Novel microwave antennas based on magnetostatic-mode ferrite

resonators
M. Berezin, E. O. Kamenetskii, and R. Shavit

Microwave Magnetic Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
Abstract Microwave chiral fields originated from a small negligibly small and so one neglects an electric displacement
ferrite-disk resonator with magneto static oscillations can form current in Maxwell equations. In an analysis, we use three
far-field radiation pattern with a strong and controllable squint.
differential equations instead of the four-Maxwell-equation
Such an effect of a spatial mode division by a single radiation
element is unique. It is very attractive for develo pment of novel
for regular electromagnetic fields [6]:
microwave antennas with controllable far-field phase structure V ·B=O (I)
distributions.

Index Terms - Antenna, ferrite disk, magnetostatic VxH=O (2)

resonance, squint, waveguide.

I aB
vxE = --­ (3)
I. INTRODUCTION c at

In our research, we use small ferrite-disk particles with has
magnetostatic (MS), or magnetic-dipolar-mode (MDM),
oscillations. The near fields of these resonances have an
unique topology, which is different trom a topological
structure of free-space electromagnetic (EM) fields. MDM­
resonance near fields are called magnetoelectric (ME) fields.
The ME fields carry angular momentums - both a spin
angular momentum (SAM) and an orbital angular momentum
(OAM), and are characterized by power-flow vortices and
non-zero helicity [1].
It is well known that electromagnetic fields can carry not
only energy but also angular momentums. The angular
momentums [2-5], are composed of SAM and OAM,
describing its polarization state and the phase structure
distribution, respectively. In contrast to SAM, which has
only two possible states of left-handed and right-handed
circular polarizations, the theoretical states of OAM are
unlimited owing to its unique characteristics of spiral flow of
propagating electromagnetic waves. Therefore, OAM has the
potential to tremendously increase the spectral efficiency and
capacity of communication systems. The concept of OAM in
radio frequency is relatively novel. In this paper we show
that in the near-field region, microwave chiral fields,
originated trom a small ferrite disk with MS oscillations, can
form far-field radiation pattern with a strong and controllable
squint.
Such an effect of a spatial mode division by a single
radiation element is unique. It could be attractive for
development of novel microwave antennas with controllable
phase structure distribution.
IT. MS OSCILLATIONS IN A FERRITE DISK
A physical justification of MS oscillations in microwave
ferrite structures [6] is based on the fact that in a small
sample of a medium with strong temporal dispersion of the
magnetic susceptibility, variation of electric energy IS
Taking into account a constitutive relation:
B=H+4nm (4)
where m is the magnetization, one obtains from (1):
V ·H= -4n V ·m (5)
Eq. (2) presumes an introduction of MS-potential wave
functions \jf (r, t) for description of a magnetic field:
H= -VIj/ (6)
The spectral problem is fonnulated for MS-potential
wave functions \jf (r, t), where a magnetization field is
expressed as [7]
m= -x ·VIj/ (7)
Here X is the susceptibility tensor. Fonnally, in a system
of (I) - (3), a potential magnetic field and a curl electric
field should be considered as completely uncoupled fields.
It turns out, however, that the magnetic and electric fields
in (1) - (3) can be united. It was found that in a case of a
quasi-2D ferrite disk, the spectral-problem solution for MS
oscillations shows the presence of a unified (electric and
magnetic) field structure which is different from the
Maxwell-electrodynamics unified-field structure. We term
the fields originated from the MS oscillations as
magnetoelectric (ME) fields to distinguish them trom
regular electromagnetic (EM) fields [8]. MS oscillations in
a quasi-2D ferrite disk are mesoscopic quantized states.
These resonances are larger than the size of a quantity of
atom and less than the size of EM waves.
The incident EM wave has strong coupling with MS
resonances of the ferrite disk and enable us to confine
microwave radiation energy in subwavelength scales. In a

978-1-4799-7473-3/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE

From IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronic Systems
(COMCAS 2015), 2 4 November 2015, Tel Aviv, Israel
-

Authorized licensed use limited to: Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology. Downloaded on April 19,2023 at 17:55:49 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
vacuum subwavelength region abutting to a MS ferrite disk The field in vacuum, surrounding a ferrite-disk particle, is
one can observe the quantized-state power-flow vortices [8 a superposition of the incident (the waveguide-mode) and
11]. The ME-field solutions give evidence for scattered (the MDM) fields:
spontaneous symmetry breakings at the resonant states of (8)
MS oscillations.
Tn our investigations, we use X-band rectangular
waveguide, which has the sizes of a waveguide cross
section (28.5 mm * 14.2 mm) much bigger than sizes of a
ferrite disk (the thickness of 0.05 mm and the diameter of 3
mm).
A normally magnetized ferrite disk is placed inside a
waveguide (operating at the TElO mode) symmetrically with , 'In....,
.!ltu._
t�oIQ.:
respect to waveguide walls so that the disk axis is ""t\leoiO.:
5 MleeoiO.
perpendicular to a wide wall of a waveguide. Fig. 1 shows
the numerical reflection spectral characteristic for the
waveguide mode for the geometry of the structure. For a
numerical analysis in the present paper, we use the yttrium
iron garnet (YTG) disk normally magnetized by a bias
magnetic field Ho =4760 Oe; the saturation magnetization
of the ferrite is 47r M = 1880 G. We use a ferrite disk
with very small losses: the linewidth of a ferrite is (a)
I'>.H=O.lOe .

� 40.

� JO.O
:� 3'
� 20 0
.

<3
.� 10.0 I.�zt,ll.'
l.l"".'"
U
.!! 0.0 2.5691• .ee,

.. wt=o·
]
l,2"�Z'-Wl

-10.0 1.7UI.oOa,
1.�l1loo_'
.�
'i-lO.O I.I�llt.oo,
'.5Mko0ll1

E
,g-Jo.o
0'
�
- 40. 7 "" 8,.,. . -
.9 5 -----: 5 -�-•.T
I5 ----- [-H 18
G- --:-1
8 . J"" 5 --- 8. 5
Z-� .25�--"""'
0 F '. q u .n cy 4

Fig.l. Normalized reflection coefficient for the waveguide structure

with ferrite disk inside.

The peaks l' -1" and 3'-3" correspond to the number of

radial variations with azimuth number 1, while the peak 2'-
2" is radial number 1 with azimuth number 2 [12]. The digits (b)
with single primes are the reflection peaks and the digits with
double primes are the transmission peaks. The transmission
is strong and MDM resonances in a ferrite disk slightly
interfere with microwave radiation passing through a
waveguide. For this reason, one observes the Lorentz-type •. .51911·00·

resonances in the transmission spectrum (not shown here). e.Bl16c·IlII�

7.• 9'11.·_
e.g766c·OO�

Contrary, in the reflection response there is evidence for the

Fano interference [9, 13].
'.'711I'OII�

The pictures of the E - field and H - field structures on 1.35_:0'00_

upper surface of ferrite disk at the radial MS-resonance 1 .•11<1·011_

...
1.: ,.·00_
1.u1 ·0n ...
frequencies, shown in Fig. 2, show a distribution of the
electric and magnetic fields at the MS resonances for
different times. A character of the magnetic field looks like
the field of a rotating magnetic dipole. These electric and
magnetic fields rotate in the surface of ferrite disk and the
direction of the rotation is determinated by direction of bias
wt=180· wt=270·
magnetic field Ho .
(c)

Authorized licensed use limited to: Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology. Downloaded on April 19,2023 at 17:55:49 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 with symmetrical geometry. For this reason, the hole in a
waveguide wide wall is situated symmetrically.
As a radiation structure, we used a same TEIO -mode
rectangular X-band waveguide with a small hole in a wide
wall. The hole diameter is 8 mm. A MS-mode ferrite disk is
placed inside a waveguide symmetrically to its walls so that
the disk axis is perpendicular to a wide wall of a waveguide.
wt=O· Fig.3 shows reflection coefficients for this waveguide
'.S5az�_
) .• 7"' .... radiation structure from the simulation and measured.
l.,956t-et'l
l.U��.·ee<o

-
1.n311·00'0

'.7e�6'_J
1.8'911 • .00' o.o -,----- =.Q ...... � ....
---�-�-.,-...

iii
·5.0
, .
:!!.
E"-10,Q
-1l
5·'5.0 1------- , .
J.

wt=lBO· wt=270· i
c

·20.0 1"'
J.•

(d) '" ·25.0

Fig.2. Distribution of the magnetic (a,b) and electric (c,d) fields on , ..
.3O.0·-1
S.OO-=-----""'S. ,::-
0 ---::c.S 20
r:------=-
S .30
c::-----=-
S.-.:
40---
: �
S . 50
the upper surface of the ferrite disk for I-st (a, c) radial mode and Fr"'luo""Y (GHzi
for 2-nd (b, d) radial mode of the magnetostatic resonances at
different times.
(a)
WG ",*,on�
10
OIl
MS electric and magnetic fields have a very strong .. I"

localization. This strong energy localization beside small

ferrite disk appears as a topological singularity at MS
resonances. To characterize these ME-field singularities, the
helicity (chirality) parameter was introduced [14, 15]. A time I
o
average helicity parameter for the near fields of a ferrite disk
with MS oscillations is defined as [8, 9, 16]:

(9)
I
One can also introduce a normalized helicity parameter, 81 82 U &..c 85 87

which sh_ows aJim�-averaged space angle between rotating �GHr

E
vectors and v x E: (b)

{ � . (; � ) }
1m x • Fig.3. Reflection coefficient for waveguide radiation structure with
(10) a magnetostatic-mode ferrite disk and a hole in wide wall: a)

= 1�llvXEI
cosa
simulation result; b) experimental result.

In the regions where this parameter - is not- equal

- to zero, a The view of the multi resonances spectral characteristic
space angle between the vectors E and E is not equal
v x saved for this structure. We observed first's MDM
to n12. This breaks the field structure of Maxwell resonances and here too.
Our MDM oscillations induce a MDM currents on upper
electrodynamics.
wall of the waveguide and assist to creating a near and far
fields.
FigA shows the helicity parameter, cos a, in near field of
TTT. NEAR AND FAR FIELDS OF MS RESONANCE ANTENNA
the hole for different directions of the magnetic field bias Ho
To observe the transfer of the topological (chiral) effects in from down to up or opposite and for different directions of
the far-field region, a microwave antenna should not have the the propagation EM wave, from port I to port 2 or opposite.
resonant elements except the magnetostatic-mode resonant
structure. For this purpose, we use a rectangular waveguide , Fl'rrite
,
Disk
with a hole in a wide wall and the diameter of this hole is
much less than a half wavelength of microwave radiation. At Hole
the magnetostatic-mode resonance, the topological
singularities in the radiation field appear due to topological
singularities in the electric current distributions on the n.D 1�1 u.D J -<::== I

external surface of a waveguide wall. These current

(a)
singularities are well distinguished in a microwave antenna

Authorized licensed use limited to: Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology. Downloaded on April 19,2023 at 17:55:49 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 ...
:-":.-rK: n..:t. .ft --
-- - <P o· (Z."< pI-)

� r.i
6':'
<P 90' (loY p'-)
•

,.-:-.
)0 =
1 .I:/) 'JJ
11.0

....�.; -----I- � �

n.6 u.6 ,-==,

\.
______
___
(b)
� vac,::: plane __
.,,,,\-
)
Y,,,,

I
/
Waveguide
I
I
+-Ferrite Disk
with hole (b)
I
� I
I
1-::::::.::1
(c)
Fig.4. ME-field areas on the xy plane on the vacuum plane above a
radiation hole. (a) magnetic bias field along z axis, wave
propagation from port 1 to port 2 and from port 2 to port 1 and; (b)
magnetic bias field along -z axis, wave propagation from port 1 to
port 2 and from port 2 to port I; (c) schematic view.

The distribution of the helicity parameter, cos a, has view

of the "dipole" with forceful result of the separation between
red and blue colors or "+" and " " At same time, this
_ .

distribution has a strong correlation with directions of the

magnetic bias field Ho and propagation of the EM wave into
waveguide.
Far fields properties of this antenna have very interesting
behavior. Our structure has symmetry into ZX plane and has (c)
Fig.5. Radiation patterns for radiation structure for two cut planes,
asymmetry into ZY, affected by an incident EM wave can
<p=O° and <p=90°, at nonresonance frequency 8. 125GHz (a) and at
be input to waveguide trom different ports (1 and/or 2) and resonance frequency 8. 139GHz (b); c) - Simulated and measured
for our hole we have different "delay's. results at resonance frequency of 8. 139GHz. The each
Fig.5 shows the radiation pattern of the structure for characteristic, EM wave in a waveguide propagates from port I to
nonresonance frequency, 8.125GHz, (a); for resonance port 2 (l ===> 2).

frequency, 8.139GHz, (b); comparison of simulated and

measured pattern, (c). For an analysis of radiation patterns we used a spherical

-- -
coordinate system, shown in Fig. 3a. Fig. 5 shows

-- ..
numerically calculated far-field radiation patterns
<p o· (ZX pbn<)
(directivity, dBi) for two cut planes, ZX plane (<p=00) and ZY
tp 90· elY pt ..... )
plane (<p=900). The EM wave in a waveguide propagates
B.il
,�.
from port 1 to port 2. In this case, we have a squint in the ZY
plane, along a negative direction of y axis. When wave

.i
propagates from port 2 to port 1, the squint is along a
positive direction of y axis (not shown here). The radiation
patterns are the same for two opposite directions of a bias
magnetic field and there are no squints in the ZX plane. The
observed squints in the ZY plane are regular squints which
take place due to a small phase delay for the wave when it
propagates in a region a waveguide hole. These are not the
angular squints.
When the MDM resonance occur, the angular squints are
(a) observed. Such angular squint is shown in Figs.5b. Shows
radiation patterns for two cut planes, rp 0' and rp 900 , at
= =

the MS-resonance frequency 8.139GHz. The EM wave in a

waveguide propagates from port 1 to port 2. The squint in
ZY cut plane is the same as in Fig. 5a.
Our measurements of the radiation patterns were done in
sector Theta= -120° � +120°, where our squints are expected
and we have very good congruence.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology. Downloaded on April 19,2023 at 17:55:49 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Fig.6 shows the full notion of the maximum peak behavior
of the radiation pattern for different variations of the
magnetic bias field Ho and directions of the propagation EM
wave into waveguide.
• [6]
(a)
[3] L. Allen and M. J. Padgett, "Poynting vector in Laguerre- Gaussian
beams and the interpretation of their angular momentum density,"
Opt. Commun. 184, 67 (2000).
[4] B. Thide, H. Then, J. Sjoholm, K. Palmer, J. Bergman, T.D. Carozzi,
Ya. N. Istomin, N. H. Ibragimov and R. Khamitova "Utilization of
photon orbital angular momentum in the low-frequency radio
domain", Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 087701 (2007).
[5] B. Thid'e, 1. Lindberg, H. Then, F. Tamburini "Linear and angular
momentum of electromagnetic fields generated by an arbitrary
distribution of charge and current densities at rest", arXiv:l001.0954
[physics.class-ph] .
L. Allen, M. W. Beijersbergen, R. J. C. Spreeuw, and J. P.
W oerdman, "Orbital angular momentum of light and the
transformation of Laguerre- Gaussian laser modes", Phys. Rev. A 45,
8185 (1992).
[7] E. O. Kamenetskii "Helical-mode magnetostatic resonances in small
ferrite particles and singular metamaterials", J. Phys.: Condens.
Matter 22 (2010) 486005.

: =4t
[8] E.O. Kamenetskii, R. Joffe, and R. Shavit, "Microwave
magnetoelectric fields and their role in the matter-field interaction",
• Phys. Rev. E 87, 023201 (2013).
----t''----
[9] M. Berezin, E. O. Kamenetskii, and R. Shavit, "Topological
•
.-----j--(!)-t-- ----3f-"-- : ,-
properties of microwave magnetoelectric fields", Phys. Rev. E 89
.
,

023207 (2014).
[10] E.O. Kamenetskii, M. Sigalov, R. Shavit, "Manipulating microwaves
with magnetic-dipolar-mode vortices", Phys. Rev. A. 81, 053823
t1�2 1-=:::= 2
(2010).
[11] E.O. Kamenetskii, R. Joffe, and R. Shavit, "Coupled states of
(b)
electromagnetic fields with magnetic-dipolar-mode vortices:
magnetic-dipolar-mode vortex polaritons", Phys. Rev. A 84 (2011).
Fig.6. Different spatial locations of the maximum peak of the [12] E.O.Kamenetskii, M. Sigalov and R. Shavit "Quantum confinement
radiation pattern - (a) magnetic bias field along z axis, wave of magnetic-dipolar oscillations in ferrite discs", J. Phys.:Condens.
propagation from port I to port 2 and from port 2 to port I and; (b) Matter 17 (2005) 2211-2231.
magnetic bias field along -z axis, wave propagation from port I to [13] E. O. Kamenetskii, G. Vaisman, and R. Shavit, "Fano resonances in
port 2 and from port 2 to port 1. microwave structures with embedded magneto-dipolar quantum
dots," 1. Appl. Phys. 114, 173902 (2013).
We see that the spatial location of the maximum peak of [14] E. O. Kamenetskii, "Microwave magnetoelectric fields",
arXiv:1111.4359.
the radiation pattern has strong correlation with follow
[15] E.O. Kamenetskii, R. Joffe, R. Shavit, "Microwave near-field helicity
parameters - direction of the propagation for the EM wave, and its role in the matter-field interaction", arXiv:1111.4361(2011).
direction of the magnetic bias field and "direction" of the [16] R. Jone, E. O. Kamenetskii, and R. Shavit, 1. Appl. Phys. 113,
helicity parameter. The last one is play very important role 063912 (2013).
for us, this is a parameter of the MS oscillations that is
determined by the properties of ferrite disk and magnetic bias
field.
With such an antenna structure we show that a small
ferrite-disk resonator with MS oscillations can form far field
radiation pattern with unique topological properties and
strong controllable squints.
Our preliminary results show also that the desired squint
angles can be obtained by variation of the hole diameter and
also by use of an elliptical-form hole.

IV. Conclusion
In this paper, we showed that a beam of the antenna radiation
pattern can be effectively controlled by single ferrite disk,
MS resonator. Chirality of a near field originated form a MS­
resonance ferrite particle is transmitted to the far-field region.

REFERENCES

[1] E. O. Kamenetskii, "Vortices and chirality of magnetostatic modes in

quasi-2D ferrite disc particles", J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 40, 6539
(2007).
[2] A.G. Gurevich and G.A. Melkov, Magnetic Oscillations and Waves
(CRC Press, New York, 1996).

Authorized licensed use limited to: Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology. Downloaded on April 19,2023 at 17:55:49 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.