TAX XTG GTA ATG TXA ... ATX5' (c6 b<) ba thu 2 khac alen M)
mARN: 5' - GAX- 3'
Protein: -Aspactic-
=> Khong thay doi trinh tt;i axit amin so v&i trinh tt;i axit amin cua alen M.
+ Alen M2: 3'TAX XTA GTG ATG TXA ... ATX5' (c6 b<) ba thu 3 khac alen M)
mARN: 5' -XAX- 3'
Protein: -Histidin-
=> Khong thay doi trinh tv axit amin so v&i trinh tt;i axit amin cua alen M.
+ Alen M3: 3'TAX XTA GTA GTG TXA ... ATX5' (c6 b<) ba thu 4 khac alen M)
mARN: 5' - XAX- 3'
Protein: -Histidin-
=> Thay doi trinh tt;i axit amin so v&i trinh tt;i axit amin cua alen M.
+ Alen M4: 3'TAX XTA GTA ATG TXG ... ATX5' (c6 b<) ba thu 5 khac alen M)
mARN: 5' - AGX- 3'
I

Protein: -Xerin-
=> Khong thay doi trinh tt;i axit amin so v&i trinh tt;i axit amin cua alen M.
V~y trong 4 alen tren, c6 1 alen rna h6a chuoi polypeptide c6 thanh phan axit amin bi thay
doi so v&i chuoi polypeptide do alen M.
Dapanc.

' A. , ? .A ? A. ~

Dl:\NG 7: BAI Tl:\P XAC f>INH Tl Ll; GIAO TO' f>QT BIEN
A.' ,. ~ ~ ~

CAU TRUC NHIEM SAC THE

~ KIEN THUC TRQNG TAM
- Khi nhi~m sac the (NST) chua nhan doi c~p NST tuong dong neu c6 1 chiec bi d<)t bien
cau true tit tn:i&c thi:
• TI 1~ sinh giao tu d<)t bien ac~p NST nay Ia 1/2
• TI 1~ sinh giao tu khong d<)t bien ac~p NST nay la 1/2
- Sau khi NST binh thuang da nhan doi, neu 1 cromatit trong c~p tuong dong bi d<)t bien
cau true thi:

PENBOOK Luy~n de thi Tot nghi~p THPT mon Sinh

 a
• TI 1~ sinh ra giao til d<}t bien cij.p NST nay 1a 1/4
• TI 1~ sinh ra giao til khong d<}t bien 1a 3/4

~ PHUONG
,
PHA.P - LAM ,BAI TAP
:.l
xA.c EUNH TiLE GIAO TU Bl e6T BIEN
• • • •
CAU TRUC NHIEM SAC THE:

1. Xac dinh so cij.p nhiem sac the hi d<}t bien trong te bao
2. Xac dinh·giaido~··d<}tbiennhiemsik·the~w~.~~~···~······· ··~··~·~····~····
3. Xac dinh yeu cau cua de bru

[ Vi du 1 J M<}t nh6m te bao sinh tinh chi mang d<}t bien dao doC;ln Ci hai nhiem sac the thu<}c
hai cij.p tliong dong so 4 va so 5. Biet qua trinh giam phan dien ra binh thuang va khong xay
ra trao doi cheo. Tinh theo 1y thuyet, ti 1~ 1oC;li giao til khong mang nhiem sac the d<}t bien
trong tong so giao til 1a?
A. 1/3. B. 2/3. C. 1/2. D. 1/4.
Hu<ing dan giai:
Cij.p NST so 4 c6 1 chiec d<}t bien giam phan cho giao til: 1/2 binh thuang: 112 d<}t bien.
Cij.p NST so 5 c6 1 chiec d<}t bien giam phan cho giao til: 112 binh thuang: 1/2 d<}t bien.
Cac cij.p NST khac giam phan cho 100% giao til binh thuang.
TI 1~ giao til khong mang NST d<}t bien 1a 112. 1/2 = 1/4.
DapanD.
[Vi du 2) Ca d<}c duqc 2n = 24. C6 m<}t the d<}t bien, trong d6 cij.p NST so 2 c6 1 chiec hi mat
a
doC;ln, m<}t chiec cua NST so 3 hi dao do':lfl, NST so 4 m<}t chiec hi 1ij.p 1 do':lfl. Khi giam
phan neu cac cij.p NST phan li binh thuang thi trong so cac 1oC;li giao til duqc tC;lo ra, giao tU
hi d<}t bien c6 ti 1~ 1a:
A.12,5%. B.25%. c. 87,5%. D.75%.
Hu<ing dan giai:
Cij.p NST so 2 c6 1 chiec hi mat doC;ln giam phan cho giao til: 1/2 binh thuang: 1/2 d<}t bien.
Tuong tl;i, cij.p NST so 3 giam phan cho giao til: 1/2 binh thuang: 1/2 d<}t bien.
Cij.p NST so 4 giam phan cho giao til: 1/2 binh thuang: 1/2 d<}t bien.
Cac cij.p NST khac giam phan cho 100% giao til binh thuang.
TI 1~ giao til binh thuang 1a 112. 1/2. 1/2 = 1/8.
TI 1~ giao til d<}t bien = 1 - 1/8 = 7/8 = 87,5%.
Dapanc.

PENBOOK Luy~n de thi Tot nghi~p THPT mon Sinh

 HOC CHU E)()NG - SONG TfCH eve

r ~ ~ A. A.

D~NG 8: XAC E>INH SO LO~I THE LI;CH BQI

~ KIEN THUC TRQNG TAM
Ccic d~g d(lt bien l~ch b(li thudng g~p:
- The khuyet (khong) nhiem: 2n - 2; The khuyet nhiem kep: 2n - 2 - 2
-The 1 (dan) nhiem: 2n- 1; The 1 nhiem kep: 2n- 1- 1
-The 3 (tam) nhiem: 2n + 1; The 3 nhiem kep: 2n + 1+ 1
-The 4 (tu) nhiem: 2n + 2; The 4 nhiem kep: 2n + 2 + 2
V&i n la so c~p NST tuong dong cua loai.
Cong thuc tinh:

Cong thuc tinh s6 the I~ch bqi

D;p~g dqt bien
co the xuat hi~n
So d~g l~ch b(li dan khac nhau C1n =n

So d~g l~ch b(li kep khac nhau cz = n(n-1)

n
2
Ax= n'· =n(n-1) ... (n-x+1)
C6 x the l~ch b(li khac nhau n (n-x)!
= c~ .c~-l ... c~-x+l

~ PHUONG PHAP LAM BAI TAP

Budc 1: Thu(lc cac cong thuc ve xac dlnh solo~ the l~ch b(li.
Budc 2: Ap dtmg cong thuc vao cac bai t~p tuang ling.

(Vi d\1 1 ) Ca d(lc duqc c6 b¢ NST Iuong b(li = 24. So the 3 toi da cua loai la:
A. 12. B. 15. C. 24. D. 27.
Hudng d~n giai:
Ta c6 2n = 24 => n = 12 (c~p NST)
So the ba toi da cua loai la: C~ 2 = 12.
DapanA.
(Vi d\12) Ca d(lc duqc c6 b¢ NST Iuong b(li =24. So the m(lt kep khac nhau c6 the cola:
A. 48. B. 66. C. 121. D. 132.
Hudng d~n giru:
Ta c6 2n = 24 => n = 12

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 So the m(>t kep khac nhau toi da cua lo:li la C~2 = 66.
DapanB.
[ Vi d\1 3 ] Te bao sinh noan cua m(>t cay nguyen phan 4lan lien tiep da sinh ra cac te bao con
c6 tong c(>ng 224 NST. Lo:li d6 c6 the c6 toi da so lo<P giao tU khuyet 1 NST la:
A. 1. B. 6. C. 7. D. 8.
Hu&ng ddn giai:
Te bao sinh noan c6 b9 NST 2n.
Nguyen phan 4 Ian t~o 24 te bao con c6 tong so NST la 24• 2n = 224 (NST)
~2n= 14
~n=7

V~y lo:li nay c6 toi da so lo<P. giao tU khuyet 1 NST la C~ = 7.

Dapanc.
[ Vi dv 4] Ca chua c6 b9 NST 2n = 24. So tru<1ng hqp trong te bao dong th<1i c6 the ba kep
va the m(>t la:
A.l320. B.l32. c. 660. D.726.
Hu&ng ddn giai:
2n= 24 ~ n=12 c~p NST ttidng dong
So each chQn the ba kep trong 12 c~p NST la C~2 = 66
So each chQn the 1 trong 10 c~p NST con l<P la C~ 0 = 10
Ket qua la 66.1 O= 660.
Dapanc.

I ~ A .Af' 'to.

D~NG
9: XAC E>INH THE E>QT BIEN VA
,.!' -& ~ ,2 ~ A. .,.E

SO LU'QNG NHIEM SAC THE TRONG THE E>QT BIEN

... KIEN THUC TRQNG TAM
Ten the dqt bien D~cdiem B(>NST
Trong te bao c6 1 c~p NST tudng dong chi mang
Them9t 2n-1
1 chiec NST, cac c~p con l;p mang 2 chiec NST.
Trong tebao c6 1 c~p NST tudng dong mang 3 chiec
Theba 2n+ 1
NST, cac c~p con l<P mang 2 chiec NST.

PENBOOK Luy~n de thi Tot nghi~p THPT mon Sinh

 Hoc cHu DQNG - soNG TfcH eve

Trong te bao bi mat ca 2 chiec cua c~p NST tu'ong

Thekhong 2n- 2
dong, cac c~p con l<;ti. mang 2 chiec NST.
Trong tebao c6 1 c~p NST tuong dong mang 4 chiec
The bon 2n+2
NST, cac c~p con l<;ti. mang 2 chiec NST.
Trong te bao c6 2 c~p NST tuong dong khac nhau
Themt)tkep rna moi c~p chi c6 1 chiec NST, cac c~p con lc~.i mang 2n- 1- 1
2 chiecNST.
Trong te bao c6 2 c~p NST tu'ang dong khac nhau
Thebakep rna moi c~p c6 3 chiec NST, cac c~p con l~i mang 2n + 1 + 1
2 chiecNST.
Trong te bao, moi c~p NST tuang dong deu chua
The tam bt)i 3n
3 chiecNST.
Trong te bao, moi c~p NST tuO'ng dong deu chua
Thetubt)i 4n
4 chiecNST.

[Vi dvl] Mt)t loai thl,ic v~t c6 10 nh6m gen lien ket. So luqng nhiem sac the c6 trong tebao
sinh duang cua the mt)t, the ba thut)c loai nay Ian luqt la:
A. 9 va 11. B. 18 va 19. C. 19 va 20. D. 19 va 21.
Hu<1ng ddl1 ghli:
Loai thl,fc v~t c6 10 nh6m gen lien ket :::> n = 10, 2n = 20.
Trong tebao sinh duang the mt)t 2n- 1 = 19; theba 2n + 1 =21.
DapanD.
[ Vi d\12] Mt)t te bao sinh duang cua the mt)t kep dang 6 ki sau nguyen phan, ngudi ta dem
duqc 44 nhiem sac the. BQ nhiem sac the luang bt)i binh thu'dng cua loru nay la:
A. 2n = 42. B. 2n = 22. C. 2n = 24. D. 2n = 46.
Hu<1ng dan giru:
The mt)t kep c6 bt) NST la 2n - 1 - 1
0 ki sau nguyen phan tebao c6 2.(2n- 1- 1) = 44 NST dan.
=> Bt) NST luang bt)i 2n = 44/2 + 1 + 1 = 24 (NST).
Dapanc.
[ Vi dl) 3] Mt)t loai thl,fc v~t luang bt)i 2n = 24, nghien cuu thl,ic dia cac mau nh~ thay bt)
NST cua mot so mau nhu sau: Mau 1 c6 23 NST; mau 2 c6 21 NST; mau 3 c6 36 NST; mau
4 c6 48 NST; mau 5 c6 25 NST. So luqng the dt)t bien da bt)i Ie bao gom:
A. 1. B. 3.. C. 4. D. 5.

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