PDetect-Parkinson’s Disease Detection Using
Speech Features
Puja C
M Tech Signal Processing and Embedded Systems
Government College of Engineering Kannur
Abstract—Parkinson’s syndrome is a degenerative,progressive
neurological condition. The substantia nigra(a part of brain)
nerve cells in tiny bundles are mostly affected.When everything
is working properly, these cells produce dopamine, a chemical
(neurotransmitter) that carries information between brain areas
to coordinate smooth and balanced muscular movement. Because
these nerve cells die as a result of Parkinson’s disease,body
motions are altered. Early Parkinson’s disease intervention is
crucial for slowing the disease’s course. By allowing patients to
have access to information Condition modifying therapy is a type
of medication that is used to treat a disease. To ameliorate the
symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, computational algorithms that
utilise a set of data containing medical information about the
disease. This will aid the number of people who seek to identify
a risk early on.
Research conducted on the Parkinson’s disease (PD) detec-
tion voice impediment has been proven to exist, is associated
with symptoms. It is seen in 90% of people with early-stage
Parkinson’s syndrome. Therefore, we are interested in applying
the vowel function to computer-aided Clinical recognition and
remote patient monitoring of patients with parkinson. The
prognosis for Parkinson’s disease is poor. However, both genetic
and environmental factors may be involved. For this project,
I’ve opted to focus on medicine and use vocalisation data to
classify whether or not a person has Parkinson’s disease. For
background, it is a degenerative brain disorder that causes both
movement and cognitive impairment. As a result, it’s realistic to
infer that a patient’s capacity to, as these abilities deteriorate,
they develop Parkinson’s disease. Compared to older Machine
Learning models, the proposed methodology greatly improves
the accuracy of PD identification.
Index Terms—Parkinson disease, Speech processing, Machine
learning, Acoustic features
I. I NTRODUCTION
Parkinson’s disease is a disorder which affects the nervous
system. The symptoms occur gradually, with a tremor in only
one hand frequently being the first. Tremors are common, but
they’re also linked to stiffness and decreased mobility. Your
face will be having little or no expression at all in the previous
stages of Parkinson’s disease. When you walk, your arms may
not swing.There will be a great chance that your speech is
slurred or hushed. Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease worsen as
the disease progresses. Although there is no immediate cure
for Parkinson’s disease, drugs may help you feel better for just
a short period of time. Your doctor may recommend surgery
to help you feel better by addressing specific areas of your
brain.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4298373
Prof.Chinchu.A
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication
Government College of Engineering Kannur
In senior people,this results in a general loss of motor
skills. As a result of the shortage of neurotransmitter receptors
throughout time, in the nigrostriatal area. Nearly 90% of
patients,resting tremor, gait rigidity, postural instability, and
vocal dysfunction are all indicators of Parkinson’s disease.
There are two sorts of symptoms for Parkinson’s disease: range
of motion and movement-unrelated.Depression, loss of sense
of smell, and psychological characteristic impairments are
examples of nonmotor symptoms.Parkinson’s disease patients
commonly encounter auditory processing disorder.majority of
the individuals have speech abnormalities. Such as extremely
quiet and unvoiced speech. Speech signal analysis is regarded
as a major non-invasive tool for diagnosing Parkinson’s dis-
ease. Health professionals and neuroscientists are interested
in non-invasive PD detection and forecasting techniques. In
addition, recognising vocal changes in Parkinson’s patients
could lead to an earlier diagnosis. This project aims to show
that a patient’s vocalisation data can be used to determine
whether or not they have a heart condition. whether or not
they have Parkinson’s disease. As a result, it is at first It’s
assumed that there’s a link between the two.
II. L ITERATURE S URVEY
Until recently, there was no technique to diagnose Parkin-
son’s disease (PD) [1]. There exist multiple symptoms and
diagnostic tools for the detection. A variety of indicators have
been investigated by scientists in order to assist them diagnose
Parkinson’s disease early and slow it down. All Parkinson’s
disease treatments at the time improve symptoms but do not
reduce or stop the disease from advancing.
A articulation transition feature comparison revealed that
the number of articulation transitions and the fundamental
frequency are both growing in a study conducted by Quan
Changqin et al [1]. The curves of HC speakers and PD
patients were drastically different. As a result of this finding,
we propose utilising a bidirectional long-short term memory
(LSTM) model to capture time-series dynamism. Voice signal
features that can be utilised to detect Parkinson’s disease.
Designers built a deep neural network to forecast the sever-
ity of Parkinson’s illness in Grover et al, [10]. The developed
DNN model outperformed previous strategies, in terms of
accuracy. It was also revealed that the classification based
on motor UPDRS score is superior to the classification based
on total UPDRS score. Implying that it is a better tool for • MDVP:Jitter(%),MDVP:Jitter(Abs),MDVP:RAP, MDVP
predicting severity. :PPQ,Jitter:DDP -implies the Several measures of vari-
Wodzinsk et alresearch et.al,[7] demonstrates how to iden- ation in fundamental frequency
tify vowels with persistent phonation and a ResNet architecture • MDVP:RAP - MDVP relative amplitude perturbation
built for image classification . The audio recordings’ spectrum • MDVP:PPQ -MDVP five-point period perturbation quo-
was calculated and input into the ResNet architecture, which tient
had already been pre-trained with the ImageNet. And the • Jitter:DDP -Average absolute difference of differences
SVD databases. The dataset was extensively extended in the between jitter cycles
time domain to avoid overfitting. In the Parkinson’s disease • MDVP:Shimmer,MDVP:Shimmer(dB):Several measures
sample (from the PC-GITA database), there are 100 patients: of variation in amplitude
50 healthy and 50 with Parkinson’s disease. • MDVP:Shimmer -MDVP local shimmer
The accuracy of diagnosis was as high as 90%. The publica- • Shimmer:APQ3 - amplitude perturbation quotient(Three-
tion [5] discusses many classifiers for identifying PD. Includ- point)
ing Neural Networks, Decision Trees, Regression and the DM • Shimmer:APQ5 - amplitude perturbation quotient(Five-
neural method. Neural Network has the highest classification point)
rate of 92.9 percent. [8] describes how correlation-based fea- • Shimmer:DDA -Average absolute differences between the
ture selection was used to lower feature dimensionality (from amplitudes of consecutive periods
23 to 11) and how it affected the Rotation Forest classifier. The • NHR :Noise-to-harmonics ratio,HNR :Harmonics-to-
authors report a 2.7 percent improvement as a result of using noise ratio- measures of ratio of noise to tonal compo-
11 characteristics. The developers of [2] devised a method nents
for classifying and grading Parkinson’s disease severity. For • RPDE (Recurrence period density entropy measure)
further speech disorders that are much easier to diagnose from • D2 (Correlation dimension)- nonlinear dynamical com-
a healthy person’s voice, automatic feature extraction analysis plexity measures
[1] was performed. • DFA - Signal fractal scaling exponent
• spread1,spread2,PPE (Pitch period entropy)- nonlinear
III. DATASET measures of fundamental frequency variation [1]
The database is turned out by Max Little of the University
of Oxford. It in the collaboration with the National Center
for Voice and Voice in Denver, Colorado. They recorded the
speech signals. In the original study, the feature extraction
approaches for broad voice difficulties were provided. The
biological voice measurements from 31 persons and 23 per-
sons whom having parkinson disease have been collected and
it is added to the dataset. Thus the dataset is applied for
the modelling and processing. The column consisting of the
specific voice measure. Similarly the row consisting of one
of the 195 voice recordings made by the given persons. The
main aim of the data is the distinguishning of healthy persons
and the ones with parkinsons. In the dataset taken the status Fig. 1. Data sample of both a healthy patient and one with Parkinsons
values corresponds to the persons with or without parkinsons.
The status value corresponds to ’1’ indicates the person with B. Data visualization
parkinson and ’0’ indicates the one without parkinson. The
information is stored in ASCII CSV format. A single voice
recording occurrence is represented in each row in the format
of CSV file . Every patient has roughly six recordings, the first
of which is labelled with the patient’s name. This is shown in
fig.1.

A. Features
• MDVP:Fo(Hz) - implies the Average vocal fundamental
frequency
• MDVP:Fhi(Hz) - implies the Maximum vocal fundamen-
tal frequency
• MDVP:Flo(Hz) - implies the Minimum vocal fundamen- Fig. 2. Line chart for the dataset
tal frequency

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 IV. PD ETECT
A. Features
PDetect’s major goal is to produce reliable findings, which
gives rise to its specialisation.PDetect uses two steps to
diagnose Parkinson’s disease: The ’Vocal Frequency Test’ and
the ’Spiral and Wave Test.’
• Vocal Frequency Test (Stage 1)
– Parkinson’s disease (PD) has numerous effects on
speech. Many patients with PD speak calmly and
in one tone, with little emotion conveyed. Speech
can seem breathy or hoarse at times. Patients with
Parkinson’s disease may slur words, grumble, or
stop at the end of a sentence. Because patients
with Parkinson’s disease have these distinct vocal
characteristics, the disease can be recognised using
a person’s vocal frequencies.
• Spiral and Wave Test (Stage 2)
– A test that entails drawing a spiral and a wave on
a piece of paper could be used to detect Parkin-
son’s syndrome early on. One of the symptoms of
Parkinson’s syndrome is tremors and muscle rigidity,
which makes drawing smooth spirals and waves
challenging. Draw a spiral and a wave on different
sheets of paper, then upload an image of each to the
website.
Fig. 3. PD detection procedure
V. A LGORITHMS AND TECHNIQUES
To analyse the data collection, I used many supervised
learning techniques. My ambition is to discover the best
classifier for this problem. After that, I’ll be able to fine-tune
it to maximise its efficiency. The ultimate goal is to develop
a model based on one of these classifiers to perform as good
as or better than the study’s prediction rate. As follows, I’ve
picked three distinct supervised classifiers:
A. Naive Bayes
A classifier that attempts to classify data using Baye’s
theorem. Baye’s equation is used to calculate the likelihood
of a certain classification based on probabilities received from
data features. This classifier was chosen since it is known to
require a minimal training set to estimate parameters and is
unaffected by irrelevant features.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4298373
B. Support Vector Machines
A classifier that uses an ideal hyper plane between data to
categorise the data set. This classifier was chosen because it
has a large variety of various kernelling functions that can be
used. This model, I hope, can produce a high prediction rate
when modified.
C. Stochastic Gradient Descent
A classifier that uses the gradient descent idea to achieve
the best prediction rate. This classifier was chosen since it
contains a number of parameters that might be tweaked if it
provides good results with my data set. My biggest concern is
that it performs well with sparse data but suffers from larger
training sets.
D. K Nearest Neighbor
The K-NN algorithm thinks that the new case/data and
precedents are comparable. And it places the new case in the
classification, that is closest to the previous categories. This
method keeps track of all available data . Categorises sets of
data, based on their similarity to existing data. This implies
that the method, new data can be quickly categorised into
the relevant place. Although the technique can be useful for
both regression and classification purpose. The classification
application is the most prevalent. It does not make any
assumptions about the data.
VI. N EURAL N ETWORK
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) and simulated neural net-
works (SNNs), both types of neural network models, are used
in deep learning techniques. Their naming and construction
were inspired by the human brain, although they function
similarly to genuine neurons.
Fig. 4. Deep Neural Network
In the Artificial neural network it mainly consisting of the
nodal layer which consists of an input layer and multiple
hidden layers and also an output layer. There will be having
there own weight for every artificial neural network and also
the threshold value. And is linked to the others also. When
a specific level is reached by the output of a node, it gets
activated and the data is forwarded to the next layer of the
network. If this isn’t the case, no data is transferred to the
networks next level .
Fig. 5. KNN classifier
VII. I MPLEMENTATION
By using the concept of similarity the KNN algorithm
determines the closest neighbours . It aggregates a group
of data points into categories . And categorize new data as
shown in fig.5. A metric for similarity (such as the Euclidean
distance). The key benefit is that it does not take the shape of a
model that will fit. It is based entirely on data-driven learning.
It locates the k nearest neighbours of I, given a value k and
a feature, in order to categorise I. the sample set and uses
neighbour categories to define I’s class. The structure imposes
a lower standard computation burden. As a result, the k-NN
algorithm is extremely quick. It produces paistaking findings
in general.
The following is a common k-NN algorithm:
• Calculate the Euclidean distance between a new object o
and the rest of the learning sets other objects.
• Select the k items fron the learning set that are more
similar to o.
• Assign o to the group that contains the most k items.
Following the discovery of the k closest neighbours, the
new object’s class is determined. Using a voting technique
such as majority voting or weighted-sum voting. The formal
k-NN classifier algorithm is as follows in summary:
argmin(de (t, o, k)) → identif yP
where t represents the training data, o represents the object to
be classified, P represents the new object’s given class, and k
is the number of nearest neighbours to be considered and de
is the Euclidean distance given by:
v
u L
uX
2
de = t (ti,k − oi,k )
i=1
where L is length of each of data vector. In this work, the
parameter k is set to one.
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The NB classifier calculates class membership probability
using a probabilistic technique. It is based on the conditional
independence principle. During the learning phase, the NB
is straightly to use because it just requires one iteration to
generate probabilities. In the theory, the classes are assigned
to the training data using a probability density function.
Following that, the objects are allocated to the most likely
class. It attributes a new set of features to the most probable
target class (c) according to:
c =arg max Prob c | f 1,f2 ,...,fn ))
 
1 ,f2 ,...,f |c),Prob(c)
=arg max Prob(f
Prob(f1 ,f2 ,...,f )
using the chain rule, the most probable target class (c) can be
expressed as follows:
n
!
Y
c = arg max Prob(c) Prob (fi c)
i=1
With the given data set, the supervised learning algorithms
performed admirably. I had no problems with the measure-
ments and strategies I used. Some effort was put into tweaking
the scatter matrix I created so that the labels could be seen
properly. I should mention that I’ve written a number of
functions to aid in the training and prediction of my classifiers.
This makes it quite simple for numerous classifiers like myself.
A. Streamlit app
Streamlit is an open source app. Its a framework built on
Python. It allows us to swiftly build data science. And als
the machine learning web apps. It supports scikit-learn, Keras
etc. among other Python libraries. The obtained streamlit app
has shown in fig.6 and fig.7. Widgets are treated as variables,
therefore no callbacks are necessary. Data caching speeds up .
It simplifies the use of computation pipelines. The application
is automatically deployed using the link while shared while
doing it. Following after Streamlit monitors changes to the
associated Git repository for updates.
On this app we will provide the values of the voice features
of an individual by examining that the app wil give the result
on detecting whether the individual has parkinson disease or
not.
While giving the values as shown in Fig.5 while pressing
the detect button as it will show the results.Streamlit is more
organised and emphasises simplicity. It only supports Python-
based data analysis and has a restricted range of widgets to
pick from (for example, sliders).
B. Performance Metrics
If a PD patient is accurately recognised during testing of
the method for PD detection, this case is a TRUE POS-
ITIVE (TP); otherwise, this case is a FALSE NEGATIVE
(FN). TRUE NEGATIVES (TN) relate to accurately identified
 evaluate the suggested method’s performance.
TP + TN
Accuracy = (1)
TP + FP + TN + FN
2 × Specif ity × Sensitivity
F − score = (2)
Specif ity + Sensitivity
TN
Specif ity = (3)
TN + FP
TP
Sensitivity = (4)
TP + FN

VIII. R ESULT
The final results are not as impressive as the study’s goal of
Fig. 6. PDetect app [Local host]
91.4 %. The final rate for my model was 88.46 %. However,
my model is within a 5% margin of their research, which
verifies the findings. I believe that by paying even more
attention to the model’s tweaking, I will be able to obtain the
same result as the study. It may be possible to achieve a higher
rate, but this would need considerable parameter adjustments
and data cleaning to exclude small outliers.

IX. C ONCLUSION
My experiment examined a variety of classifiers in the hopes
of identifying one that would confirm the study’s classification
using vocalisation data. I found the data distribution for
individuals with Parkinson’s disease versus those who were
healthy to be quite fascinating. This backs up the theory
that vocalisation data is linked to whether or not someone
has Parkinson’s disease. Coding and analysing the scatter
matrix to find this association was the most difficult task I
faced.However, it was quite beneficial in helping me compre-
hend the data set. This model met my expectations because
it supported the findings of the investigation. Unfortunately,
Fig. 7. PDetect app
because it does not meet the 95 percent confidence interval,
I do not feel it can be used for diagnosis in the general
healthcare environment.
To improve the prediction rate, the model can be fine-tuned
further. I was able to use all of the techniques I created, but
I am aware that there are other supervised learning classifiers
that may be used to classify this data. In terms of my final
solution, I believe that a better answer exists if more work is
spent tweaking classifier parameters and studying additional
supervised classifiers. A classifier designed expressly for this
type of situation might be the most effective.

Fig. 8. PDetect app
healthy subjects, whereas FALSE POSITIVES (FP) belong
to misclassified healthy patients (FP). Accuracy, sensitivity,
specificity, and precision are utilised as figures of merit to
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[1] Quan Changqin,Kang Ren and Zhiwei luo.”A Deep Learning Based
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[4] Gunduz hakan”Deep learning based parkinson disease classification
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Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4298373

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