La Final Content

Seminar report NANO WIRES 2023-24
ABSTRACT
The scaling of electronic devices also requires the evolution of high

energy density power sources. By using nanowires, high charge storage
materials, which otherwise have mechanical breakage problems due to
large structure transformations and volume changes, can be adopted as
electrode materials. High power operation can also be possible due to the
1. short lithium insertion distances in the nanowires. We have studied Si and
I
N
Ge nanowires and demonstrated charge storage capacities several times
T
R higher than the graphite anodes used in existing battery technology.
O LiMn2O4 nanorod cathodes were found to show much higher power rates
D than commercial powders.
U Detailed morphology and structure
C characterization have shown that these improvements are attributed to
T
facile strain relaxation, good electronic contact and conduction, and short
O
N Li insertion distances in the nanowire battery electrode. We also
developed a Langmuir-Blodgett assembly technique to produce nanowire
pillars as battery electrodes, which opens up the possibility for the
fabrication of on-chip battery power sources.
Nanowires are structures of dimensions of the order of one nanometer (10-
9m). Alternatively, they can be defined as structures that have a lateral size
of a few tens of nanometers or less and a longitudinal size without limit. At
these scales, the quantum mechanical effects are important, therefore such
wire are also known as “quantum wires”. Many different types of
nanowires exist, metallic, semiconductors, and insulators. Molecular
nanowires consist of a repetition of organic (DNA) or inorganic molecular
units. Nanowires have received special interest due to their applications in
electronic and optoelectronic devices. Many applications at room
temperature have already been shown, such as field effect transistors,
DPT.EEE GPTC KASARAGOD 1
diodes, and logic gates combining n-type and p-type nanowires. In addition,
it has been shown that it is possible to obtain the almost atomic pointed
2.NANOWIRES
A nanowire is a nanostructure in the form of a wire with the diameter of

the order of a nanometre (10−9 metres). More generally, nanowires can be
defined as structures that have a thickness or diameter constrained to tens
of nano meters or less and an unconstrained length. At these scales,
quantum mechanical effects are important—which coined the term
"quantum wires". Many different types of nanowires exist, including
superconducting, metallic semiconducting and insulating. Molecular
nanowires are composed of repeating molecular units either organic or
inorganic.
SOME KEY POINTS ABOUGHT LIGHTNING
 Throughout the world nearly 100 lightning strokes occur per

second.
 Sometimes lightning is five times hotter than the surface of the

sun.
 Lightning produces ozone in the atmosphere, which help to

protect life on earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation
from sun
 Lightning plays a role in nitrogen cycle by creating nitrogen

oxides that can be converted into fertilizers and contribute to
plant growth
 Lightning can create natural phenomena, such as lightning

sprites, elves, and blue jets which are interesting to study and
observe
 Lightning can travel at speeds of up to 220,000 miles per hour

(354,000 kilometers per hour)
 A lightning discharge is usually made up of several separate

stokes.
 87% of lightning strokes results from negatively charged

clouds.
 13%of lightning strokes results from positively charged clouds.
 Lightning discharge current range from 10 kA to 90kA.

1. TYPES OF LIGHTNING
There are several types of lightning which can be classified based on their
characteristics and location. Here are some common types of lightning.
1. Cloud-to-Ground (CG) Lightning:
This is the most well-known type of lightning that occurs between a

thundercloud and the ground. CG lightning can either be negative or positive,
with negative CG lightning being more common. Negative CG lightning is
characterized by a downward discharge of electrons from the cloud to the
ground, while positive CG lightning involves an upward discharge of electrons
from the ground to the cloud.
II. Cloud-to-Cloud (CC) Lightning:
This type of lightning occurs between two different areas within a thundercloud.
CC lightning can be seen as flashes of light within the cloud, and it can also
connect different cloud layers.
III. Intra-Cloud (IC) Lightning:
Also known as sheet lightning, IC lightning occurs within a single

thundercloud, where lightning discharges occur between different areas of the
cloud. IC lightning is often seen as a diffuse illumination of the cloud, without
any visible channels.
IV. Cloud-to-Air (CA) Lightning:
This type of lightning occurs when lightning discharges from a thundercloud to

the surrounding air, without reaching the ground. CA lightning is usually not
visible from the ground, but it can be detected by specialized instruments.

V. Ribbon Lightning:
Ribbon lightning is a rare type of lightning occur when lightning that appears as
long, horizontal lines or ribbons of light often accompanying CG lightning. It is
believed to be caused by wind shearing the lightning channel, creating a
flattened appearance.
VI. Ball Lightning:
Ball lightning is a rare and poorly understood type of lightning that appears as a
glowing ball of light that can move erratically and persist for several seconds or
even minutes. Ball lightning is still a subject of scientific research and
investigation.
VII. Direct lightning:
Here lightning discharge is directly from the cloud to the subject, equipment etc
VIII. Indirect lightning:
indirect lightning result from the electro statically induced charges on

conductors due to the presence of charged clouds

5. LIGHTNING PROTECTIONS
I. Franklin system
The Franklin System, also known as the Franklin Lightning Rod System or
Franklin Rod, is a type of lightning protection system used to protect buildings
and structures from lightning strikes. It was invented by Benjamin Franklin in
the 18th century and is considered one of the earliest and most effective
lightning protection methods. The Franklin System typically consists of a
lightning rod, also known as an air terminal or lightning conductor, which is a
pointed metal rod installed at the highest point of a structure. The lightning rod
is connected to a conductive path, such as a metal cable or down conductor,
which is then connected to one or more grounding rods or electrodes buried in
the ground. The purpose of the system is to provide a path of least resistance for
lightning to follow, safely directing the lightning discharge to the ground, thus
protecting the structure and its occupants from potential damage caused by
lightning strikes.
The Franklin System works on the principle of "charge transfer," where the
pointed lightning rod helps to create a local electric field that can ionize the air
around it. This ionization process can help to reduce the likelihood of a
lightning strike by gradually dissipating the build-up of electric charge in the
surrounding air. If a lightning strike does occur, the lightning rod provides a
preferred path for the lightning to follow, reducing the risk of damage to the
structure. It has been widely used for lightning protection for centuries and is
still used today in many parts of the world. However, it is important to note that
lightning protection systems should be installed and maintained by qualified
professionals in accordance with relevant standards and guidelines to ensure
their effectiveness and safety.

II. Earthing screen

An earthing screen, also known as an earth screen or grounding screen, is a type
of electrical protection used in high-voltage systems or installations to mitigate
the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and electrical interference. It is
typically made of conductive material, such as copper or aluminium, and is
installed around or near electrical cables, equipment, or systems to provide a
low-impedance path for the dissipation of electrical currents and voltages into
the ground.
Earthing screens are commonly used in applications where electromagnetic
interference (EMI) or radio frequency interference (RFI) can negatively impact
the performance or safety of electrical systems. For example, in power
substations, data centres, telecommunication facilities, and other sensitive
installations, earthing screens can be used to shield electrical cables and
equipment from external electromagnetic fields, as well as to prevent the
leakage or coupling of electrical signals that may cause interference with other
systems or devices.
Earthing screens work by providing a low-impedance path to ground, allowing
electrical currents and voltages to be diverted away from sensitive equipment or
systems. This can help to reduce the risk of damage or malfunction caused by
electromagnetic interference or electrical noise. Properly designed and installed
earthing screens can help to improve the performance and reliability of
electrical systems, reduce the risk of electrical hazards, and ensure compliance
with relevant electrical safety standards.
It is important to note that the design, installation, and maintenance of earthing
screens should be carried out by qualified professionals in accordance with
relevant codes, standards, and guidelines. Improperly installed or maintained
earthing screens may not provide effective protection and can pose risks to
personnel and equipment. Consulting with electrical engineers or other experts
in the field is recommended for ensuring proper use of earthing screens in
electrical installations.
Overhead ground wires, also known as overhead ground conductors or overhead
shield wires, are protective measures used in electrical power transmission and
distribution systems to enhance the safety and reliability of the electrical grid.
They are typically installed above power lines and serve as a supplemental path
for conducting fault currents away from the power lines to the ground, thereby
reducing the risk of electrical hazards and improving the overall performance of
the system.

III. Overhead ground wires.

Overhead ground wires are usually made of conductive materials, such as
aluminium or steel, and are installed in parallel with the power lines at a higher
elevation. They are typically grounded at regular intervals using grounding rods
or other grounding methods. The ground wires are designed to have lower
impedance than the power lines, which allows them to provide a preferred path
for fault currents to flow during a fault or lightning strike, effectively mitigating
the impact of fault currents on the power lines and associated equipment.
The main functions of overhead ground wires are to:

1. Improve system grounding: Overhead ground wires help to improve the
overall grounding of the power system by providing additional paths for fault
currents to flow to the ground. This helps to reduce the risk of electrical
hazards, such as electric shocks or equipment damage, by diverting fault
currents away from the power lines and other sensitive equipment.
2. Enhance lightning protection: Overhead ground wires can also help to
improve the lightning protection of power lines by providing a preferred path
for lightning to follow. Lightning strikes are a common cause of disruptions and
damages in power distribution systems, and overhead ground wires can help to
minimize the impact of lightning strikes by providing a low-resistance path for
lightning currents to safely dissipate into the ground.
3. Reduce interference: Overhead ground wires can also help to reduce
interference from external electromagnetic fields or radio frequency
interference (RFI) that may affect the performance or reliability of power lines
and associated equipment. The ground wires can act as a shield, diverting or
absorbing external electromagnetic fields or RFI, thereby minimizing their
impact on the power system.
It is important to note that the design, installation, and maintenance of overhead
ground wires should be carried out by qualified professionals in accordance
with relevant electrical safety standards and guidelines. Regular inspection and
testing of overhead ground wires are necessary to ensure their continued
effectiveness in protecting the power system and ensuring safe and reliable
operation.

IV. Lightning arresters.

Lightning arresters, also known as lightning surge arresters, surge protectors, or
lightning suppressors, are devices used in electrical power systems to protect
equipment and installations from the damaging effects of lightning-induced
surges or transient overvoltage’s. Lightning arresters are designed to divert and
safely dissipate lightning surges, thereby protecting electrical systems from
potential damage caused by lightning strikes.
When lightning strikes a structure or a nearby area, it can induce high voltages
and currents in the electrical system, leading to overvoltage’s that can damage
or destroy sensitive electrical equipment, such as transformers, switchgear,
motors, and other connected devices. Lightning arresters are installed at
strategic points in the electrical system to intercept and discharge this transient
overvoltage to the ground, preventing them from reaching and damaging the
sensitive equipment.
Schematic Representation and Functioning of Arrester

Basically, the arrester has a spark-gap and to its series a non-linear resistor.
(Property of non-linear resistance is that its resistance decreases as the voltage
or current increases and vice-versa). One end of arrester is connected to the
equipment terminal and the other is perfectly earthed.
The spark gap can be set as per the system voltage. Its length is so selected that
arc is not produced due to normal system voltage but due to an abnormal high
voltage produces a spark (arc) in the spark gap. The arc is formed due to
breaking of insulation of air across the gap due to high surge voltage.

6. CLASSIFICATION OF LIGHTNING ARRESTERS
There are different types of lightning arresters, the classification is dipnets upon
the
Voltage
Current
Reliability
Space available for installation etc...
Different types of lightning arresters are
 Rod gap arrester
 Expulsion type arrester
 Horn gap arrester
 Multiple gap arrester
 Valve type arrester
 Sphere gap arrester
 Impulse protective gap arrester
 Electrolytic arrester
 Oxide film arrester
 Thyrite lightning arrester
 Auto valve arrester
 Metal oxide lightning arrester

I. Rod gap lightning arrester
A rod gap arrester, also known as a lightning rod or lightning arrester, is a

device designed to protect structures, such as buildings or other tall objects,
from damage caused by lightning strikes. Lightning is a natural phenomenon
that can produce extremely high voltage surges, which can pose a significant
risk to structures and the people inside them.
A rod gap arrester typically consists of a metal rod or conductor that is
installed at the highest point of a structure, with the top of the rod extending
above the surrounding objects. When a lightning strike occurs, the rod provides
a path of least resistance for the lightning to follow, diverting the electrical
energy away from the structure and harmlessly dissipating it into the ground.
The rod gap arrester works by using the principle of the "point discharge
effect." When the rod is installed at a height above the surrounding objects, it
ionizes the air around it, creating a conductive path for the lightning to follow.
This path of least resistance helps to prevent the lightning from striking the
structure directly, reducing the risk of damage or destruction caused by the high
voltage surge.
Rod gap arresters are commonly used in conjunction with other lightning
protection systems, such as grounding systems and surge protection devices, to
provide comprehensive protection against lightning strikes. It is important to
note that proper installation and maintenance of rod gap arresters is essential to
ensure their effectiveness in protecting structures from lightning damage.
Consulting with a qualified lightning protection professional is recommended
for proper design and installation of rod gap arresters.
Rod gap lightning arrester

II. Horn gap lightning arrester
A horn gap arrester, also known as a horn gap lightning arrester, is a type of
lightning arrester that is used to protect electrical systems and equipment from
damage caused by lightning-induced overvoltage’s. It is typically used in high
voltage power systems, such as substations and transmission lines, to provide a
path of least resistance for lightning surges to safely dissipate to ground,
protecting the connected electrical infrastructure. Horn gap arresters consist of a
pair of horn-shaped electrodes that are mounted on insulating supports and
arranged in an open-air configuration. The electrodes are typically made of
metal and are shaped like horns or inverted cones, with their tips pointed
towards each other, leaving a small gap between them. When a lightning surge
or overvoltage occurs on the power system, the voltage across the horn gap
arrester increases.
Once the voltage across the gap reaches a certain threshold, known as the
breakdown voltage, the air in the gap ionizes and becomes conductive, allowing
the lightning surge to follow a path of least resistance along the horns and safely
dissipate to ground. The horn shape of the electrodes is designed to create a
corona discharge at the tips, which helps to facilitate the breakdown of the air in
the gap and the safe diversion of the lightning surge.
Horn gap arresters are relatively simple and robust devices that can
handle high-energy surges and provide effective protection against lightning
strikes. They are typically used in outdoor applications and are commonly
installed on overhead transmission lines, substations, and other high voltage
electrical systems. However, horn gap arresters do require periodic maintenance
to ensure their optimal performance, including cleaning of the electrodes to
prevent contamination and checking for any physical damage or wear.
Horn gap lightning arrester

III. Expulsion type lightning arrester
An expulsion type arrester, also known as an expulsion gap arrester, is a

type of lightning arrester that is used to protect electrical systems and
equipment from damage caused by lightning-induced overvoltage’s. It is
typically used in high voltage power systems, such as substations and
transmission lines, to prevent the damaging effects of lightning strikes.
Expulsion type arresters operate based on the principle of arc extinction. When
a lightning surge or overvoltage occurs on the power system, the expulsion type
arrester provides a path of least resistance for the surge to follow. This causes a
high-energy electric arc to form between the electrodes of the arrester. The arc
rapidly heats the surrounding gas and creates a high-pressure shock wave that
extinguishes the arc and clears the path for the surge to be safely diverted to
ground.
Expulsion type arresters consist of a series of spark gaps or electrodes,
usually made of metal, that are arranged in a stack or column. The gaps are
filled with a gas, such as air or a specialized gas mixture, which serves as the
insulation medium. When the voltage across the arresters exceeds a certain
threshold, the spark gaps break down and allow the surge to pass through,
creating the arc that extinguishes and diverts the surge.
One of the advantages of expulsion type arresters is their ability to handle
high-energy surges and withstand repeated discharges without needing to be
replaced or reset. However, after a discharge event, the expulsion type arresters
need to be replaced or reset manually to restore their protective capability.

IV. Sphere gap lightning arrester
A sphere gap arrester, also known as a sphere gap lightning arrester, is a

type of lightning arrester that is used to protect electrical systems and
equipment from damage caused by lightning-induced overvoltage’s. It is
typically used in high voltage power systems, such as substations and
transmission lines, to provide a path of least resistance for lightning surges to
safely dissipate to ground, protecting the connected electrical infrastructure.
A sphere gap arrester consists of two or more metal spheres mounted on
insulating supports and arranged in an open-air configuration. The spheres are
typically made of conducting materials, such as brass or stainless steel, and are
positioned with a small gap between them. When a lightning surge or
overvoltage occurs on the power system, the voltage across the sphere gap
arrester increases.
Once the voltage across the gap reaches a certain threshold, known as the
breakdown voltage, the air in the gap ionizes and becomes conductive, allowing
the lightning surge to follow a path of least resistance between the spheres and
safely dissipate to ground. The size and spacing of the spheres can be adjusted
to control the breakdown voltage and ensure effective lightning protection.
Sphere gap arresters are relatively simple and robust devices that can
handle high-energy surges and provide effective protection against lightning
strikes. They are typically used in outdoor applications and are commonly
installed on overhead transmission lines, substations, and other high voltage
electrical systems. However, sphere gap arresters do require periodic
maintenance to ensure their optimal performance, including cleaning of the
spheres to prevent contamination and checking for any physical damage or
wear.
sphere gap lightning arrester

V. Electrolytic lightning arrester
An electrolytic lightning arrester, also known as an electrolytic surge

arrester or simply an electrolytic arrester, is a type of lightning protection device
that uses an electrolytic action to dissipate lightning energy and protect
electrical systems and equipment from damage caused by lightning-induced
overvoltage’s. An electrolytic arrester typically consists of a container filled
with an electrolytic solution, which is a conductive liquid, and two or more
electrodes immersed in the solution. The electrodes are typically made of metal,
such as copper or aluminium, and are connected to the electrical system that
needs protection.
During normal operation, the voltage across the electrodes is low, and the
electrolytic solution acts as an insulator, preventing current flow between the
electrodes. However, when a lightning surge or overvoltage occurs on the
power system, the voltage across the electrodes increases. Once the voltage
reaches a certain threshold, known as the breakdown voltage, the electrolytic
solution breaks down and becomes conductive, allowing current to flow
between the electrodes. This causes a chemical reaction in the solution, which
generates gas and heat, and creates a conductive path for the lightning surge to
be safely dissipated to ground.
Electrolytic arresters are typically used in low to medium voltage
electrical systems, such as distribution networks and building installations, to
provide surge protection against lightning-induced overvoltage’s. They are
relatively simple and inexpensive devices, and they can be used in both indoor
and outdoor applications. However, electrolytic arresters do require periodic
maintenance, such as checking and replacing the electrolytic solution, to ensure
their optimal performance.
Electrolytic lightning arrester

VI. Metal oxide surge arrester
The arrester which uses zinc oxide semiconductor as a resistor material

such type of arrester is known as a metal oxide surge arrester of ZnO Diverter.
This are providing protection against all types of AC and DC over voltages. It is
mainly used for overvoltage protection at all voltage levels in a power system.
Under normal operating conditions of the system i.e., when there is no
surge and when the system is operating under rated voltage, the surge arrester
will have a high resistance (almost infinite) to earth i.e., it acts as an open
circuit. On the occurrence of a switching surge, the metal oxide surge arrester
responds very quickly to the surge voltages i.e., at the order of a nanosecond.
The resistance of the surge arrester decreases at the very moment the surge
switches in the system and hence leading to the discharge of very large currents
to the earth.
Metal oxide surge arresters are widely used in a variety of electrical
systems, ranging from low voltage to high voltage applications, including
distribution networks, substations, and industrial installations. They are
compact, reliable, and have a fast response time, making them effective in
providing surge protection against lightning and other transient overvoltage’s.
metal oxide surge arrester

Construction of mov disc

Zinc oxide is pulverized and finely grained. more than ten doping materials are
added in the form of fine powders of insulating oxides. The mixture is spray
dried to obtain a dry powder. The dry powder is compressed into disc-shaped
blocks. Then the disc is coated with a conducting compound it provides proper
contacts and uniform current distribution. The disc then enclosed in a porcelain
housing filled with nitrogen or SF6 gas. The metal oxide disc is a very fast
acting electronic switch at normal voltage the metal oxide disk act as an
insulator and will not conduct current. but when high voltage caused by
lightning it becomes a conductor. So, when surge occur the arrester provide a
low resistance path for the surge to earth. And the electrical system is protected
by the harmful effect of lightning. After the travelling of the surge the voltage
across the diverters falls, and the current is reduced to a negligible value of the
resistor units and it act as an insulator.
metal oxide surge arrester

VII. Surge Counter
Surge counter along with leakage current indicator is connected in series with
the surge arrester by means of suitable cable at earth side. The counter counts
the number of surges passing through the surge arrester while the leakage
current indicator continuously indicates the leakage current through active
elements as well as over the surface of the surge arrester.
Surge Counter will automatically record the number of lightning and
switching surge discharges of Station class surge arresters on a five-digit
cyclometer dial. Impulse discharges through the arrester must also pass through
the surge counter as it is insulated from, and mounted at the base of the arrester,
and connected between the arrester ground terminal and the station ground. The
counter will register impulse discharges through the arrester of an amplitude of
40 amperes or greater. The counter is capable of up to five registrations per
second and operates without any external power source.
The surge counter also has a continuous A.C Leakage Current indicator.
The indicating ammeter has a 0-3 mA crest scale visible through the glass
housing.
Surge counter

7. CONCLUSION
Lightning arresters are essential devices used to protect electrical and

electronic systems, structures, and appliances from the damaging
effects of lightning strikes. They provide a path of least resistance for
lightning currents to safely bypass the protected equipment or
structure, preventing damage due to overvoltage and surges. Proper
installation, maintenance, and selection of appropriate lightning
arresters are critical to ensuring their effectiveness in safeguarding
against lightning damage.
“If I accept
the sunshine and warmth,
then
I must also accept
the thunder and lightning.”
— Khalil Gibran

8. BABILIOGRAPHY
 https://www.slideshare.net/nehakardam/presentation1-16085041
 https://circuitglobe.com/types-of-lightning-arresters.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_arrester
 https://www.elprocus.com/what-is-lightning-arrester-working-principle-
and-its-types/
 https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt
"I don't think

you can catch lightning in a bottle twice.
- Mark Frost

THANK YOU
Submitted by
ARJUN DEV P S
REG.NO: 2101030934
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
(2021-2024)
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
-----KASARAGOD-----

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Seminar report NANO WIRES 2023-24

The scaling of electronic devices also requires the evolution of high

Seminar report NANO WIRES 2023-24

A nanowire is a nanostructure in the form of a wire with the diameter of

SOME KEY POINTS ABOUGHT LIGHTNING

 Throughout the world nearly 100 lightning strokes occur per

 Sometimes lightning is five times hotter than the surface of the

 Lightning produces ozone in the atmosphere, which help to

 Lightning plays a role in nitrogen cycle by creating nitrogen

 Lightning can create natural phenomena, such as lightning

 Lightning can travel at speeds of up to 220,000 miles per hour

 A lightning discharge is usually made up of several separate

 87% of lightning strokes results from negatively charged

 13%of lightning strokes results from positively charged clouds.

 Lightning discharge current range from 10 kA to 90kA.

DPT.EEE GPTC KASARAGOD 3

1. Cloud-to-Ground (CG) Lightning:

This is the most well-known type of lightning that occurs between a

II. Cloud-to-Cloud (CC) Lightning:

III. Intra-Cloud (IC) Lightning:

Also known as sheet lightning, IC lightning occurs within a single

IV. Cloud-to-Air (CA) Lightning:

This type of lightning occurs when lightning discharges from a thundercloud to

DPT.EEE GPTC KASARAGOD 4

VI. Ball Lightning:

VII. Direct lightning:

VIII. Indirect lightning:

indirect lightning result from the electro statically induced charges on

DPT.EEE GPTC KASARAGOD 5

DPT.EEE GPTC KASARAGOD 6

II. Earthing screen

DPT.EEE GPTC KASARAGOD 7

III. Overhead ground wires.

The main functions of overhead ground wires are to:

DPT.EEE GPTC KASARAGOD 8

IV. Lightning arresters.

Schematic Representation and Functioning of Arrester

DPT.EEE GPTC KASARAGOD 9

6. CLASSIFICATION OF LIGHTNING ARRESTERS

Different types of lightning arresters are

 Rod gap arrester

 Expulsion type arrester

 Horn gap arrester

 Multiple gap arrester

 Valve type arrester

 Sphere gap arrester

 Impulse protective gap arrester

 Oxide film arrester

 Thyrite lightning arrester

 Auto valve arrester

 Metal oxide lightning arrester

DPT.EEE GPTC KASARAGOD 10

I. Rod gap lightning arrester

A rod gap arrester, also known as a lightning rod or lightning arrester, is a

Rod gap lightning arrester

DPT.EEE GPTC KASARAGOD 11

II. Horn gap lightning arrester

Horn gap lightning arrester

DPT.EEE GPTC KASARAGOD 12

III. Expulsion type lightning arrester

An expulsion type arrester, also known as an expulsion gap arrester, is a

DPT.EEE GPTC KASARAGOD 13

IV. Sphere gap lightning arrester

A sphere gap arrester, also known as a sphere gap lightning arrester, is a