Lecture 3:

ICE Operating Parameters

By

Waleed Shaaban
 Geometric parameters

Power and torque

Contents
Other operating parameters

Relationship between
operating parameters
 TDC: Top dead center
Geometric
BDC: Bottom dead center
parameters
B: Bore
Piston position: S: Stroke
𝑠 r: Connecting rod length
= acos 𝜃
a: Crank offset= S/2
+ 𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
Volume at any position s: Piston position
𝑉 θ: Crank angle
𝜋 2
= 𝑉𝑐 + 𝐵 (𝑟 + 𝑎 − 𝑠) Vc: Clearance volume
4
Vd: Displacement volume
 TDC: Top dead center
Geometric
BDC: Bottom dead center
parameters
B: Bore
Compression ratio: S: Stroke
𝑉𝐵𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝑑 +𝑉𝑐
𝑟𝑐 = = r: Connecting rod length
𝑉𝑇𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝑐
a: Crank offset= S/2
s: Piston position
8:12 12:24
SI engine CI engine θ: Crank angle
Note:
𝜋 𝑉𝑑,𝑡𝑜𝑡
Vc: Clearance volume
𝑉𝑑 = 𝐵2 𝑆 =
4 𝑁𝑐 Vd: Displacement volume
Nc: No. of cylinders
 TDC: Top dead center
Geometric
BDC: Bottom dead center
parameters
B: Bore
Bore-Stroke ratio: S: Stroke
𝐵 r: Connecting rod length
𝑅𝐵𝑆 =
𝑆
a: Crank offset= S/2
s: Piston position
0.8:1.2 About 0.5
Small and Large CI θ: Crank angle
medium ICE engine
B=S (Square engine)
Vc: Clearance volume
B>S (Over square engine) Vd: Displacement volume
B<S (Under square engine)
 • For under square engine: the heat
transfer area reduces causing lesser
Over square heat losses and higher thermal
engines vs efficiency. However, because of the
longer stroke, higher piston speed and
under square higher friction losses are attained
• For over square engine: piston speed
engines and friction losses decreases but higher
heat transfer losses are attained
 TDC: Top dead center
Geometric
BDC: Bottom dead center
parameters
B: Bore
CR length-crank
radius ratio:
S: Stroke
𝑟 r: Connecting rod length
𝑅=
𝑎
a: Crank offset= S/2
s: Piston position
3:4 5:9
Small and Large CI θ: Crank angle
medium ICE engine
Vc: Clearance volume
Vd: Displacement volume
 TDC: Top dead center
Geometric
BDC: Bottom dead center
parameters
B: Bore
Piston area: S: Stroke
𝜋 2 r: Connecting rod length
𝐴𝑝 = 𝐵
4
a: Crank offset= S/2
Combustion chamber
Area: s: Piston position
𝐴 θ: Crank angle
= 𝐴𝑝 + 𝐴𝑐ℎ
+ 𝜋𝐵 𝑟 + 𝑎 − 𝑠 Vc: Clearance volume
Vd: Displacement volume
Ach: cylinder head area
 TDC: Top dead center
Geometric
BDC: Bottom dead center
parameters
B: Bore
Mean piston speed: S: Stroke
ഥ𝑝 = 2𝑆𝑁 (5:20 m/s)
𝑈 r: Connecting rod length

N: engine rotational
a: Crank offset= S/2
speed s: Piston position
Instantaneous speed:
θ: Crank angle
𝑑𝑠
𝑈𝑝 = Vc: Clearance volume
𝑑𝑡
𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Vd: Displacement volume
=𝑈ഥ𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 + )
2 2 2
𝑅 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
 Indicated work
Power and Wi
Work inside the combustion chamber
torque
𝑊𝑖 = ර 𝑝𝑑𝑉
Mechanical efficiency
𝑊𝑏 Brake work
𝜂𝑚 =
𝑊𝑖
Actual work delivered by the crank
(0.7:0.9) shaft
𝑊𝑏 = 𝑊𝑖 − 𝑊𝑓

𝑊𝑓 : mechanical losses
 Mean effective pressure
Power and
torque 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑒𝑝𝑉𝑑

𝑊𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑝𝑉𝑑
Mechanical efficiency
𝑃𝑏 𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑝 𝑊𝑏 = 𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑝𝑉𝑑
𝜂𝑚 = =
𝑃𝑖 𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑝
Power
𝑁 𝑁
𝑃 = 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑒𝑝𝑉𝑑 𝑁𝑐
𝑛 𝑛

𝑛: no. of revolutions per cycle=1 (2-st)

=2 (4-st)
Power and Brake power and torque

torque
𝑁
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑝𝑉𝑑 𝑁𝑐 = 𝑇. 𝜔
𝑇, 𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑝 𝛼 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑛
∴ 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑇 (200 − 400 𝑁. 𝑚) → 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑝 4000-6000 RPM
𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑃 → 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑝 6000-7000 RPM
𝑇: brake torque
P
T

2𝜋𝑁
𝜔=
60
 Air-Fuel ratio
Other operating 𝑚𝑎 SI: 12-18
𝐴 Τ𝐹 =
parameters 𝑚𝑓 CI: 18-70

Equivalence ratio
𝐴Τ𝐹)𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐
𝜙=
𝐴Τ𝐹)𝑎𝑐𝑡

Specific fuel consumption

𝑚ሶ 𝑓
𝑠𝑓𝑐 =
𝑃
Desirable values for bsfc:
For SI engine: 270 g/kWh
For CI engine: 200 g/kWh
 Specific power
Other operating 𝑃𝑏
parameters 𝑆𝑃 =
𝐴𝑝 𝑁𝑐
Volumetric efficiency Output per displacement
𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑃𝑏
𝜂𝑣 = 𝑂𝑃𝐷 =
𝜌𝑎 𝑉𝑑 𝑁𝑐 𝑁/𝑛 𝑉𝑑 𝑁𝑐

(0.85:0.95) Specific volume

Conversion efficiency 1
𝑃 𝑆𝑉 =
𝜂𝑓 = 𝑂𝑃𝐷
𝑚ሶ 𝑓 𝑄𝐻𝑉
Specific weight
Thermal efficiency
𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑃 𝑆𝑊 =
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 𝑃𝑏
𝜂𝑐 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 𝑄𝐻𝑉
 𝑃 = 𝜂𝑓 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 𝑄𝐻𝑉
Relationship
= 𝜂𝑓 (𝑚ሶ 𝑎 (𝐹 Τ𝐴))𝑄𝐻𝑉
between
operating ∴ 𝑃 = 𝜂𝑓 (𝜂𝑣 𝜌𝑎 𝑉𝑑,𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑁/𝑛)(𝐹 Τ𝐴)𝑄𝐻𝑉

parameters From the equation: 𝑃 = 𝑚𝑒𝑝𝑉𝑑,𝑡𝑜𝑡

𝑁
= 𝑇. 𝜔
𝑛

∴ 𝑚𝑒𝑝 = 𝜂𝑓 𝜂𝑣 𝜌𝑎 (𝐹 Τ𝐴) 𝑄𝐻𝑉

𝑃 𝑃
&𝑇 = = = 𝜂𝑓 𝜂𝑣 𝜌𝑎 𝑉𝑑,𝑡𝑜𝑡 (𝐹 Τ𝐴) 𝑄𝐻𝑉 /(2𝜋𝑛)
𝜔 2𝜋𝑁

𝑃
& 𝑆𝑃 = = 𝜂𝑓 𝜂𝑣 𝜌𝑎 𝑆(𝐹 Τ𝐴)𝑄𝐻𝑉 𝑁/𝑛
𝐴𝑝,𝑡𝑜𝑡
Thanks