SHRI LINGESH V

Micro Grid
INDIA
M O D E S & C O N T R O L
Definition
A microgrid is a self-contained electrical grid that
can operate independently from the main power
grid. It typically consists of a small group of
distributed energy resources (DERs), such as solar
panels, wind turbines, and batteries, that can
provide power to a localized area, such as a
community, business, or campus.
History
Early 1900s: First microgrids developed to power remote
communities.
1970s: Renewed interest in microgrids to reduce reliance
on foreign oil and promote energy security. Experimental
microgrids developed, including some powered by
renewable energy sources.
Early 2000s: Resurgence of interest in microgrids to
improve reliability and resilience of the electrical grid.
Today: Microgrids being deployed all over the world in a
variety of applications, including powering remote
communities, providing backup power to critical facilities,
and integrating renewable energy sources into the grid.
smart grid & micro
grid in INDIA
A number of private companies are developing and
deploying smart grid and microgrid technologies in
India, such as Tata Power's smart grid for the city of
Jamshedpur.

Smart grids Micro grids

Smart grids are electrical grids that use digital
technologies to improve the efficiency, reliability,
and sustainability of the power supply.
The Indian government has launched a number of
initiatives to promote the development of smart
grids, including the Smart Cities Mission and the
National Smart Grid Mission.
A number of smart grid projects are currently
underway in India, such as the development of a
smart grid for the city of Puducherry.
Microgrids are small, self-contained power grids
that can operate independently of the main
power grid.
Microgrids are typically powered by renewable
energy sources, such as solar and wind energy.
A number of microgrids have been deployed in
India, in a variety of applications, such as the
microgrid that powers the village of Kohima in
Nagaland.
 INDIA’s Progress
In October 2023, the Indian government launched the Smart Grid
National Mission (SGNM) Phase II with a budget of ₹1.64 lakh crore. The
mission aims to improve the reliability and efficiency of the power grid,
promote the integration of renewable energy sources, and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
In September 2023, the Indian government announced that it will invest
₹20,000 crore in the development of smart grids in five cities:
Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Kolkata.
In August 2023, the Indian government announced that it will set up a
National Smart Grid Research and Innovation Center to develop new
smart grid technologies and to promote the adoption of smart grid
solutions.
In July 2023, the Indian government announced that it will launch a pilot
project to demonstrate the feasibility of using blockchain technology to
improve the efficiency and security of the power grid.
PCC - Point of Common Coupling
PCS - Power Conversion System
EMS - Energy Management System

Micro Grid
POI - Point of Interconnection
C&I Facility - Commercial & Industrial Facility

Micro
Grid
Operating Modes

Grid-Connected Mode
Specifications: In grid-connected mode, the microgrid is connected
to the main power grid. This allows the microgrid to import and
export power to the main grid. Microgrids are typically operated in
grid-connected mode during normal operation.
Island Mode
Specifications: In island mode, the microgrid is disconnected from
the main power grid and operates independently. Microgrids are
typically operated in island mode during power outages or other
grid disturbances.
 Operating Modes specs

Flexibility refers to the ability of the microgrid to adapt to changes in demand and supply.
Scalability refers to the ability of the microgrid to be expanded or contracted to meet changing
needs.
Environmental impact refers to the impact of the microgrid on the environment.

Grid-Connected Mode Island Mode

Connection to Main Grid: Connected Connection to Main Grid: Disconnected
Power Flow: Can import and export power Power Flow: Independent
Reliability: More reliable Reliability: Less reliable
Cost: Lower cost Cost: Higher cost
Complexity: Less complex Complexity: More complex
Flexibility: Medium Flexibility: Low
Scalability: High Scalability: Low
Environmental Impact: Low Environmental Impact: Medium
Islanding Process
The islanding process is the process by which
a microgrid becomes disconnected from the
main power grid and begins operating
independently. This can happen for a number
of reasons, such as a power outage, a natural
disaster, or a deliberate disconnection.
The islanding process can be complex and
must be carefully managed to ensure the safe
and reliable operation of the microgrid.
Islanding stages
Islanding detection: The microgrid detects that it has become
disconnected from the main grid. This is typically done by
monitoring the frequency and voltage of the microgrid. If the
frequency and voltage of the microgrid begin to deviate from the
frequency and voltage of the main grid, the microgrid will
assume that it has become disconnected.
Anti-islanding protection: The microgrid disconnects itself
from the main grid to prevent problems for the main grid and its
customers. This is typically done by opening a circuit breaker
that connects the microgrid to the main grid.
Transient response: The microgrid undergoes a transient
period as it adjusts to operating in island mode. During this time,
the frequency and voltage of the microgrid may fluctuate. The
transient period typically lasts for a few seconds or minutes.
Steady-state operation: The microgrid reaches a steady state
and begins operating normally in island mode. The frequency
and voltage of the microgrid will be stable and within the
specified range.
Challenges in
Islanding Process
Challenge

Frequency and voltage fluctuations: These can cause

problems for devices connected to the microgrid,
such as motors and computers.
Load shedding: This means that some of the loads
connected to the microgrid will be disconnected to
prevent a blackout
Blackouts: These can occur if the microgrid is not
able to generate enough power to meet the demand
for power and it is not able to shed load.
Solution
Use energy storage systems to provide backup power
during the transient response stage of the islanding
process.
Use load shedding and demand response programs to
reduce the demand for power during periods of high
demand or low supply.
Design microgrids to be resilient to blackouts. This can be
done by using a variety of strategies, such as diversifying
the energy sources used to power the microgrid and
using energy storage systems to provide backup power.
Factors
Voltage
Description: The voltage of the power system.

To
Reason for Consideration: Affects the safety and reliability of the power system.
Frequency
Description: The frequency of the power system.
Consider Reason for Consideration: Affects the speed at which motors and generators
operate.
While Power Balance
Description: The balance between the power generated and the power consumed.
Changing Reason for Consideration: To prevent blackouts and other disturbances.
Power Quality

The Description: The quality of the power supply.

Reason for Consideration: To prevent damage to the devices connected to the

Modes microgrid.
Reliability
Description: The ability of the microgrid to provide power to customers even
during disturbances.
Reason for Consideration: To ensure a continuous and uninterrupted power
supply.
Cost
Description: The cost to build and operate the microgrid.
Reason for Consideration: To ensure the affordability of the microgrid.
Controls In
Islanding Mode
Centralized Control
Specifications: A single controller is responsible for coordinating the
operation of all devices in the microgrid.
Description: Centralized controls are simple to implement and operate.
However, they can be vulnerable to failures and can be difficult to scale
to large microgrids.
Decentralized Control
Specifications: Each device in the microgrid is responsible for its own
operation and communicates with other devices to coordinate the
overall operation of the microgrid.
Description: Decentralized controls are more resilient to failures and
can be more easily scaled to large microgrids. However, they can be
more complex to implement and operate.
Hybrid Control
Specifications: A combination of centralized and decentralized controls.
Description: Hybrid controls offer the advantages of both centralized
and decentralized controls. They are more resilient to failures and can
be more easily scaled to large microgrids, while still being relatively
simple to implement and operate.
Controls In Island
mode
Real Time Examples
Of Island Controls
Centralized Control
System in Kohima
Planned Cost: Rupees 10 crore
Date of Proposal: 2022
Companies Involved: Power Grid
Corporation of India
Other Details: The centralized
control system is being developed
as part of the Indian
government's Smart Villages
Mission. The system is expected
to be completed in 2024.
Decentralized Control
System in Jamshedpur
Planned Cost: Rupees 15 crore
Date of Proposal: 2021
Companies Involved: Tata Power
Other Details: The decentralized
control system is being deployed
in the city of Jamshedpur as part
of a pilot project. The pilot project
is expected to be completed in
2023.
Hybrid Control System in
Telangana
Planned Cost: Rupees 20 crore
Date of Proposal: 2023
Companies Involved: Power Grid
Corporation of India, Tata Power
Other Details: The hybrid control
system is being developed as part
of the Indian government's
National Smart Grid Mission. The
system is expected to be
completed in 2025.
SHRI LINGESH V

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