Engine Nomenclature

&Performance Parameters
 Engine Nomenclature
 (TDC) or (IDC)
 when the piston is a farthest from the crankshaft
 (BDC) or (ODC)
 when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft
 Stroke (L) or (s)
 The nominal distance through which a working piston
moves between two successive reversal of its
distance of motion( S =2 crankshaft radius=2r)
 Cylinder Bore (d) or B
 The nominal inner diameter of the working cylinder
 Piston Area (A)
 The area of circle diameter equal to the cylinder bore

 d 2   B 2 
AP      
 4   4 
Engine Nomenclature
 Displacement Volume (Vd) or
Swept Volume (Vs)
 The nominal volume swept
by the working piston when
traveling from one dead
center to the other.
 Vd = VBDC - VTDC

Vd   AP  S 
 d 2 
 S  
 4 
 Engine Nomenclature
 Clearance Volume (Vc) or (CV)
 The nominal volume of the
combustion chamber above the
piston when it is at TDC is the
clearance volume. (VTDC)
 Compression Ratio (r)
 It is the ratio of the total cylinder
volume when the piston is at the
BDC, VT, to the clearance volume at
 1 
TDC, vc VTDC   Vdisp
 r  1 
V BDC VT  VC  VS   Vs 
r  r    1    V BDC
 r 
 Vdisp
VTDC VC  VC   VC  
 r  1
 Engine Nomenclature
 Engine Capacity (Ve) TDC

Stroke VS VS VS VS
 d 2

Ve  Vd  n  nS   BDC
 4 
Bore
 Where n- is number of cylinders
Vd - cylinder swept volume
 Displacement Rate

For 4-Stroke Engine

Engine Nomenclature(ENGINE
PARAMETERS)
For an engine with bore B (see Fig.), crank offset a, stroke length S,
turning at an engine speed of N:

S = 2a Average piston speed is __Up = 2SN

Engine Performance Parameters
Engine Performance Parameters
Engine Performance Parameters
 The Energy Flow
 The energy flow through the engine is expressed
in 3 distinct terms
 Indicated Power
 Brake Power
 Friction Power
The Energy Flow
The Energy Flow
Indicated Power (ip) or (Pi
 In these equations, bmep and brake work Wb are used
because torque is measured off the output crankshaft.

 Many modern automobile engines have maximum torque

in the 200 to 300N-m range at engine speeds usually
around 4000 to 6000 RPM.
 The point of maximum torque is called maximum brake torque speed (MBT).
A major goal in the design of a modern automobile engine is to flatten the
torque-versus-speed curve as shown in Fig. below, and to have high torque at
both high and low speed. CI engines generally have greater torque than SI
engines.
 Large engines often have very high torque values with MBT at relatively low
speed.
 Power is defined as the rate of work of the engine. If n = number of revolutions
per cycle, and N = engine speed, then:
 Greater power can be generated by increasing displacement, mep, and/or
speed.
 Increased displacement increases engine mass and takes up space, both of
which are contrary to automobile design trends. For this reason, most modern
engines are smaller but run at higher speeds, and are often turbocharged or
supercharged to increase mep.
Other ways which are sometimes used to classify engines are shown in Eqs
Indicative MEP
Factors affecting imep:
 Compression ratio
 Air/fuel ratio
 Volumetric efficiency
 Ignition timing
 Valve timing and lift
 Air pressure and temperature
Factors affecting (imep)

Retarded ignition Weak mixture

Compression ratio Super charged

PUMPING WORK

Wc ,in  ( A  C )  ( B  C )  A  B
Area B + Area C = Pumping Work
Wp  Pumping Work
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2-2
The engine in Example Problem above is connected to a dynamometer which
gives a brake output torque reading of 205 N-m at 3600 RPM. At this speed air
enters the cylinders at 85 kPa and 60°C, and the mechanical efficiency of the
engine is 85%.
Calculate:
Summary
Summary
 Engine Torque (Te)
There is a direct relationship between BMEP
and torque output.
- The torque curve with engine rpm is
identical to the bmep curve, with different
values.
 There are only three ways to increase
power:
 Increase mean effective pressure
 Increase total displacement volume
(increase bore/stroke or number of
cylinders)
 Increase engine speed, which is limited by
material strength
Brake Thermal Efficiency(ηbth)

 Is the ratio of energy in the brake power bp to the

input fuel energy in appropriate units
 bP   bp 
 bth      
 mass of fuel / s   calorofic Value of fuel   E 
Summary
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
 Is defined as the ratio of brake
power (delivered) to the
indicated power (Power
provided to the piston)
 bp   bp 
m  
 ip 
 
 bp  fp 

   
fp  ip  bp
 It can be defined as the ratio of
brake thermal efficiency to the
indicated thermal efficiency
  bth 
m 
 

 ith 
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
 Indicates the breathing ability of the engine
 Utilization of air is what going to determine the power
output of the engine
 Is defined as the volume flow rate of air in to the intake
system divided by the rate at which the volume is
displaced by the system Where number of intake strokes per minutes
n=N/2 for 4-S Engines
 .
  . 
 m   mact 
V   . actual    . 
n= N for 2-S Engines
 m theorotical
   mth  N= speed of engine in rpm
 .
 
. m 2( m a  m f )
m th   a nVs 
 
v   a

  a Vdisp N / 2  v 
   a,i Vd N
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
 Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
 Engines are only capable of 80% to 90% volumetric efficiency.
 Volumetric efficiency depends upon
 throttle opening and engine speed
 induction and exhaust system layout,
 port size and
 valve timing and opening duration.
 High volumetric efficiency increases engine power.
 Volumetric Efficiency can be greater than one where Super
charger or turbocharger fitted
 Turbo charging is capable of increasing volumetric efficiency up to
50%.
 Engine Efficiencies
 Combustion Efficiency is defined as the actual burned fuel divided
by the fuel supplied. The heat production rate during combustion
process is

 Thermal Efficiency
 Specific Power Output (Ps)
 the specific power output consists of two elements, viz.,
 the force available to work and
 the speed with which it is working.
 Thus, for the same piston displacement and bmep, an
engine running at a higher speed will give a higher
specific output.
 It is clear that the output of an engine can be increased
by increasing either the
 speed or bmep
Specific Power Output (Ps)

 Increasing the speed involves increase in

the mechanical stresses of various engine
components.
 For increasing the bmep better heat release
from the fuel is required and this will involve
more thermal load on engine cylinder
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
 SFC shows how much fuel is consumed by an engine to do a certain
amount of work.
 Specific fuel consumption represents the mass or volume of fuel an
engine consumes per hour while it produces 1 kW of power.
 It depends on
 Engine size
 Operation load
 Engine design
 The fuel consumption characteristics of an engine are
generally expressed in terms of specific fuel consumption in
kilograms of fuel per kilowatt-hour.
Air-Fuel Ratio and Fuel-Air Ratio
 Air-Fuel ratio (AF) or Fuel-Air ratio (FA) are used to describe the mixture ratio of the
charge.

 For SI engine hydrocarbon fuel:

 Ideal or Stoichiometric AF is about 15:1 (14.7:1)
 Combustion possible in the range of 6:1 to 25:1
 For CI engine hydrocarbon fuel:
 Ideal or Stoichiometric AF is also about 15 (14.7:1)
 Combustion possible in the range of 18:1 to 70:1 due to mixture stratification
Fuel-Air (F/A) or Air-Fuel Ratio (A/F)
 The relative proportions of the fuel and air in the engine
are very important from the standpoint of combustion
and the efficiency of the engine.
 In the SI engine the fuel-air ratio practically remains a
constant over a wide range of operation.
 In CI engines at a given speed the air flow does not vary
with load; it is the fuel flow that varies directly with load.
 Therefore, the term fuel-air ratio is generally used
instead of air-fuel ratio.
Fuel-Air (F/A) or Air-Fuel Ratio (A/F)
 A mixture that contains just enough air for complete combustion
of all the fuel in the mixture is called a chemically correct or
stoichiometric fuel-air ratio.
 A mixture having more fuel than that in a chemically correct
mixture is termed as rich mixture and
 a mixture that contains less fuel (or excess air) is called a lean
mixture.
 The ratio of actual fuel-air ratio to stoichiometric fuel-air ratio is
called equivalence ratio and is denoted by
 Φ=1 Stoichiometric
 Actual fuel  Air ratio 
   
 Φ>1 Rich Mixture  Stoichiometric fuel  air ratio 
 Φ<1 Lean Mixture