Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 2 (1976) 309-318

O North-Holland PublishingCompany

MAGNETOSTATIC M O D E S IN ANTIFERROMAGNETIC RESONANCE *

R.W. SANDERS, J. BARAK ** and V. JACCARINO

Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA

Received 24 May 1976

Measurements of the antiferromagnetic resonance (AFMR) spectra of MnF2 spheres are reported, and the principal mag-
netostatic modes (MSMs) in these spectra are identified. To interpret the observed spectra it is necessary to take into ac-
count, in addition to the theoretical MSM solution, tl-,e effects of impurities, finite sample size (propagation effects), and
radiation damping. Expressions for the predicted relative intensities of the modes are developed for particular choices of
symmetry of the exc',ing ri field and compared to observations. The observed shifts and intensities are larger than predicted.
This discrepancy ,.'-:explained by analysis of the role of the magnetic susceptibility of a sample near resonance. New observa-
tions are repor~:d which improve the understanding of radiatien damping in AFMR.

1. Introduction In part this may be attributed to the difficulty of

There exist, quite often, numerous lines m the fer-
romagnetic resonance (FMR) spectrum in addition to
the uniform mode. These have been shown by Walker
[1 ] to correspond to the solutions of the combined
magnetization equations of motion and the magneto-
static Maxwell equations with appropriate boundary
conditions for fields at the surface of the (spheroidal)
sample. These magnetostatic modes (MSMs) include
the uniform precession, described by the Kittel equa-
tion. The MSM spectrum for the explicit case of fern-
magnetic resonance in ferrite spheres was recalculated
by Fletcher and Bell [2] and by Plumier [3]. The geo-
metric picture and the calculated frequencies of the
modes are well substantiated by experiment [4,5 ].
However, the theories of MSMs in antiferromagnetic
resonance (AFMR), proposed by Beeman [6] and by
Yakovlev and Burdin [7], remain unverified in the lab-
oratory. Although observations of antiferromagnetic
MSMs are reported in the l~.erature [8,9], there is no
't . . . . • .3 _ ~ .,,. ; . t ' ~ . - _
c l e a r IL/tI~IILIIIU~II.IUII L/I ~3dl tll,,,Lltldl . I I I U L t I ~ W l l . l I ~.ldt Ll~.Utlgtl
AFMR experiments compared to FMR experiments;
usually low temperatures and high magnetic fields
and/or frequencies are required. Moreover, under the
usual experimental conditions for AFMR, the MSM
spectrum is altered because of effects of surface im-
perfections, impurities, finite sample size, and radia-
tion damping. Only comparatively recently has the
linewidth broadening due to these effects in MnF 2
been reduced sufficiently to permit resolution of in-
dividual MSMs [9]. Any attempt to ,:ompare experi-
mental AFMR spectra with the theory of MSMs must
take all these effects into account, Experimentally this
requires the use of very well shaped and polished pure
samples, carefully oriented with respect to the external
dc magnetic field and situated in the oscillatory field
at a point of high symmetry, so that only a small num-
t, er of narrow MSMs is excited. Under these conditions
it is possible to identify the modes unambigt, ously and
to study their frequency shifts, intensities, and line-
widths.
,i.." ~ ~ ~ ~--a2 ~..1 . . . . ..3 . . . . . ".J.'t.. ~ _,t,.." ~ . . I ~ -

theoretical predictions. cutated in section 2. The shifts due to finite size ("prop-
agation effect") are calculated in section :~ Section 4
* Research supported in part by the National Science Foun- describes the experimental procedure used to observe
dation. and identify the MSMs in spheres of MnF 2. The ~results
** Present address: Solid State Physics Department, Israel
AtomicEnergy Commission, Soreq Nuclear Research Cen- are discussed in section 5, and detailed calculations of
ter, Yavne 70600, Israel. the mode intensities appear in the appendix.

309
310 R. |¢. Sanders et al. / Mag~wtostatic modes in antiferromagnetic resonance

2. Magnetostai,c modes in antiferromagnetic spheres
Loudon and Pincus [10] have shown that in a un-
iaxial antiferromagnet with applied magnetic field H 0
parallel to the easy axis, magnons of small wavevector
k are confined to a band of width, in field units,
A = 2 r ' 3 f s H A [ H c , with M s the sublattice magnetiza-
tion, H A the anisotropy field, H E the exchange field,
and H c = (H2A + 2 H A H E ) l l 2 the spin-flop field, a is
constant provided H 0 saisfies Ho(H C - HO)
~- 4rrMsH A .
We fbllow the calculations of Beeman [6] and of
Yakovlev and Burdin [7] in describing the MSM spec-
trum. As k approaches zero and 1/k becomes com-
parable to the sample dimensions, the continuum spin
wave approach is no longer appropriate, because the
magnetic excitations occur at discrete energies. Never-
theless, the excitations are confined to the same band-
width A [6]. Each MSM is ~pecified by a set of three
integers (n, m~ r), which indicates the symmetry of
the ff magnetization m of the mode. These integers are
restricted to values such that n i> 1, --n ~< m ~< n, and
0 <-<r <<.~(n - Irnl). m is positive for AFMR on the
~ower branch and negative on the upper branch [7].
Y~;e rf magnetization obeys the equations
equations, where the order is chosen so that increasing
r corresponds to increasing H 0 for resonance at con-
stant ~ . The characteristic equations for n :.-gm + 5
are tabulated in ref. [3].
It is convenient to define a parameter X0, = - 2 ]
(K + v). The characteristic equations permit valses of
X 0 only in the range 0 < X 0 < 1 [1,7]. Taking into
account the Lorentz local field [ 11 ], eq. (2) becomes,
to excellent approximation,
HO = HC _ ~ + 2rtMsHA 411"M S J t A
nc x0 Hc -'
_ 60. t.
= nc (Xo - (4)
Eq. (4) is written specifically for lower branch AFMR.
in this form X 0 is readily interpreted as the fractional
part of the bandwidth by which the mode appears
above the bottom of the band. Since for the uniform
mode (110), X 0 = ], H C is the limiting value of H 0 for
this mode as ~o -+ 0. For MnF2, the experimental val-
ue o f H C is 92.94 kOe [12]. TakingM S = 576 Oe and
the experimental value of the susceptibility [13}, one
finds HI.: = 536 kOe, H A = 8.00 kOe, and a = 312 Oe.
The corresponding values ofX 0 for the MSMs relevant

4 ~ t ' x = s:hx. - ivh v . 4rrm v=ivh~: + Kjl v , m z =0.

Fable 1
(1)
ii~e pa.~ameters ~ and v are related to H 0 and the rf Mode X0 Ho -- H~l ~o) Ot?l

frequency w/2,'r by (Oe)

(110) 0.667 0 1
~H2 8rrMsHA~I/2 +to (2) (21 O) 0.400 -83 1.5
/:°= : -v' (310) 0.258 -127 *
(311) 0.868 63 *
(330) 0.856 59 2.8
SrrmS//A (410) 0.179 -152 **
- "=n: c - e 0 l 2' (3) (41 | ) 0.700 11 **
(430) 0.667 0 **
where -: is the gyromagnetic ratio,, and the plus and
* no theoretical predicti,.,n
mint> sb,,'ts correspond to the upper and iower AFMR ** hllodc ~ t- r"o" t "I L
. t t^C_U
. : tcl:!_ Ilt~t.l
_1

branci:e~, respectively. The magnetostatic Maxweli

equatior~-- V- b = 0 andV × h = 0 a~ld the condition
~at, at ~,~esurface of the spherical sample, h and the
con:p:.,nent of b normal to the surface are continuou;
tend to ~,. characteristic equation for each (nm).. This
equatio,: is the {hird necessary relation between ~, v,
a qd H 0 *~,r a given w. The index r assumes the values,
O. ;. 2 . !or r.he different sok~tions of the same (nm~
Note: T l e resonance positions of several low older antiferro-
magnetic MSMs are tabulated fo~ the case of spherical sampks
satisfying R ,~ h (i.e. in the absence of propagation effects).
X o is the fractional position of a mode above die bottom of
the band The third column indicates the predicted separation
between tile resonance field ot each mode and the (I 10) mode,
taking 312 Oe as the bandwidth in MnF 2. The last column
contains the values of txn obtained by comparing the dashed
lines in fig. 2 with the p~'e~lictions o!' eqs. (5).
 R. W. Sanders et al. / Magnetostatic modes in antiferromagnetic resonance
to the current experiments in the K-band ("-23 GHz)
are given, together with the predicted separation of
each mode from the uniform mode (110), in table 1.
3. Propagation effect
The magnetostatic approximation is valid only as
long as the sample is much smaller than the wavelength
of the exciting radiation - i.e. R ~ / c ,~ I, where c is
the speed of light in vacuo and R is the sample radius.
When this condition is not fulfilled, the general Max-
well equations must be used to determine the correc-
tions due to the propagating characteristics of the
modes. Several authors [3,4,141 have discussed this
problem in connection with FMR, obtaining two prin-
cipal results: (1) the effect of propagation is to shift
the MSMs to lower energies, and (2) the shifts are
proportional to Mo(Rto/c)2, where M 0 is the ferromag-
netic saturation magnetization. The propagation shifts
were determined experimentally for YIG spheres [4]
by exploiting the change ofM 0 with temperature.
When the resonance fields are plotted versus 41rMo,
the data fall on straight lines which, extrapolated to
M 0 - 0, intersect the unshifted magnetostatic predic-
tions. These results have been compared to the theor-
etical values predicted for the simplest modes by
Plumier [31. Although the predicted shifts are of the
correct order of magnitude, they are consistently
smaller than the ob:,erved shifts.
Montarroyos and Rezende [15] have recently
studied the frequency dependence of the propagation
shift and of the radiation damping contribution to
MSM linewidths in YIG. Although the functional de-
pendence of linewidth on frequency shows excellent
agreement with theory, the magnitudes of the line-
widths and intensities are observed to be much larger
tha ~ predicted. Convincing quantitative agreement is
obtained by adopting an effective radius Reff = % R ,
where the constant % is the same for all modes of a
given n. This discrepancy between theory and experi-
ment is believed to result from the distortion of the
driving field by the reactive effect created by the ex-
citation of a mode. This idea is treated more extensively
in the appendix.
Plumier [3] derived explicit expressions for the fam-
ilies of FMR modes (n, n, 0) and (n, n - 1,0). 3ne may
adapt his result to the AFMR case by the replacement
311
o f M 0 by M s H A / H c ; t h e shifts for tile AFMR modes
become
~ (~_) = 4rrMsHA 2 n+l
(2n + 1)2
x (5a)
and
8 [ ~ _ 41rMsHA 1
Hc ( - g ~ ) 2 (2n + 1)2
[e(n "+2) n + 1 ) for(n,n- 1,0) (Sb)
X~,~+3 +2n--] '
e, the dielectric constant of the sample, is 6.7 for MnF 2,
The experiments reported below detect AFMR on
the lower branch. In this case, decreasingthe mode en-
ergy corresponds to lowering the field required for
resonance at fixed frequency. From eqs. (5), the lar-
gest shift is expected for the (110) mode, and the sizes
of the shifts are expected to decrease with increasing n.
4. Experimental procedure
The experimental arrangement used is virtually
identical to that described in ref. [ 1 6 ] - a K-band re-
flection spectrometer in which the sample arm of the
magic-tee bridge is terminated by a shorted waveguide
section. Microwave propagation in the sample arm is
parallel to tbe field in a surrounding superconducting
solenoid. Th: experiments were carr'.ed out at 4.2 K in
fields H 0 ~- 85 kOe and ~/2rr ~- 23 GHz (K-band).
Care was taken to avoid the broadening and shifts of
the resonances that occur from heating the sample at
high levels of microwave power absorption.
The samples were spherically shaped single crystals
of MnF 2 with radii near 1 mm. After polishing, the
largest remaining surface llllpel .... : . . . .were
....... "lCl.;tlOilb .
,,,, ....
,v,,,
order of 2 - 3 tam, but between these imperfections the
surfaces were characterized by scratches less than 1 tam
in size. Each sample was mounted in polystyrene foam
and centered in the waveguide so that the sample'; cen-
ter was located a distance l from the terminating short.
Provision was made for tilting the sample while ob-
serving the AFMR, so that the c axis could be care-
?i 2 R.W. Sanders ct al. /Magnctostatic modes in antiferromagnetic resonance

C~ilv aligned with tt o. Field modulation and phase-sen-
sitive delection were used, and H 0 was measured using
l h e 27 Al NMR in a probe placed r~ear the sample.
Certain resonance phenomena exhibiit a dependence
on ~he ~mple |ocation with respect to the standing
wave st ructure o4" the microwave fields in the wave-
guide. The behavior of the width and intensity of the
unifoml mode in disk.shaped samples of MnF 2 was ex-
plored in detail in ref. [16]. This behavior, plus a
knowledge of which MSMs can be excited in an rf
field of a particular symmetry [4], helps to identify
the modes observed. Two useful series of high sym-
metD' locations occur in the shorted waveguide. First
are the points at i =/max =--:qM2, at which the oscil-
lating magnetic field has maximum amplitude. (q is an
integer, and X is the wavelength of radiation in the
~,aveguide.) Second are the points at l =/node =
(2q + i ) X/4, which are nodes in the standing wave
structure. In the appendix we ~ve detailed calcula-
tions of the modes and mode intensities expected
when the sample is placed a t / m a x o r / n o d e "
Our first attempt to excite MSMs in an MnF 2
sphere near Ima_,~ produced four prominent mcdes,
simi!ar to those in fig. l(b). As I was varied, the largest
of these modes exhibited changes iin linewidth and in-
tensity ch,~r_~cteristic of the (110) mode, which was
s~:di,.~d lr~ Jetai] in vef. [16]. The symmetry of the rf
!qeld along tb.e waveguide suggests that the other re-
sonances observed are the modes (210), (3 ~0), and
(311). Table 2 shows that these modes have the largest
expected intensities relative to (110), and the observed
modes are even more intense than predicted. However,
the positions of these modes with respect to (110)
agree neither with the predicted positions of the sug-
gested modes (table 1) nor with the calculated posi-
tions of any set of MSMs having n <~ 6. The propaga-
tion effect produces shifts of the co; rect sign to ac-
count for these observations, but sin ce eqs. (5) are
limited to modes with n ~< m + 1, they cannot be used
for a quantitative interpretation of the observed spec-
tra.
Faced with a similar situation Fletcher et al. [4]
were able to measure the slopes of the propagation
shifts in YIG by changing M 0 through its temperature
dependence. Unfortunately, this approach is not easily
applied to MnF 2. However, one might expect that,
since the propagation shifts of the mode positions are
proportional to (Rca/c) 2, the coefqcients of propor-
tionality of the shifts could be determined experimen.
tally for each mode from measurements in a series of
spheres of various radii. Identification of the modes
could be made by extrapolating the data to the un-
shifted positions at ~ R = O. This procedure was at-
tempted on MnF 2 with disappointing results, there
being almost no correlation between mode shift and
sample size. We realized that traces of impurities pre-
sent in the samples cause large variations in the mo:~e
position. That is to say, the field at which resonance

Tab],' 2

Mode Site ( 2/D) hnm almt II

a~lmr fin mr/4D2 V
(110) /max 1 1 . _

1
(210) /node kz."3 3p 0.]
(310) 'max -{2k~ k])/72 4.52 p2 2.22(~p 2 - R 2) 2 X 10 -s
(3~ 1) /max -(2k~ - k~::)/72 17.65 o 2 - 17.5 (~p2 ._ R 2) 2 × ln-S
,330> l.r,a x - ( 2 k 2-. + 5k:~)/2160 15 p2 lO-S
;al~ /node - k . I ..~k z2 3k~.)/600
. . 5.6 fi 3 10.9o(5~, 2 R 2) 2.'7 x 10 -v
!,t I I~ [node -kz( 2k2 - 3k2x)/600 23 o3 - 33 Pt~-P
"'7 ~ - R ~-) 6.2 x 10 - 7
,a3q~ ?node k..l,k
"~ z2 + "7k~)/25200.. 21 o3 3.1 x 10 -7

N o w t or each m o d e the "site" column indicates the point of high symmetry in the rf standing wave "'ructuve at which tile mode
is mos~ ir~tense. Also listed for each mode are various coefficients of expansion (defined in the appendix) whi-h lead to the calcu-
i:~;cJ T;a2\i;~um inzensit.~. P~r,,nr V is the sample volume. The values appearing this table do not include the effects of magnetic sus-
.,:",:~i~i.ii~, di,c~,,,~d in the appendix.
 R. I41. Sanders et ai. / Magnetostatic modes in anti[erromagnetic resonance 3!3

occurs varies from sample to sample by amounts large

enough to totally obscure the propagation shifts. In I \ (Cl) '~:{MAX

FMR, exchange coupled impurities do not shift the ~ // \

resonances, but, in the case of MnF2, as little as 0.01%
\ \
of Fe 2÷, for example~ causes shifts on the order of
\ J \
100 Oe [9]. Even samples prepared from the same
single crystal exhibit variations of this size, probably
because there is a slight impurity concentration gra- I I , /
I I I n
dient within any boule. 1' ,, I / II \
Because of impurity effects, the values o f H 0 at /'J 'J II ', .
which a mode occurs in different samples cannot
meaningfully be compared. This is also the case when
M
a single sample is examined at several different fre- n- -
quencies; the Zeeman shift is so much larger than the
"- L/ il
propagation shifts that the uncertainty in its calculated _0 [=1.30 ),
value is large enough to conceal the p, pagation shifts.
However, both impurity effects and the Ze,,rnan shifts
displace all the modes of a single spectrum by the
same amount, while the propagation effect shifts dif- ~.
ILl ~ ,

ferent modes by different amounts. It is possible, then,

to study the propagation shifts by abandoning the ab-
solute measurement of H 0 and mezsuring only the dif-
f e r e n c e s in H 0 between the modes of each spectrum.
These spacings between the modes may be compared
from one experimental situation to the next. We
adopted a ~cheme in which the spacings between the
MSMs of a ~,ingle sphere were determined for several
frequencies. Later similar data from spheres of dif-
ferent radii were included in our study.
Our first observation in this new scheme provided
an unexpected clue which conclusively labels the
mode (2 ~0). This mode has m x o: z e i w t , m y = i m x ,
where z is measured along H 0 from the center of the
sample. As the frequency is varied, the maxima and
nodes of the standing wave structure move wi~h re-
spect to the sample. Therefore, tl~e condition for the
sample to be precisely at/max ot/node may be achieved
by turfing the frequency. When the sample is at lm~Lx
the rf !iel,J in the sample is h x ~ cos(2rrz/;~) e i~°t,
h v = ih x - i . e . almost uniform amplitude within the
sample if R ~ X. As expected, the uniform mode (110)
is very intense and broadened by radiation damping,
while the (210) mode nearly disappears. Conversely,
a sample at/node experiences fields h x o~ s i n ( 2 n z / ; k )
eit°t ~_ (constant) ze it°t, h y = ih x . A s shown in fig. 1,
the (110~ mode dramatically disappears and the (210)
mode becomes very intense. Furthermore, the (210)
mode is broadened by radiation damping; close to
Q- ,~ /I \ ~l (cl) l= {NOOE
1 4
.,/j ~ "~ ",-25 OEtRSTEDS
-.%
,i.-.---
t t 1'
310 210 IIO 311
EXTERNAL FIELD, Ho--)
Fig. 1. Th~s series of drawings made from oscilloscope [,hoto-
graphs illustrates tl~c behavior of the four most prominent
MSMs (labeled at the b o t t o m of the figure) in a single sphere
of Mni"2 as the position of the .sample in the waveguide i.,;
changed with respect to the rf standing wave structure. Tiae
dotted line in each picture is the same spectrum as the corre-
sponding solid line, but it was recorded at higher ~,ain. 1"he
vertical scales are only roughly equal t h r o u g h o u t the series.
ln6de, it is actually broader than the (110) mode, even
though it is nearer to the bottom of the band.
In two respects this behavior is an impor:ant ad-
dendum to previous studies of radiation damping in
disks [16]. First, in rel. [16] tile measured value for
the maximum radiation damping contributiun to the
uniform mode linewidth was found to be about two-
thirds of the predicted value. It was conjectu~'ed there
that a sample is somewha~ in~hibited in its alfility to
radiate when it is ~aon-ellipsoidal in shape. Our current
experiment supports this idea; good agreement with
the predicted radiation damping linewidth (,f the uw.-
314 R. I~: Sanders ct al. / Magnetostatic modes in ant([erromagnetic resonance

form mode is obtained in spherical samples. Second-
ly. this is the first clear observation of radiation damp-
mg in a non-umfcrm mo~!e. This was not seen in the
experinaents on disk-shaped samples, probably because
~l~e disks were much thirmer in the direction of micro-
wave propagation than spheres of the same volume;
since the rf magnetization of the (210) mode is prop-
ortion~ to z, a sample tl'~icker along z can radiate more
intensely than a thinner ,ample.
Fig. 1 illustrates the behavior of the prominent
MSMs as the sample site symmetry is changed. In ac-
cordance with the prediction of table 2, the modes
(310) and (311) diminish in intensity as I is adjusted
from/max to inode. No change in their linewidths was
observed.
The observed mode positions are plotted versus
(Roo/c) 2 in fig. 2. Because only the spacing of the
modes is determined for each set of modes observed
at a particular value of (Roo/c)2; the uniform mode of
eaci~ set is arbitrarily placed on the line which repre-
sents the propagation shift of the (110)mode as pre-
dicted by eq. (Sa). The points which comprise a single
such set are connected by a horizontal line. Triangular
points in fig. 2 are data from a single sphere with
R = 0.71 mm. Squares represent modes observed in
spheres of different radius, but similar experimental
conditions, while X's represent observations of King
and Rezende [12] by a different lechnique at much
lower frequencies. These lower fr~:quency spectra were
measured in a sample of R = 1.2 mm at fixed field and
swept frequency, so these pairs of points do not fall
on horizontal lines. The points at the lowest values of
(RoJ/c) 2 correspond to H 0 close ~.o He; the approxima-
tions leading to eq. (4) no longer hold, and a change in
the spacing of the MSMs is expected.
The predicted positions of several of the unshifted
modes are indieat,~d along the abscissa in fig. 3. Excel-
lent agreement with the unshifted positions and with
a propagation shift proportional to (Rw/c) 2 is ob-
tained for the (210), (310) and (311) modes. One of
the additional modes observed is probably (330). An-
other weak mode appears at high field in most of the
spectra, but its slope is not well enough determined to
permit identification. In a few of the spectra, addition-
al weak modes are observed, usually al higher or lower
fields than the modes in fig. 3. These a re probably

0.20[
\\ _

O.t51 \

".~----~
\

_~, ,,

3 0.~0
1 21
a
\ 63------ ~--~-~, ~_~

0.05

____
ooo!o v
-200 -Ioo o IOO
RELATIVE MAGNETIC FIELD ((;ERSTEDS)
~ig. 2 Plotted here are the obse~ed MSM positions in various spheres of Mli][;'2 vs. (Roo/c) 2. Zero field was chosen to be the un-
shifted position of the (t 10) mode; the solid line is the propagation shift of the (110) mode as predicted by eq. (5a). |t cannot be
c~ er-el~;phasized that this figure was constrac~ed from measurements of the spacing between t h : modes, and that lhe (110) mode in
each spectrum was arbitrarily placed or, the solid line. The dashed curves represent the best choice of straight lines passing through
d~e experimental data and intersecting the preclicted unshifted positions of the modes at (Rto/c) 2 = 0. The unshifted positions of
~e~~:ral b~SMs ar~ plo~*ed elong the abscissa. T t~e use of the various symbols (squares, X's, etc.) is explained in the lext.
 R. It;. Sanders et al. / Magnetostatic modes in antiferromagnetic resonance
modes (n 1 r) with n > 3, but they are not observed
often enough to determine their slopes. They are
omitted from the illustration to make the useful data
easier to see.
In calculating the propagation shift of the (110)
mode, it is assumed that no correction of eq. (5) is
necessary - i.e. that in a model replacing R in eq. (5)
by Reff = OtnR , o~1 = 1. This assumption is suggested
by YIG experiments [4], in which no correction is
necessary for the (l 10) mode, a~,d it is lent further
credence by measurements of radiation damped line-
widths in YIG [15], wherein parameters o~n were in-
voked to account for the observed linewidths, but a 1
was determined to be unity.
The value of t~1 being fixed, the other t~ for MnF 2
may be determined from the experimental slopes of
the modes (210) and (330). These values, which appear
in table 1, are surprisingly close to a2 = 1.5 and a 3 =
3.5 found in the YIG linewidth measurements [15].
ot3 cannot be determined from the modes (310)and
(311) because theoretical predictions do not exist for
these modes. However, a3 determined from the (330)
mode is helpful in understanding the observed MSM
intensities of all the modes with n = 3.
5. Intensities
As predicted in the appendix, the observed maxin turn
integrated intensities of the MSMs decrease with i-,-
creasing n. However, the observed intensities are much
larger than the predictions in table 2. The intensity of
the (210) mode is about one-fourth that of (110), and
me ~ntensities of the modes (310) and (311) are smal-
ler by a factor of about 100. This may be understood
when it is realized that the theories used are descrip-
tions of the modes in the magnetostatic limit as they
are subjected to propagative effects in an unperturbed
rf field, in actuality, one expects appreciable distortion
of the rf field due to the high rf susceptibility of the
sample at ,,..:,,.,....... (¢,~,~.,..oq.. tA-~,..._..,. .Thi.
. . g. . . distortion
...
understood from early studies of resonance in ferrites
[!71 .'Lb.e high susceptibility changes the wavelength
of the rf field inside the sample to an effective wave-
length which is much shorter than the unperturbed
wavelength. Consequently, the wavevectors k x and/~z
evaluated in table 2 take on correspondingl./larger val-
ues, resulting in higher intensities for the MSMs. This
315
effect can be quantitatively modeled by replacing R i:1
eqs. (5) by Reff = a n R , where c~n ~> 1. The effect on
mode positions is seen to depend on a 2, but the ir~-
tensities are shown in the appendix to be propottiom.l
to (R0t) 2(n- 1). This explains why modes with high n
are observable. Even small values of a 3 (such as
a 3 = 2.8 determined from the shift of the (330) mode)
result in an enfiancement of the intensities of the
modes (310) and (311) t rom the original prediction
of 2 X 10- 5 of the uniform mode intensity to about
10-3, a value much closer to the observed intensity
ratio of I 0 - 2 . Likewise, one expects more than a two-
fold increase in the intensity of (210), based on the
experimental value a 2 = 1.5.
One final remark can be made concerning the MSM
mtensities. It is known [9] that the lower a MSM ap-
pears in the band, the narrower is its linewidth. This
is because the density of final states in two-magnon
relaxation processes decreases as the mode energy is
lowered. In turn, the resonance susceptibilities and cor-
:esponding a n values take on larger values, thereby en-
hancing the peak intensib of MSMs near the bottom
of the band and making t em easier to observe than
MSMs with the same sym~aetry higher in the band. Of
the modes too weakly excited to identify clearly,
nearly all occurred near the bottom of the band (to
the extreme left of fig. 3), whille only a few were ob-
served high in the band.
6. Conclusions
The most prominent antiferromagnetic magneto-
static modes in a sphere are identified with theoretical
predictions. In addition, the principai effects which
alter the spectrum are defined Among these, the
propagation shift is shown to be proportional to
( R w / c ) 2, and the coefficients of proportionaiity are
obtained, in general it is found that the observed sh/tts
are larger than predicted by the theory for ferrimag-
is r~etic propagation shifts adapted to the antiferromag-
net, and that the ratio of observed shift to predicted
shift increases for modes of increasing order. The ob-
served intensities of tile MSMs ether lhan the (110)
mode are much larger lhan expected. A qualitative
analysis of the role of the magnetic susceptibility of a
sample near resonance explains these discrepancies.
The contribution to the uniform mode AFMR line-
 316 R.W. Sanderset aL / Magnetostatic modes in antiferromagneticresonance

vddth due to radiation damping is found to agree well h z = hnmpn- l(n + m) Y~nn_1 " (A2)
with 'he theory, and radiation damping of a non-uni-
form magnetostatic mode in an antiferromagnet is re- The rf magnetization m of the mode is proportional
p.~ted fo~ fl~e first time. to (2n + l)hnm/E, where E is the characteristic equa-
It is believed that this improved understanding of tion of the mode. The explicit expressions for m when
the AFMR spectrum will be useful not only in studies n <~ m + 3 are tabulated by Plumier. In general, f o r
of AFMR linewidths, but also in the study of any lower branch ~FMR with ir -- vl "< Ix + ~'1,m is given
phenomenon whicla couples magnetic excitations of by
antiferromagnet to external electromagnetic fields.
1 hmn
mx - 21r X - X 0
Acknowledgements

It is a pleasure to thank Drs. A.R. King and X I

[anmr(P) in ~ + ...] ,
Ynm - - I + a~mr(O),m-
$31. Rezende, not only for the use of their unpublis-
hed data, but also for their many helpful discussions my = im x , m z '-- 0 , (A3)
and suggestions throughout the course of this work.
We are also grateful to Dr. J.P. Kotthaus, whose early where X - X 0 is, in units of the bandwidth A, the de-
work on this problem stimulated and directed our parture from the field at which the resonance peak oc-
o ~ interest and involvement. curs. For the experimental conditions described in
section 4, ~ - v = 0.04 and X 0 = ½(r + v). The calcu-
Appendix lated values of altar (p) for the lowest order modes are
given in table 2. Relaxation of m can be phenomenol.
ogicady included by adding to X 0 an imaginary part,
Following the analysis of Plumier [3], the rf scalar
ma~etic potential inside the sample is expanded in X 0 ~ X 0 + i/i; it follows that lm(mx) is a Lorentzian
with full width at hrlf-maximum 2~5.
(unnormalized) spherical harmonics. In the frame of
The response to the rf field given by eqs. (A3) ex-
reference rotating with angular velocity co, the poten-
tial is hibits a complicated susceptibility which changes the
shape of the rf field both inside and near the sample.
However, as a function o f H 0 (ol X), it has the usual
6tp} 3 " x~ resonance form. The mode absorbs ene,gy from the
n=l rft = - n
driving field at a rate

p - _. f re(p). dh(p) d p , (A4)

=n~= ~ hn,n p , , y m (o,¢) (A1)
I r ~ = - - t~ rt '
Vsample

' =pm(cos
,,'here ~'~(0, 6) n
0)e imO, Pff:(cos 0)are as- where the integration is over the volume of the sample.
sociated Legendre functions, and p, O, ¢~are respec- From eqs. (A2) anti ( ~ ) the intensity of a particular
tively the radial, polar, and azimuthal coordinates of mode (n,m,r) is
position vector p. hnm are real coefficients of expan-
sion The mode (n, m, r) is excited by an rf field h Pnmr(X) = 4hnmf(X ) f 1
~ven by h V~nm(P). From eq. (A1), the components
=
Vsample
of h are (omitting the arguments of the Y function,=
!,:)r brevic.y)
+ aUnmr(P) r nm - ~ + ...]hx(P ) d p , (AS)
hx=~',~o°nm~'~'' 1 [-Y~,_+~+(n+m)(n+m- l ) ] n,rrj,-I _~
~]'
where

i~, : ~- n- 1 [+ym+l , m-- 8 1

~h,,~p n -1 + (n + m) (n + m - 1),r,, ~] , f(A9 (A6)
-rr (X- X0)2 + 8 ~
 R.W. Sanders et al. / Magnetostatic modes in antiferromagnetic resonance
The coefficients hnm are found by analyzing the rf
field in the rectangular waveguide, operating in the
TEl0 mode. z is the spatial coordinate measured from
the center of the sample along the direction of micro-
wave propagation, while x is measured from the center
of the sample in the direction parallel to the longer
cross-sectional width of the waveguide, which is taken
to be of width a. For a sample centered in the wave-
guide at distance I from the terminating short, the
transverse components of the rf field are
h x = D cos(kxx ) cos[kz(z - / ) 1 cos o~t,
hy = 0 ,
where k x = ~r/a, k z = 2rr/X, and D is a constant repre-
senting the strength of the rf field. In the rotating
frame, eq. (A7) becomes
h x = ~D cos(kxx ) cos(kxZ ), when l = lmax ,
and
h x = t D cos(kxx ) sin(kzZ), when 1 =/node •
A1. lmax site specYa
To find the components of eq. (A8) in terms of
spherical harmonics when R '~ a, R ~- X; eq. (A8) is
approximated as
h x = ~D[I - ~(kxx)2l [1 - ½(kzz)2l
=½ofyO_ ½02[ (2k2 _ k 2 ) + 6k 2
1 x2 + k 2) Y00]}+ higher n terms.
+ 2 k 2 y ~ 2 + ~(k
The hnm values found by comparing eqs. (A1 O) and
(A2) are listed in table 2. For our experiments in the
K.band X = 1.6 cm, R = 0.072 cm, k z = 3.9 era- 1,
and k x = 2.9 cm- 1. Table 2 lists the integrated in-
tensities of the lines found from these values and
oo
ff nmr --- f Pnmr (X) dX "
__oo
All the MSMs with n ~< 4 which are not tabulated for
Imax h a v e Pnmr= 0. The modes best excited at this
317
site symmetry are predicted to be the modes (110),
(310), (311) and (330).
A2. lnode site spectra
By the same procedure used for Imax, eq. (A9) be-
comes
h x -- 1] D [1 - ~(XxX)
t, 2 l tkzz ~(kzz)3l
=- Dtk:rO - 03k2kz r2 - la3k2kzr3 2
(A7) ,03(i!6 k2xkz _ l.~k3z) yO _ i!603kz(k 2 , k 2) vO] .
(A12)
Values of hnm at/node appear in table 2. Unlisted
modes with n K 4 have Pnmr = 0. The principal modes
excited in this site symmetry are predicted to be; the
(A8)
modes (21 0), (4 10), (41 1) and (430).
Since at/node the rf electric field is maximum, the
dielectric constant e of the sample acts to distort the
(A9) rf field. Qualitatively, this is equivalent to having a
sample larger in size by e 1/2. Consequently, Pnmris
larger by £n/2. The values o f ffnrnrgNen in table 2 in-
clude this effect, taking e = 6.7 in MnF 2.
Refi~rences
[1] L.R W',fiker, Phys. Rev. 105 (1957} 390;
L.R. Walker, in Magnetism, Voi. I, eds. G.T. Rado and
H. Suhl (Academic Press. Inc., New Yerk, 1963) ch, 8.
[2] P.C. Fletcher and R.O. Bell, J. Appl. Phys. 30 (1959)
687.
(A10) [3] R. Plumier, Physica 28 (1961) 423.
[41 P.C. Fletcher, I.H. Solt, Jr. and R. Bell, Phys. Rev. 114
(1959) 739.
[5] J,F. Dillon, Jr. and J.P. Remeika, Appl. Phys. Letters 2
(1963) 38;
J.F. Dillon, Jr., H. Kamimura and J.P. Reme~a, J. Appl.
Phys. 34 (1963) 1240.
[61 D.E. Beeman, J. Appl. Phys. 37 (1966) 1136.
[7] Yu. M. Yakovlev and Yu. N. Burdin, Soy. Phys. Solid
State i0 (i968) i284.
[8] D.E. Beeman, H.J. Fink and D. Shaltiel, Phys. Rev. 142
(1966) 454.
(All) [9] J.P. Kotthaus and V. ]accarino, Phys. Rev. Letters 28
(1972) 1649; i
J.P. Kotthaus, Ph.D. Thesis, University of California at
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[lOl R. Loudon and P. Pincus, Phys. Rev. 132 (1963) 673.
318 R. W. Sanders et al. /Magnetostatic modes in antiferromagnetic refonance

[I I ] R.M. White, J. Appl. P~ys. 36 (1965) 3653;
A. Brooks Harris, Phys. Rev. 143 (1966) 353.
[12] A.R. King and S.M. Rezende, unpublishe¢t d~ta.
[13] C. Trapp and J.W. Stout, Phys. Rev. Letters ~0 (1963)
157.
[14] R.A. Hurd, Can. J. Phys. 36 (1958) 1072;
J.E. Mercereau and R.P. Feynman, Phys. Rev. 104 (1956)
63.
[ 15] E. Montarroyos and S.M. Rezende, tD be published.
[16] R.W. Sanders, D. Paquette, V. Jacca~.-ino and S.M. Re2:ende,
Phys. Rev. BIO (1974) 132.
[ 17] See, for example, B. Lax and K.J. Button, Microwave
Ferrites and Ferrimagneties (McGraw-Hill Co., New York,
1962) p. 480.