MicroGrid

C Madhava Reddy
EE09G003

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Outline
Introduction to MicroGrid
MicroGrid Operating Modes
Driving Factors for MicroGrid
Interconnected MicroGrids – Power Parks.
How MicroGrid deviates from Traditional Distribution System
Challenges in MicroGrid
Control strategies
Protection and Safety
Environmental Aspects
MicroGrid advantages and disadvantages
Future scope of Research
References

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Introduction to MicroGrid
What is MicroGrid?
 MicroGrid is an integrated power delivery system consisting of inter
connecting loads and distributed energy resources

 MicroGrid can be operated in parallel with the conventional grid or in

island mode(independent)

 MicroGrid consists of Fuel cells ,Micro turbine , Reciprocating engines ,

wind power and PV array systems which are together called Micro sources

 Excess Power can be sold to Utility grid or It can Draw surplus power to its
loads

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Introduction to MicroGrid
Micro grid Consists

Distributed Energy Resources(DER)

Loads
Storage Devices
Controllers
Point of Common Coupling

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Introduction to MicroGrid
Differentiation

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 Schematic diagram of MicroGrid
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MicroGrid Operating Modes
Grid Connected Mode:
 Utility grid is active

 Static switch is closed

 A,B,C feeders are being

Supplied by utility grid and
Micro grid

 D feeder is supplied by
Utility grid only

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MicroGrid Operating Modes

Island Mode:
Utility grid is not supplying power

Static switch is open

 Feeder A, B, C are being

Supplied by Micro sources

 Feeder D (not sensitive )

is dead from microgrid view
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Driving Factors for Micro Grid
Increasing Power demand

Emphasis on Reliability ,Quality, Price of Power

Consumer choice

Transmission constraints driving generation sources closer to

loads

Environmental issues
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Interconnected Micro grids
Practical size of Micro grids is limited to a few MW

For larger loads, it is desirable to interconnect many Micro

grids to form a larger Micro grid network called Power Parks

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How MicroGrid deviates from
Traditional Distribution System
MicroGrid (MG) has 2 modes of operation

Its short circuit capability changes when mode of operation changes

MG allows Bidirectional Power flow

MG has power electronics interface, so it can’t provide high levels of

fault current for relays

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Challenges in MicroGrid
Distribution protection and control practice is largely incompatible
with the MicroGrid concept

Non-conventional generation will require new unit control and

protection strategies for successful MicroGrid operation

Supervisory controls will be needed to achieve the full operating

potential

Tariff structures are presently incompatible with multiparty

MicroGrids

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Control Strategies
It has mainly 3 types of control levels

Micro Generator controller

MicroGrid central controller
Distribution Management System

Since MicroGrid is inverter dominated grid it has Inverter control

strategies
PQ inverter control
VSI control
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Protection and Safety
In Traditional distribution system
• Power flow is unidirectional
• We use over current and Earth fault protection

But in MicroGrid first it should identify whether the fault is

inside or outside of MicroGrid

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Environmental Aspects
MicroGrid encourages the use of the renewable energy
sources which are environmental friendly

Large land use impacts are avoided

CO2 Emissions are reduced due to the usage of Renewable

energy sources

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MicroGrid advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
 Ability to disconnect from utility
grid during disturbance and
operate independently
 It reduces demand on utility grid
thus prevents grid failure
 We can use both electricity and
heat energy so that over all
efficiency increases
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Disadvantages
 Voltage ,frequency and power
quality should be at acceptable
limits
 Requires battery tanks to store
which requires space and
maintenance
 Resynchronization to utility grid is
difficult
 Protection is difficult
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Future scope of Research
Voltage and frequency control under various modes of
operation
Protection schemes for MicroGrid
Transition between grid connected mode and island mode
Transformation of MicroGrid system today into the
intelligent, robust energy delivery system in the future by
providing significant reliability and security benefits
Development of tariff structure for multi MicroGrids

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References
 “The Rise of MicroGrid Power Networks“

http://www.sustainablefacility.com/Articles/Feature_Article/58905d08bd629010VgnVCM100
000f932a8c0

 "Why the MicroGrid Could Be the Answer to Our Energy Crisis"

http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/137/beyond-the-grid.html

 "How a MicroGrid Works“

http://science.howstuffworks.com/microgrid.htm

 M. Dicorato,G. Forte,M. Trovato “A procedure for evaluating MicroGrids technical and

economic feasibility issues” , IEEE Bucharest Power Tech Conference, June 28th - July
2nd,2009, Bucharest, Romania.

 Chem Nayar, Markson Tang, and Wuthipong Suponthana “Wind/PV/Diesel Micro Grid
System implemented in Remote Islands in the Republic of Maldives”,IEEE transactions 2008.

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