6 (a)

(i) Graham’s law states that the rate of diffusion or of effusion of a gas is inversely
proportional to the square root of its molecular weight.
(ii) Avogadro's law states that "equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and
pressure, have the same number of molecules."
(b)

(c)

Or
7 (a)
(i) Distribution law or Partition law. It states that, “ if a solute X distributes itself between
two immiscible solvents A and B at constant temperature and X is in the same molecular
condition in both solvents.”
(ii)
 (iii)

(b)
The following formulas are involved in the calculation of the relative atomic mass of the organic
compounds:
 Raoult's law:
Mole fraction of component i = Partial pressure of component i / Vapor pressure of pure component i
This law states that the partial pressure of a component in a solution is equal to its mole fraction multiplied by
the vapor pressure of the pure component.
 Relative atomic mass:
Relative atomic mass = (Vapor pressure of pure organic liquid * 18 g/mol) / 5.3 KPa
This formula relates the relative atomic mass of an organic compound to its vapor pressure.
Steps:
1. Calculate the mole fractions of the organic liquid and water in the distillate using Raoult's law.
2. Calculate the vapor pressure of pure organic liquid using the following equation:
Vapor pressure of pure organic liquid = (96 KPa * 0.68) / (5.3 KPa - 96 KPa * 0.32)
3. Calculate the relative atomic mass of the organic compounds using the following equation:
Relative atomic mass = (Vapor pressure of pure organic liquid * 18 g/mol) / 5.3 KPa
Example:
Suppose we have a mixture of an organic liquid and water with a partial vapor pressure of 5.3 KPa for the
organic liquid and 96 KPa for water. The distillate contains the liquid in the ratio of 0.48g of organic
liquid to 1g of water.
Step 1: Calculate the mole fractions of the organic liquid and water in the distillate using Raoult's law:
Mole fraction of organic liquid = 0.48g / 18.02 g/mol / (0.48g / 18.02 g/mol + 1g / 18.02 g/mol) = 0.32 Mole
fraction of water = 1 - 0.32 = 0.68
Step 2: Calculate the vapor pressure of pure organic liquid using the following equation:
Vapor pressure of pure organic liquid = (96 KPa * 0.68) / (5.3 KPa - 96 KPa * 0.32) = 7.8 KPa
Step 3: Calculate the relative atomic mass of the organic compounds using the following equation:
Relative atomic mass = (7.8 KPa * 18 g/mol) / 5.3 KPa = 27.2 g/mol
Therefore, the relative atomic mass of the organic compounds is 27.2 g/mol.
(c)
(i) Solution containing 40% of A
When a solution containing 40% of A is distilled, the first fraction to distill over will be richer in A than the
original solution. This is because A has a higher boiling point than B, and therefore will be more volatile.
As the distillation proceeds, the remaining solution will become richer in B, and the distillate will
become less rich in A. Eventually, the distillate will reach the azeotropic composition of 60% A and 40%
B, and the boiling point of the distillate will remain constant at 550°C.
(ii) Solution containing 20% of B
When a solution containing 20% of B is distilled, the first fraction to distill over will be richer in B than the
original solution. This is because B has a lower boiling point than A, and therefore will be more volatile.
As the distillation proceeds, the remaining solution will become richer in A, and the distillate will
become less rich in B. Eventually, the distillate will reach the azeotropic composition of 40% A and 60%
B, and the boiling point of the distillate will remain constant at 550°C.
(iii) Boiling point composition curve for a solution formed by A and B
The boiling point composition curve for a solution formed by A and B is shown below:

The curve shows that the boiling point of the solution decreases as the mole fraction of B increases. At the
azeotropic point, the boiling point of the solution is at a minimum, and the composition of the solution is
constant. The azeotropic point is marked by a red dot on the curve.
Explanation:
The boiling point composition curve for a binary solution (i.e., a solution containing two components) shows
how the boiling point of the solution changes as the composition of the solution changes. The curve is
constructed by plotting the boiling points of different solutions at different compositions.
The azeotropic point on the curve is the point at which the boiling point of the solution is at a minimum, and the
composition of the solution is constant. At the azeotropic point, the vapor and liquid phases of the
solution have the same composition.