UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

CHAPTER-2 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Physical quantity: A measurable quantity is called a physical quantity.

Ex: Length, mass, time, area, volume etc.

Fundamental quantities: The physical quantities which are independent of each other are called
fundamental quantities.
There are SEVEN fundamental quantities. They are, Length, Mass, Time, Electric current,
Thermodynamic temperature, Amount of substance and Luminous Intensity

Derived quantities: The physical quantities which can be expressed in the form of a product or
quotient of the fundamental quantities are called derived units.
Ex: Area, Volume, Force, momentum, speed etc.

Unit: The basic, arbitrary chosen, internationally accepted standard of reference which is used to
express a physical quantity is called a unit.

S I System: The system of units which is at present internationally accepted for measurement is
the system of International (S I) and it was developed by General conference on weights and
measures in 1971. The earlier systems of units are FPS, CGS and MKS system.

Fundamental units: The units used to express fundamental quantities are called Fundamental
units. The table gives the list of fundamental quantities and their units in SI.
Base SI Units
quantity Name Symbol Definition
The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum
Length metre m
during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second. (1983)
The kilogram is equal to the mass of the international prototype
of the kilogram (a platinum-iridium alloy cylinder) kept at
Mass kilogram kg
international Bureau of Weights and Measures, at Sevres, near
Paris. France. (1889)
The second is the duration of the 9,192,631,770 periods of the
radiation corresponding to the transition between the two
Time second s
hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133
atom.(1967)
The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two
straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible
Electric current ampere A circular cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum,
would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 ×
10−7 newton per metre of length. (1948)
Thermodynamic The kelvin, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic
kelvin K
temperature temperature of the triple point of water. (1967)
The mole is the amount of substance of a system, which contains
Amount of
mole mol as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram
Substance of carbon - 12. (1971)
The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a
Luminous source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 ×
candela cd
intensity 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of
1/683 watt per steradian. (1979)
In addition to the seven fundamental units, two supplimentory units are defined which are given
in the table below.
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 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
S I Units
Quantity
Name Symbol
Plane angle radian rad
Solid angle steradian sr

Plane angle: It is the ratio of arc length to the radius of the circle.
𝑠
𝜃= rad
𝑟
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
2𝜋𝑟
Maximum plane angle around point is, 𝜃 = = 2𝜋 rad or 𝜃 = 3600
𝑟

Note: (i) 3600 = 2𝜋 rad

1800 = 𝜋 rad
(ii) 1800 = 𝜋 rad (iii) 𝜋 rad = 1800
𝜋 1800
10 = rad 1 rad = = 57.30
1800 𝜋
(iv) 60′ = 10 (v) 60′′ = 1′
1 0 1 ′
1′ = ( ) 1′′ = ( )
60 60
1 𝜋 1
1′ = (60) 180 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1′′ = (60) × 2.9 × 10−4 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1′ = 2.91 × 10−4 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1′′ = 4.85 × 10−6 𝑟𝑎𝑑

Solid angle: It is the ratio of spherical area enclosed to the square of the radius of the sphere.
𝑑𝐴
𝜔 = 2 𝑠𝑟
𝑟
Maximum solid angle at the centre of the sphere is,
4𝜋𝑟 2
𝜔= 𝑠𝑟
𝑟2
𝜔 = 4 𝜋 𝑠𝑟

Derived units: The units which can be expressed as combination of base units are called derived
units.
Ex: ms-1, ms-2, kgms-1, m2, m3 etc.

General guidelines for using symbols and units

 Symbols for units are written in lower case starting with small letters.
 The unit names are never capitalised, however the unit symbols are capitalised only if the
symbol for a unit is derived from a proper name of scientist.
 Symbols for units do not contain any punctual marks and remain unaltered in the plural.

Advantages of SI units
 It is a rational system: It uses only one unit for a given quantity.
 It is a coherent system: Every unit can be derived from seven fundamental and two
supplementary units.
 It is a metric system: Multiple and sub multiples of unit can be expressed as the powers of
TEN.
 It is internationally accepted.

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 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Common SI prefixes:
Multiples and Submultiples Prefixes Symbols
1 000 000 000 000= 1012 tera T
9 giga G
1000 000 000= 10
6 mega M
1 000 000= 10
3 kilo k
1000= 10
100= 102 hecto h
1 deka da
10= 10
0
Base unit: 1= 10
0.1= 10−1 deci d
0.01= 10−2 centi c
−3 milli m
0.001= 10
−6 micro
0.000 001= 10 𝜇
−9 nano n
0.000 000 001= 10
0.000 000 000 001= 10−12 pico p
0.000 000 000 000 001= 10 −15 femto f
−18 atto a
0.000 000 000 000 000 001= 10

Measurement of length: Length of various objects or distances between the objects differ widely
ranging from the radius of proton of about 10-15m to the average size of the universe with a radius
of about 1026m.

Some of the simple measurement of length involves the use of

a) A metre scale for lengths from 10-3m to 102m.
b) Vernier callipers for lengths to accuracy of about 10-4m.
c) A screw gauge or spherometer to measure lengths of the order of 10-5m.
In order to measure lengths beyond these ranges some special indirect methods are adopted.
One of them is the parallax method.

Parallax: It is the change in the position of an object to its background, when the object is seen
from two different positions.
The distance between the two different points of observation is called the Basis.

Measurement of large distance by parallax method:

Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 are the two positions of observation of a distant object 𝑆.
Let 𝐷 be the distance between the distant object 𝑆 and the earth.
The distance between 𝐴 and 𝐵 be 𝑏
𝜃 be the angle made by two opposite ends 𝐴 and 𝐵.
𝑏
As 𝐷 is very large then ( ) is less than 1 and 𝐴𝐵 is taken as an arc.
𝐷
Then, 𝑏 = 𝐷𝜃
𝒃
𝑫=
𝜽
Where 𝜃 is in radian and is called parallactic angle.

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 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
Some special units of length
 1 fermi = 1f = 10-15m
 1 angstrom = 1Ȧ = 10-10m (these are the shorter units of length)
 1 astronomical unit: It is the average distance between the earth and sun.
1 AU = 1.496×1011m
 1 light year: The distance travelled by the light in one year of time.
1 ly = 9.46 ×1015m
 1parsec: It is the distance at which an arc of length equal to one AU subtends an angle of one
second at a point.
1pc = 3.08×1016m (parsec is the largest unit of length)

Measurement of mass: Mass is the basic property of matter. It is expressed in kg, but for atomic
and sub atomic particles, we use unified atomic mass unit (u).

1 𝑡ℎ
unified atomic mass unit (u): One unified atomic mass unit is equal to ( ) of the mass of an
12
atom of carbon-12 isotope including the mass of electrons.
1u = 1.66×10-27kg
The mass of various objects differ widely ranging from the mass of an electron about
10−30 𝑘𝑔 to the mass of universe with about 1055 𝑘𝑔. Masses of commonly available objects are
measured using a common balance. Inertial mass of an object is measured using an inertial
balance.
Masses of microscopic objects are determined by spectroscopic method, using a mass
spectroscope. Masses of astronomical objects are estimated using Newton’s law of gravitation.
Masses of binary stars are estimated using Kepler’s law of time periods.

Measurement of time: Time measurements are done using a clock. now we use an atomic
standard of time which is based on the periodic vibrations produced in a cesium-133 atom. Cesium
atomic clocks are very accurate.
Measurement of time intervals ranging from 10-16s to 10-24s is estimated using photographic
emulsions involved in the decay of elementary particles. Radioactive dating is used to estimate
time intervals in the range of several hundred years to millions of years.

Note: A Cesium atomic clock is used at the National physical laboratory (NPL), New Delhi to
maintain the Indian standard of time.

Accuracy, precision of instrument and errors in measurements

Accuracy: The accuracy is the measure of how much close the measured value is to the true value
of the quantity.

Precision: It indicates, to what resolution or limit the quantity is measured.

Least count of the instrument: The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring
instrument is called least count

Ex: least count of meter scale = 0.1 cm = 1 mm

least count of vernier callipers = 0.01 cm

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 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
(ii) In multiplication or division, the number of significant figures in the final result should be
equal to the number of significant figures in the quantity having the smallest number of
significant figures.
Ex: (a) 1.21 ×0.12 = 0.14 (but not 0.1452)
5.74
(b) 1.2
= 4.8 (but not 4.7833)

Rounding of the uncertain digits

(i) If the digit to be dropped in a number is less than 5, then the preceding digit remains
unchanged.
Ex: 1.344 is rounded as 1.34

(ii) If the digit to be dropped in a number is greater than 5, then the preceding digit is raised by 1.
Ex: 1.346 is rounded as 1.35

(iii) If the digit to be dropped in a number is 5, then

(a) the preceding digit remains unchanged if it is EVEN.
Ex: 1.345 is rounded as 1.34
(b) the preceding digit is raised by 1, if it is ODD.
Ex: 1.375 is rounded as 1.38

Dimensions of physical quantities: Dimensions of a physical quantity are the power to which the
base quantities are raised to represent the physical quantity.

Note: Dimensions of a physical quantity explain its relationship with fundamental quantities. All
the derived physical quantities can be expressed in terms of some combination of seven
fundamental quantities. Dimensions of a physical quantity are denoted with square bracket.

Symbols for dimensions of fundamental quantities

Base quantity Symbol for its dimension
Length [L]
Mass [M]
Time [T]
Current [A]
Thermodynamic temperature [K]
Luminous intensity [cd]
Amount of substance [mol]
Ex: Dimensions of force are MLT -2 . Hence force has one dimension in mass, one dimension in
length and -2 dimensions in time.

Dimensional formula: Expression of physical quantity in terms of the base quantities is called
dimensional formula.
Ex: Dimensional formula of volume is [𝑀0 𝐿3 𝑇 0 ] , Dimensional formula of Speed is [𝑀0 𝐿𝑇 −1 ]

Dimensional equation: Equation obtained by equating a physical quantity with its dimensional
formula is called dimensional equation.
Ex: [𝐹] = [𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 ], [𝑉] = [𝑀0 𝐿3 𝑇 0 ]

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Different types of variables and constants:
 Dimensional variable: The physical quantities which possess dimensions and have variable
values are called dimensional variables.
Ex: Area, volume, speed, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force etc.

 Dimensionless variables: The physical quantities which have no dimensions but have variable
values are called dimensionless variables.
Ex: Angle, specific gravity, strain, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 etc.

 Dimensional constants: The physical quantities which possess dimensions and have constant
values are called dimensional constants.
Ex: Planck’s constant, Gravitational constant, speed of light in vacuum etc.

 Dimensionless constants: The physical quantities which do not have dimensions but have
constant values are called dimensionless constants.
Ex: 𝜋, 𝑒, pure numbers like 1, 2, 3….etc.

Dimensional analysis: The process of examination of dimensions of various physical quantities

involved in a relation is called dimensional analysis.

Uses of Dimensional analysis:

(i) The dimensions of all the terms in an equation must be identical. This principle is called the
principle of homogeneity and it is useful method to check whether an equation may be correct
or not.
(ii) Dimensional analysis helps to deduce relations between physical quantities.
(iii) Dimensional analysis helps us to convert the unit of a physical quantity from one system to
another.

Check the correctness of the following equation by dimensional analysis

(i) 𝒗 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒕
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
[𝐿]
[𝑣] = = [𝐿𝑇 −1 ]
[𝑇]

𝑣0 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
[𝑣0 ] = [𝐿𝑇 −1 ]

𝑎𝑡 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎𝑡 = × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
[𝑎𝑡] = [𝐿𝑇 −1 ]

The dimensions of each term on both sides of the equation are the same. Thus equation is
dimensionally correct.

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 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
𝟏
(ii) 𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐
𝑥 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
[𝑥] = [𝐿]

𝑣0 𝑡 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑣0 𝑡 = × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
[𝑣0 𝑡] = [𝐿]

𝑎𝑡 2 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 2
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎𝑡 2 = × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 2
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑎𝑡 2 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑎𝑡 2 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
1
[𝑎𝑡 2 ] = [𝐿] (∵ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠)
2

The dimensions of each term on both sides of the equation are the same. Thus equation is
dimensionally correct.

(iii) 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝟐𝟎 + 𝟐𝒂𝒙

𝑣 2 = (𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)2
(𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)2
𝑣2 =
(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)2
[𝐿]2 [𝐿2 ]
[𝑣 2 ] = = = [𝐿2 𝑇 −2 ]
[𝑇]2 [𝑇 2 ]

𝑣0 2 = (𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)2
[𝑣 2 ] = [𝐿2 𝑇 −2 ]

𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎𝑥 = × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑎𝑥 = (𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)2
[𝑎𝑥] = [𝐿2 𝑇 −2 ] (∵ 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠)

The dimensions of each term on both sides of the equation are the same. Thus equation is
dimensionally correct.

Deducing the relation

1) The time period of oscillation of a simple pendulum(T) depends on its length(l), mass of the
bob(m) and acceleration due to gravity(g). Derive the expression for its time period using the
method of dimension.
Let 𝑇 ∝ 𝑙 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 𝑔𝑐
𝑇 = 𝑘 𝑙 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 𝑔𝑐 (where 𝑘 is constant and dimensionless)
[𝑇] = [𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒] = [𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇]
[𝑙 𝑎 ] = [(𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)𝑎 ] = [𝐿𝑎 ]
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 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
[𝑚𝑏 ] = [(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)𝑏 ] = [𝑀𝑏 ]
[𝑔𝑐 ] = [(𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)𝑐 ] = [(𝐿𝑇 −2 )𝑐 ] = [𝐿𝑐 𝑇 −2𝑐 ]

Then, from the principle of homogeneity,

[𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇] = [𝐿𝑎 ][𝑀𝑏 ][𝐿𝑐 𝑇 −2𝑐 ]
[𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇] = [𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑐 𝑀𝑏 𝑇 −2𝑐 ]
[𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇] = [𝑀𝑏 𝐿𝑎+𝑐 𝑇 −2𝑐 ]

Comparing the exponents on both sides, we have

𝑏=0
𝑎+𝑐 =0
−2𝑐 = 1

On solving the above equations,

1
−2𝑐 = 1 ⟹ 𝑐 = −
2
and, 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 0
1 1
𝑎− =0 ⟹ 𝑎=
2 2

Now substituting the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐, in the equation 𝑇 = 𝑘 𝑙 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 𝑔𝑐

1⁄ −1
𝑇=𝑘𝑙 2 𝑚0 𝑔 ⁄2

𝒍
𝑻 = 𝒌√
𝒈

2) The centripetal force(F) acting on a particle moving in a circle depends upon mass(m),
velocity(v) and radius of the circle(r). Derive an expression foe centripetal force using the
method of dimensions.

Given, 𝐹 ∝ 𝑚𝑎 𝑣 𝑏 𝑟 𝑐
𝐹 = 𝑘 𝑚𝑎 𝑣 𝑏 𝑟 𝑐 (where 𝑘 is dimensionless constant)
[𝐹] = [𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒] = [𝑀𝐿𝑇 ] −2

[𝑚𝑎 ] = [(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)𝑎 ] = [𝑀𝑎 ]

[𝑣 𝑏 ] = [(𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)𝑏 ] = [(𝐿𝑇 −1 )𝑏 ] = [𝐿𝑏 𝑇 −𝑏 ]
[𝑟 𝑐 ] = [(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)𝑐 ] = [𝐿𝑐 ]
Then, from the principle of homogeneity,
[𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 ] = [𝑀𝑎 ][𝐿𝑏 𝑇 −𝑏 ][𝐿𝑐 ]
[𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 ] = [𝑀𝑎 𝐿𝑏 𝐿𝑐 𝑇 −𝑏 ]
[𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 ] = [𝑀𝑎 𝐿𝑏+𝑐 𝑇 −𝑏 ]

On comparing, 𝑎=1
𝑏+𝑐 =1
−𝑏 = −2

Solving for b and c, we have

−𝑏 = −2 ⟹ 𝑏 = 2
𝑏+𝑐 =1
2 + 𝑐 = 1 ⟹ 𝑐 = 1 − 2 = −1
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 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
Now substituting the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐, in the equation F= 𝑘 𝑚𝑎 𝑣 𝑏 𝑟 𝑐
𝐹 = 𝑘 𝑚1 𝑣 2 𝑟 −1
𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝑭=𝒌
𝒓

Limitations of dimensional analysis

1) Correctness of the constants appearing in an equation cannot be verified.
2) Dimensionally correct equation need not be actually correct
3) Equations involving trigonometric and exponential functions cannot be verified.
4) An equation can be derived only if it is of product type.
5) While deriving en equation the value of constant of proportionality cannot be obtained.
6) This method works only if there are as many equations available as there are unknowns.

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Quantity symbol formula S I unit DF

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Quantity symbol formula S I unit DF

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 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
Suggested questions.
One mark.
1) Define unit.
2) What are derived units?
3) Define unified atomic mass unit.
4) How many metres make one parsec?
5) Define the term relative error.
6) What is dimension of a physical quantity?
7) Write the dimensional formula of work.
8) Write the dimensional formula for linear momentum.
9) Write the dimensional formula for force.
10) State principle of homogeneity of dimensions.

Two marks.
1) What are fundamental units? Give an example for fundamental units.
2) With a diagram explain the parallax method of measuring the large distance like a planet or a
star from the earth.
3) Distinguish between accuracy and precision of measurement.
4) Mention the types of errors.
5) Define (a) error (b) accuracy.
6) Write any two methods to minimise the systemic error.
7) What is systemic error? Mention any one source of systemic errors.
8) The resistance R =V/I, where V=(100±5) volt and I= (10±0.2) A, Find the percentage error in R.
9) Define the term significant figures with example.
10) Write the number of significant figures in the following. a) 0.007 𝑚2 b) 2.64 𝑘𝑔
11) Give the number of significant figures in a) 0.00603 𝑚2 b) 0.0203 𝑘𝑔
12) Write the SI unit and dimensional formula for acceleration.
13) Write dimensional formula for force and work.
14) Name any two physical quantities, which have same dimensions.
15) Mention the Physical quantity represented by the dimensional formula [𝑀1 𝐿1 𝑇 −1 ]
16) What are the advantages of dimensional analysis?

Three marks.
1) Name the SI unit of (i) momentum (ii) luminous intensity (iii) solid angle (iv) plane angle
(v) Power (vi) Impulse
2) Write the dimensional formula for pressure, wavelength and force.
3) Using the method of dimensions, deduce the relation connecting the time period, mass of the
bob, length of the pendulum and acceleration due to gravity.
1
4) Check the correctness of the equation 𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 by the method of dimensions.
5) Check the correctness of the equation 𝑣 2 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑎𝑥 by the method of dimensions.
6) Check the correctness of the equation 𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 by the method of dimensions.
7) Check the correctness of the equation 𝐾𝐸 = 1⁄2 𝑚𝑣 2 by the method of dimensions.
8) Check the correctness of the equation 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ by the method of dimensions.
9) Write the limitations of dimensional analysis.

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