ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND CIRCUITS

QUARTER 3 – MELC 40, 42, 44, 45 & 47

NAME THE PICTURES/SYMBOLS:
MATCH THE ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS WITH THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SYMBOLS
BY DRAGGING THE IMAGES TO THE CORRECT COLUMN OR BOX.

Electrical Circuit
Components Diagram
Symbols

BATTERY

WIRE
MATCH THE ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS WITH THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SYMBOLS
BY DRAGGING THE IMAGES TO THE CORRECT COLUMN OR BOX.

Electrical Circuit
Components Diagram
Symbols

LOAD

SWITCH
FILL IN THE TABLE

UNIT OF
QUANTITY SYMBOL UNIT ABBREVIATION
MEASUREMENT

Current I AMPERE A

Voltage V VOLTS V

Resistance
R OHM Ώ
LEARNING COMPETENCY

 Differentiate emf of a source and potential difference (PD) across a

circuit. (STEM_GP12EM_IIIe-40)
 Given an emf source connected to a resistor, determine the power
supplied or dissipated by each element in a circuit.
(STEM_GP12EM_IIIe-44)
 Operate devices for measuring currents and voltages.
(STEM_GP12EM_IIIe-45)
 Draw circuit diagrams with power sources (cell or battery), switches,
lamps, resistors (fixed and variable) fuses, ammeters and voltmeters.
(STEM_GP12EM_IIIf-47)
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (PD) and ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE

 What Is Potential Difference (PD)?

➢ It is defined as the amount of energy used by one coulomb
of charge in moving from one point to the other.

 What is An Electromotive Force (EMF)?

➢ The potential difference, measured in volts, given to the
charges by a battery; is abbreviated EMF.
COMPARISON POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (PD) and ELECTROMOTIVE
FORCE
Electromotive Force (EMF)
• The electromotive force is the measure
of energy that it gives to each coulomb
of charge
• The electromotive force is represented
by the symbol ε
• The electromotive force does not
depend on the internal resistance of the
circuit
• The electromotive force transfers the
energy in the whole of the circuit.
• The magnitude of emf has always
remained constant .
Potential Difference (PD)
• The potential difference is the amount of
energy used by the one coulomb of
charge
• The symbol V represents the potential
difference.
• The potential difference is directly
proportional to the resistance of the
circuit.
• The potential difference is the measure
of energy between any two points on
the circuit.
• The magnitude of the potential
difference varies
COMPARISON POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (PD) and ELECTROMOTIVE
FORCE
Electromotive Force (EMF)
• The electromotive force is the cause of
the potential difference,
• The emf force exists in the circuit even
when the current does not flow in the
circuit
• The EMF is the maximum voltage that
the battery can deliver
• The emf force gains the electrical
energy in the circuit
• The electromotive force is induced in
the electric, magnetic and gravitational
field
• The emf meter is used for measuring the
electromotive force
Potential Difference (PD)
• The potential difference is the effect of
the potential difference.
• The potential difference does not exist in
the circuit when the magnitude of
current remains zero.
• The magnitude of the potential
difference is always less than the
maximum possible value of emf.
• The potential difference losses the
electrical energy in the circuit.
• The potential difference is generated
only in an electric field.
• The voltmeter is used for measuring the
potential
 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE: TERMINAL VOLTAGE
 Forgetting one’s car lights might be a real trouble for some. The lights may slowly dim
as the battery runs down. This gradual dimming shows that the battery output voltage
decreases as the battery gets depleted. The reason for the decrease in output
voltage for depleted or overloaded batteries is that all voltage sources have two
fundamental parts—a source of electrical energy and an internal resistance.
(OpenStax, 2020)

Since the internal resistance r is in series with the load, it can significantly affect
the terminal voltage and current delivered to the load
• The smaller the internal resistance r, the greater the current the voltage source
supplies to its load Rload. As batteries are depleted, r increases. If r becomes a
significant fraction of the load resistance, then the current is significantly
reduced, as the following example illustrates.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
SAMPLE PROBLEM
SAMPLE PROBLEM
RATES OF CHARGE FLOW AND ENERGY TRANSFER
Power, which can be expressed in watts, W, measures the rate at which
energy is being transferred. The energy which is being carried by an
electric current relies on the charge transferred, q, and the potential
difference which it moves V. Thus, E= Qv
The rate of flow of electric charge is called as the electric current which
can be measured in coulombs per second. The symbol I represents electric
current thus, I=q/t. A flow of 1C per second is called as ampere, A.
The energy carried by an electric current is connected to the voltage,
E=qV. Current, I=q/t, is known to be the rate of charge flow. So, to
determine the power of an electrical device, voltage and current can be
multiplied.
Power is equal to the current times the potential difference. P=IV.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
 RESISTANCE AND OHM’S LAW
 The property which determines how much current will flow is called the
resistance. This is measured by placing a potential difference across a
conductor and dividing the voltage by the current. Thus, R= V / I and it is
measured in ohms (Ω). One Ω is the resistance which allows an electric
charge of 1A to flow when 1V is applied across the resistance.
• Most metals obey Ohm’s law
• Mathematically, J = σ E
• Materials that obey Ohm’s law are said to be ohmic
• Not all materials follow Ohm’s law. Materials that do not obey Ohm’s law
are said to be nonohmic. Examples include transistors and diodes
contained in radio and pocket calculator. Even a lightbulb which
resistance depends on its temperature does not obey Ohm’s law as well.
OHMS LAW
The description of the relationship between current, voltage, and
resistance. The amount of steady current through a large number of
materials is directly proportional to the potential difference, or voltage,
across the materials.
DIAGRAMMING CIRCUITS
 A simple circuit can be described in words. It can also be depicted by photographs or artists’
drawings of the parts. Most frequently, however, an electric circuit is drawn using standard symbols
for the circuit elements. Such a diagram is called a circuit schematic. Some of the symbols used in
circuit schematics are shown in the figures below. (Zitzewitz, 2005)
STEPS WHEN DRAWING SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS.
EXAMPLE
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
Exercise 2: WORD PROBLEM
Instruction: Solve the following word problems.
1. Standard automobile batteries have six lead-acid cells in series, creating a total
emf of 12.0 V. What is the emf of an individual lead-acid cell?

2. What is the output voltage of a 3.0000-V lithium cell in a digital wristwatch that
draws 0.300 mA, if the cell’s internal resistance is 2.00 Ω?

3. What is the internal resistance of an automobile battery that has an emf of 12.0
V and a terminal voltage of 15.0 V while a current of 8.00 A is charging it?

4. An automobile starter motor has an equivalent resistance of 0.0500 Ω and is

supplied by a 12.0-V battery with a 0.0100-Ω internal resistance. (a) What is the
current to the motor? (b) What voltage is applied to it? (c) What power is
supplied to the motor?
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
Exercise 4: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Instruction: Convert the following descriptions to schematic circuit diagrams.

1. Draw a circuit diagram containing two batteries, one light, and one switch, all
connected in series.
2. Draw a circuit diagram showing one battery and two lamps, all connected in series.
3. Draw a circuit diagram containing one battery and two lamps connected in parallel.
4. Draw a circuit diagram of a resistor and a lamp connected in parallel to a battery, with
a switch that would only turn off the lamp.
5. Draw a circuit diagram with one battery supply, one lamp connected in a series.
6. Draw a circuit diagram with three batteries and four lamps all connected in a series.
7. Draw a circuit diagram showing two lamps connected in a parallel to the battery.
8. Draw a circuit diagram containing three lamps connected in parallel to two batteries
connected in series connection.
9. Draw a circuit diagram with ammeter connected in series from two batteries to resistor
load and voltmeter connected in parallel to battery.
10. Draw a circuit diagram containing one lamp and one resistor all connected in series.
RECAP

Guide Questions
1. How does electromotive force differ from potential difference?
2. What does the increased internal resistance do in terminal
voltage, current, and power delivered to a load?
3. What is the relationship of current to voltage? How about current and
resistance?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of connecting batteries
in series? In parallel?
IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS WHETHER IT DESCRIBE THE EMF OR PD
1. It is the cause of the potential difference,
2. It exists in the circuit even when the current does not flow in the circuit.
3. It is the amount of energy used by the one coulomb of charge
4. It is represented by the symbol V.
5. It gains the electrical energy in the circuit.
6. It is being induced in the electric, magnetic and gravitational field.
7. It is directly proportional to the resistance of the circuit.
8. It is the measure of energy between any two points on the circuit.
9. Its magnitude varies.
10. It is the maximum voltage that the battery can deliver
IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS WHETHER IT DESCRIBE THE EMF OR PD

11. Its is being measured using an emf meter

12. It is the effect of the electromotive force.
13. It does not exist in the circuit when the magnitude of current remains zero.
14. Its magnitude is always less than the maximum possible value of emf.
15. It losses the electrical energy in the circuit.
16. It is generated only in an electric field.
IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS WHETHER IT DESCRIBE THE EMF OR PD

17. It is measured using voltmeter .

18. It is directly proportional to the resistance of the circuit.
19. It is the measure of energy between any two points on the circuit.
20. It is represented by the symbol ε
21. It does not depend on the internal resistance of the circuit
22. It transfers the energy in the whole of the circuit.
23. Its magnitude has always remained constant .