Final Copy LEA 2 Handout

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND COMMUNICATION

Criminology Department
Handout for LEA 2 (Comparative Models in Policing)

OVERVIEW
This handout contains overview or background of policing or police; leadership styles and police attributes that
are relevant to policing; the policing styles, models, approaches and strategies; the Philippine National Police policing
system, policing particulars of selected countries around the world and finally the international or global policing
organizations such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Police and International Police.
Introduction to Comparative Models in Policing
Lesson I. Police and Policing:

 POLICE
- defined as an identity created by law, funded by the government for the purpose of maintaining social order
and to enforce the law.
- a body of government employees trained in methods of law enforcement and crime prevention and detection
and authorized to maintain the peace, safety and order of the community.
Role of Police in Social Life:
1. A watchman
2. A Law Enforcer
3. A Service Provider
 POLICING
- refers to the actions taken by a police agency to fulfill a legal mandate of which the end result is maintenance
of order and keeping the peace.
- it is the act of enforcing the laws, preventing and solving crime, maintaining order, and promoting security
and safety through the use of legitimate authority.
Basic Goals of Policing:
1. Enforce laws
2. Preserve peace
3. Prevent crime
4. Protect civil rights, liberties
5. Provide services
Doctrine of Policing by Consent – this doctrine states that police are substantially unarmed body who rely upon the
community support and goodwill, rather than force, in the conduct of their duty.
Police Discretion in Policing – refers to the fact that a police work with every little direct supervision once they are in the
field and often have to make choices about which course of action (if any) is to be pursued.
COMPARATIVE POLICING – refers to the act of determining the similarities and differences of policing styles, models
and approaches police organization have used and currently using.
The Beginning of Modern Policing
1. Henry Fielding
- A magistrate deputy of Bow Street Court in 1748. He is credited with two major contribution to the field of
policing, namely:
(1) He advocated change and spread awareness about social and criminal problems through his writings; and
(2) He organized a group of paid non-uniformed citizens who were responsible for investigating crimes and
prosecting offenders.
 Bow Street Runners – organized by Henry Fielding was the first group paid through public funds that emphasized
crime prevention in addition to crime investigation and apprehension of criminals. While citizens responsible for
social control used to simply react to crimes, the Bow Street Runners added the responsibility of preventing crime
through preventive patrol, changing the system of policing considerably.
2. Patrick Colquhoun
- A Scottish magistrate, developed the Science of Policing in the late 1700’s. Colquhoun’s science of policing
suggested the following:
(1) Police functions must include detection of crime, apprehension of offenders, and prevention of crime
through their presence in public. The function of crime prevention was supported by other influential
Prepared by: Alyssa Mae M. Logacho- Eulin , RCrim

scholars like Cesare Becarria in his 1763 essay “On Crimes and Punishment” which proposed that “it is
better to prevent crime than punish them;” and
(2) He contended that highly regulated police forces should form their own separate unit within the
government. Furthermore, he argued that judicial officers could provide oversight and control police
powers if they were organized as a separate unit within the government, in effect proposing the separation
of powers controlled through system of checks and balances.
3. Sir Robert Peel (Father of Modern Policing [law enforcement])

- he established the London Metropolitan Police through Metropolitan Police Act (a bill passed in Parliament
in 1829) which became the world’s first modern organized police force. It became model for the American
Police system and other police forces in Great Britain but also had great influence on the style of policing in
almost all industrial societies. The Metropolitan Police Force also called as Scotland Yard Police created 17
metropolitan police divisions in London. In 1856, the rest of the country was required to establish police force
was guided by the following concept:
(a) Crime prevention is the primary police objective;
(b) It embodied the principle which states that; the police are the public and the public are the police.
(c) Police constables have to be civil and courteous to the people.
The informal names are : Met and MPS ; police are often referred to as Bobbies or Peelers after Sir Robert
(Bobby) Peel.
Techniques in Detecting Crimes Introduced by Robert Peel
(a) Detectives concealing themselves,
(b) Secretly photographing ,
(c) Recording conversations, and
(d) Employment of the first undercover officer.
The nine (9) Peelian policing principles contributed by Sir Robert Peel led people to regard him as the Father of Modern
Policing (law enforcement).
4. August Vollmer (Father of American [Modern] Policing.)

- During the early 20th century, he is famous for the development of the principles of Modern Police
Administration. He advocated the concepts of administrative efficiency sought to “centralize the authority
within police departments” and to “rationalize the procedures of command control.”
- The Berkeley Police Department, under the leadership of Chief Vollmer, was at the forefront of Police
innovation. These include:
a. 1906- installation of the first Modus Operandi (MO) System.
b. 1907- first use of scientific investigation (Kelinschmidt Case analysis of blood, fiber and soil)
c. 1907 – establishment of the Department’s Police School – the first school of it’s kind in the world and
had a far reaching effect on law enforcement.
d. 1911- first use of the first police motorcycle patrol.
e. 1913 – he changed Police Motorcycle Patrol automobiles for patrolling.
f. 1916- establishment of the first school of Criminology at University of California, at Berkeley.
g. 1918- began using intelligence test in recruiting police officers; Chief Vollmer being a strong advocate of
college educated police officers. Vollmer believed that higher education would be the vehicle to convert
the police occupation into a profession.
h. 1920- the first lie detector instrument was developed at University of California for use by the Berkeley
Police Department.
i. 1921- began using a psychiatric screening in police recruitment.
j. 1923- the first junior traffic police program was established.
k. 1924- established one of the first single fingerprint systems.
l. 1925- established the first Crime Prevention Division and hired the first Police Woman.
m. 1941.- Vollmer served as President of American Society of Criminology which he earlier founded.
Lesson II. The Police in Policing
Attributes of Good Police for Good Policing
1. Professionalism. Professionalism states that police officers are experts through training, certification, education,
and experience, and thus should be view as professionals in every sense of the term. A police officer may be
professional because he/she earn a four year course degree but could be considered unprofessional due to his/her
lack of required skills or competence to perform a certain job. Hence, not all (four-year course degree holder) are
truly professionals. Police officers shall possess both education (college degree) and complete or skills.
Competences or Skills of Police Important Policing

a. Communication,
b. Writing,
c. Diplomacy,
d. Decision-making,
e. Physical Endurance,
f. Cultural Awareness,
g. Problem-Solving,
h. Conflict Resolution,
i. Emotional Intelligence,
j. Persuasive, and others
2. Police Initiative. It refers to the ability of police officers to judge what needs to be done and take action,
especially without suggestion from other people; the ability to take action. Also, it could mean as an individual’s
action that begins a process, often done without direct managerial [or superior] influence.
3. Police Integrity. Integrity refers to the quality of acting in accordance with relevant morals values , norms, and
rules. Police integrity is commonly understood as ‘the normative inclination among police to resist temptations to
abuse the rights and privileges of their occupation.
4. Police Commitment. Commitment refers to one’s profession or career. Commitment to one’s work has been
conceptualized as a constellation of commitment constructs, These constructs involve loyalty toward several
different work-related entities, namely;
a. commitment toward the work itself as a valued activity;
b. commitment toward one’s career or professionalism ;
c. commitment toward one’s job; and
d. commitment toward one’s employer and organization.
5. Police Discretion. Police discretion refers the ability of a police officer to make a decision, such that an officer
make’s a decision whether or not to make an arrest write a ticket, give a warming or apply for arrest warrants
later, use of force, crime prevention and others. Discretion in law enforcement , and especially within policing. is
critical to both functioning of the police department and to the relationship with the public the police department
serves.
6. Respect and Knowledge of Laws. Police officers must know and adhere to laws. The Constitution serves as the
founding legal document and provides the basic parameters of much of the activity of law enforcement personnel.
As custodians of the Constitution police officers must respect its boundaries. Policing requires that police officer
must be well-versed in appropriate laws.
7. Civility. Civility is described as a willingness to sacrifice personal desires for the betterment of the community.
Civility includes tolerance, kindness, consideration, and understanding. Civility is just not a nice trait for officers
to possess but an absolute necessity
8. Service Mentality. It refers to the internal desire of police officers to make the community better by protecting and
serving. Individuals who do not like interacting with and helping people should not explore policing as an
employment option. Police officers who think of police work as a calling tend to meet and overcome ethical
challenges much better than those who view it simply as a job.
9. Humility. It means that police officers must observe modesty and respect for others, as well as a lack of arrogance
and bravado about oneself, In policing, police officers should remain humble to people; they should not brag or
show off. Police officers with confidence in their skills do not feel the need to boast about themselves. They
exercise a prominent role in society and wield immense authority and power. The proper degree of humility can
help engender respect and trust from the public.
10. Controlled Temper. Sir Robert Peel, identified this character trait as necessary for police officers which involves
self-control or self-discipline and requires an abundance of competence, confidence, and emotional maturity---
desirable traits in their own right. Peel recognized that officers who cannot control their tempers would not be
well-suited to properly handle people in the wide variety of circumstances law enforcement personnel confront.
When police officers encounter citizens who lose their temper, resolving the contact becomes more difficult. If
officers respond by losing their own temper, the circumstances become incendiary and often lead to a less-than-
desirable result for both parties.
11. Thirst for New Knowledge. It implies that police officers should always have the desire for new knowledge.
Policing continues to evolve and requires practitioners to stay abreast of the expanding knowledge base. Not only
do laws change regularly but police practices and tactics evolve too. Police officers must seek out new knowledge
personally and simply not expect their departments to provide all their training and education.
12. Police Leadership. The strength of any department [police organization] often comes from strength of its
leadership. One of the factors that would make policing become successful is the ability of the leader (chief) to
lead. The chief of police officers must possess effective leadership attributes.

Ten (10) Essential Attributes of Effective Police Leaders in Policing

1. Active Listening. This innate gift is one in which constant exercise and awareness will put proven leaders at an
advantage when it comes to getting the required and expected results from their followers.
a. Seek to understand before seeking to be understood.
b. Be non-judgmental.
c. Give your undivided attention to the speaker.
d. Use silence effectively.
2. Education. Leaders in policing should be educated – education is an element of leadership development that is
ongoing, regardless of one’s skill as a leader.
3. Attention to Details. Having a broad conceptual knowledge of the agency is, of course, important, but a strong
leader is also aware of the details, such as knowing which personnel are best at what types of assignment.
Demonstrating attention to detail also suggest to stakeholders that the leader is equipped to handle the issues at
hand.
4. Directions. Directions is provided to a subordinate are only as good as the method and manner in which they were
given, an outstanding leader gives clear and consistent instructions and has to communicate effectively in order to
be understood.
5. Evolution. The ability to evolve and adapt can turn a good leader into a high achieving leader with loyal
followers. Once a commander feel secure in the way they have always conducted their business of directing,
controlling, budgeting, inspiring, motivating and so forth it is a sign that it might be time to reinvent their
leadership style. A leader that can evolve and adapt to the ever changing times is a leader that other leaders want
to emulate.
6. Resourcefulness. Being resourceful, clever and innovative is particularly important when it comes to solving
complex or tedious projects. Resourcefulness is certainly necessary when managing and leading any group of
personnel within a law enforcement agency.
7. Service. Service is something law enforcement officers know they professionally provide to the communities in
which they serve- this community service is necessary from the most visible form of government presentation.-
but their must be internal service to complete the concept.
8. Humor. Humor is perceived and delivered differently by everyone, and some people are naturally wittier than
others, this social skill can work wonders with trust and morale if executed in a timely and appropriate manner.
9. Integrity. The strong morals and honesty demonstrated by a leader with integrity will reinforce the agency’s
mission statement and the community’s expectation of professional policing. An agency that has a reputation for
having officers with integrity is an agency that has the trust of the community.
10. People. People are the foundation on which leadership is built- good leaders cultivate good followers. People need
to be praised in public for a job well done, and they appreciate when leaders see beyond their uniform to
individuals with personal interest and concern.
Appropriately applying the LEADERSHIP concept amounts to a win-win for the agency, the followers, the leader, and the
community . developing and improving these attributes will put any leader on the road to success.
Leadership Styles in Policing

- Refers to the various approaches undertaken by the management personnel for motivating their subordinates
while trying to achieve a common goal. They are as follows:
1. Authoritarian or Autocratic Leadership Style
- It is a boss- centered style of leadership that uses authority, fear and coercion to influence people.
2. Participative or Democratic Style of Leadership
- A type of manager pays supreme importance to subordinates by encouraging participation in the decision
making process.
3. Laissez-fair or Free-Reign Leadership
- Under this leadership style the manager delegates the authority completely to his subordinates thus
empowering them to make decision.
4. Situational Leadership Style
- The fundamental principle of the situational leadership model is that there is no single “best” style of
leadership. Effective leadership is task-relevant, and the most successful leaders are those who adapt their
leadership style to the performance readiness of the individual or group they are attempting to lead or
influence. This is formerly called as life cycle theory of leadership.
5. Transformational Leadership Style.
- The leader works with terms to identify needed change, creating a vision to guide the change through
inspiration, and executing the change in tandem with committed members of the group.
6. Transactional Leadership Style (also known as Managerial Leadership)
- It focuses on the role of supervision, organization, and group performance. Leaders who implement this style
focus on specific tasks and use rewards and punishment to motivate followers.
Lesson III. Theories and Academic Researchers on Policing

Policing Theories According to Purpose of Police
1. Continental Theory – it states that police officers are considered as servants of the higher authority and people
have a little or no share of all their duties, nor any direct connection with them.
2. Home Rule Theory – it states that police officers are considered as servants of the community or the people who
depend for the effectiveness of their functions upon the express wishes of the people.
Theories on Policing : Crime Prevention

1. Defensible Space Theory (DST) – proposed by Oscar Newman in 1972 which examined how the design of
physical space is related to crime. He encompasses ideas about crime prevention and neighborhood safety, he
argues that architectural and environment design plays a crucial part in increasing and reducing criminality. He
outlined five (5) specific factors that would need to be present to create such a space. They are:
(a) Territory. The home of an individual must be treated as sacred ground.
(b) Natural Surveillance. The physical characteristics of the home must provide a person with an ability to see or
know what is going on around them.
(c) Image. The home must be structured in such a way that it can provide real security, when it is occupied.
(d) Milieu. Features of the home must also provide a sense of security, such as its location near a police station,
the installation of a security system, or a proximity to a busy commercial area.
(e) Safe [adjoining] Areas. If the primary space of the home us breach, their must be a safe adjoining area that
provide higher-level services in the other four key points that can be accessed.
2. Routine Activities Theory (RAT) – proposed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence E. Cohen in 1974 which
considered how opportunities to commit crime are shaped by between people’s everyday movements through
space and time. In this theory, crime is likely to occur when three essential elements of time converge in space
and time:
a. A motivational offender
b. An (suitable) attractive target, and
c. The absence of capable guardianship
This activity theory is based on the assumption that crime can be committed by anyone who has the opportunity.
The theory also states that victims are given choices on whether to be victims mainly by not placing themselves
in situations where a crime can be committed against them.
3. Broken Windows Theory – proposed by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling in 1982 which looks the
relationship between low level disorder and crime. The theory states that visible signs of crimes, anti-social
behavior, and civil disorder create an urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder, including
serious crimes.
The Philippine National Police : ITS POLICING

I. Policing Principles of by the Philippine National Police
PNP’s Guiding Principles in Policing
1. The Principle, To Serve and Protect. The responsibility of every police officer is to serve the public and protect
life and property. No police operation shall be conducted in order to serve or protect illegal activity of a particular
person, group or criminal syndicate.
2. The principle, To Observe Human Rights and Dignity of Person. All PNP personnel shall respect the human
rights and dignity of the suspect/s during police operations.
3. The Principle, Use of Force During Police Operations.
a. Use of Excessive force is Prohibited. The excessive use of force during police operation is prohibited.
However, in the lawful performance of duty, a police officer may use necessary force to accomplish his
mandated tasks of enforcing the law and maintaining peace and order.
b. Issuance of Verbal Warning. The police officer must first issue a verbal warning before he could use his force
against an offender. The verbal warning shall be done in a loud and clear manner.
c. Non-issuance of Verbal Warning When Excusable . The failure to issue a verbal warning is excusable in cases
where threat to life or property is already imminent, and there is no other option but to use force to subdue the
offender.
d. Use of Non-Lethal Weapon. When suspect is violent or threatening, and that less physical measures have
been tried and deemed inappropriate, a more extreme, but non- deadly can be used such as baton/ truncheon,
pepper spray, stun gun and other non-lethal weapon to bring the suspect under control, or effect an arrest.

e. Application of Necessary and Reasonable Force . During confrontation with an armed offender, only such
necessary and reasonable force should be applied as would be sufficient to overcome the resistance put up by
the offender; subdue the clear and imminent danger posed by him; or to justify the force /act under the the
principles of self-defense, defense of relative or defense of stranger.
f. Factors to Consider in the Reasonableness of the Force Employed. A police officer, however, is not required
to afford offender/s attacking him the opportunity for a fair or equal struggle. The reasonableness of the force
employed will depend upon the number of aggressors , nature and characteristics of the weapon used,
physical condition, size and other circumstances to include the place and occasion of the assault. The police
officer is given the sound discretion to consider these factors in employing reasonable force.
g. Responsibility of the Police Officer in Charge of the Operation . The police officer in charge of the operation
shall, at all times, exercise control overall police personnel, in the area of operation, and shall exhaust all
possible means to apply the necessary and reasonable force to protect loves and properties during armed
confrontation.
Categories of Policing Activities or Operations

1. Public Safety Operation.
- It includes Search, Rescue and Retrieval Operations, Fire Drills, Darthquake drills, and similar operation that
promote public safety.
2. Law Enforcement Operation.
- It includes Service of Warrant of Arrest, Implementation of Search Warrant, Enforcement of Visitorial
Powers of the Chief, Philippine National Police and Unit Commanders, Anti- Illegal Drugs Operation, Anti –
Illegal Gambling Operations, Anti-Illegal Logging Operations, Anti-Illegal Fishing Operations, Anti-Cyber
Crime Operations and Similar operations that are conducted to enforce laws, statutes, executive orders and
ordinances.
3. Internal Security Operation.
- It includes Counter- Insurgency Operation ,Counter Terrorist Operations and Similar Operation that are
conducted to ensure internal security.
4. Special Police Operation.
- It includes Checkpoint Operations, Roadblock Operation, Civil Disturbance Management Operation, Police
Assistance in the Enforcement of Demolition Eviction Injunction and Similar Orders, Police Assistance in the
Implementation of Final Court Order and Order from Quasi-Judicial Bodies, Hostage Situation, Visit Board
Search and Seizure Onboard Marine Vessels and similar Police units with specialized training on the
peculiarity of the mission or purpose.
5. Intelligence Operation
- It includes Surveillance Operation, Counter Intelligence, Intelligence Research, Intelligence Assessment and
similar police intelligence operation conducted to gather information related to security, public safety and
order.
6. Investigation Operation.
- It includes investigation of Crime or Incident, Administrative investigation and similar investigative work
necessary to determine facts and circumstances for filing cases criminally or administratively.
II. Policing Styles, Models, Approaches and Strategies

Two General Styles of Policing
1. Proactive Policing
- Coined by Albert J. Riess and David Bordua. Proactive Policing refers to the practice of deterring criminal
activity by showing police presence and engaging the public to learn their concerns , thereby preventing crime
from taking place in the first place.
Elements of Proactive Policing :
a. Emphasis is prevention.
b. Mobilizing resources based on police initiative.
c. Targeting the broader underlying forces at work that maybe driving crime and disorder.
Approaches to Proactive Policing

A. Strategies for a Place-Based Approach
1. Hot Spot Policing.
- Covers a range of police responses that all share in common a focus of resources on the location where crime
is highly concentrated; police do specific tactics to address high crime places. These areas are typically
referred to as Hotspot policing or targeted policing or place based policing.
2. Predictive Policing.
- Is a concept that is built on the premise that it is possible to predict when and where crime will occur again in
the future by using sophisticated computer analysis of information about previously committed crimes.
(Four General Categories of Predictive Policing Methods)
a. Methods for predicting crimes
b. Methods for predicting offenders
c. Methods for predicting perpetrators’ identities
d. Methods for predicting victims of crime.
3. Closed Circuit Television Policing.
- Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) Surveillance is a form of situational crime prevention designed to prevent
both personal and property crime and can be used in place of, or in addition to, police.
4. Intelligence-led Policing (ILP).
- It is a policing model built around the assessment and management of risks. Intelligence officers serves as
guides to operation, rather than operations guiding the intelligence.
5. Evidenced-based Policing.
- This policing tries to seriously evaluate policing activity and perhaps using properly designed trials to see
“what works” to reduce crime or to respond to community needs.
B. Strategies for a Problem-Solving Approach

1. Problem-Oriented Policing (POP)
- Was coined by Herman Goldstein, is a policing strategy that involves the identification and analysis of
specific crime and disorder, problems, in order to develop effective response strategies. John E. Eck and
William Spelman expanded POP into the SARA model for problem solving. SARA model is a department’s
approach to community policing agencies consist of four components of the problem -solving process.
S - scanning
A- analysis
R- response
A- assessment
2. Third Party Policing
- It refers to the police efforts to persuade or coerce organization or non-offending person such as public
housing agencies, property owners, parents, health and building inspectors and business owners to take some
responsibility for preventing crime or reducing crime problem.
3. Quality of Life Policing.
- It is a policing that emphasizes detection and arrest of suspects who commit less serious crimes in an effort to
prevent them from graduating to more serious crimes.
C. Strategies for a Person-Focused Approach

1. Focus Deterrence (also known as Pulling Levers)
- Is a strategy that attempts to deter crime among a particular offending population and is often implemented in
combination with interventions typical of a problem-solving approach.
2. Stop, Question and Frisk (SQF)
- Is conducted by police officers to stop, question and sometimes frisks people as part of their routine patrol
duties
D. Strategies for a Community-Based Approach

1. Community [Oriented] Policing [Services] (CP/COPS).
-also known as Neighborhood Policing, can be describe as collaboration between the police and the
community that seeks to identify and solve community problems. It emphasize proactive enforcement that
proposes street crime which can be reduced through greater community involvement and integration between
citizens and police. The main idea is to allow police to feel like the public can trust them.
2. Team Policing.
- This approach emphasized the delivery of round-the-clock decentralized patrol services by a team of officers
usually under the direction of a sergeant or lieutenant, in a specific geographic area.
3. Procedural Justice Policing.
- This policing focuses on how police officers should treat the public as individuals in everyday encounter.
Also, it focuses on giving citizens police decision process that manifest demonstration of police fairness and
regard for a person’s dignity.
4. Zero-Tolerance Policing.
- Known as the “Aggressive Policing” or “Aggressive Order Maintenance” it is one which imposes strict
punishment for infractions of a stated rule, with the intention of eliminating undesirable conduct.
2. Reactive Policing
- also called as Traditional Policing / Fire Brigade Policing/ Incident Driven Policing. This can be defined as
the police responding to specific request from individuals or groups in the community which encompasses
“immediate response to calls” and “follow-up investigation”. This policing involves following up on civilian
calls notifying problems. Central to this police strategy is routine patrolling.
Elements of Reactive Policing
a. Emphasis on reacting to particular crime events after they have occurred.
b. Mobilizing resources based on request coming from outside the police organization.
c. Focusing on the particulars of a given criminal incident.
Functions of Patrol in Reactive Policing

a. to conduct routine patrol,
b. for immediate response to calls, and
c. for follow-up investigations.
Table 1. Reactive vs. Proactive Policing

Reactive Proactive
a. the police respond to citizen calls for assistance. a.The police seek crime solution before the crime occur.
b. The conduct of patrol routine and unstructured. b.The conduct of patrol is targeted.
c. 911 calls drive police activity. c.The crime patterns drive police activity.
d. The dispatch section dictates police activity. d.The record management or research dictates police
activity.
e. It focuses on investigation of crimes. e.It focuses on public education in order for the public to
prevent commission of crime.
f. Its emphasis is solving crimes f.It’s emphasis is preventing crimes.
Types of Policing Based on the Command Structure
1. Centralized. This applies if the police forces in a country are highly organized and having a centralized command.
It is also called as coordinated centralized command structure.
2. Decentralized. This applies if the police forces in a country do not have an apparent centralized command
structure.
Type of Policing Based on the Number of Forces to be Commanded
1. Single/Singular Model
- This applies if the entire police force in the country is organized as a single force under a single commander.
2. Multiple Model
- This applies if in a single country, there are number of police forces. The two multiple models are:
a. Multiple Coordinated – if the police forces have well defined territories of functioning and their functions
do not overlap each other.
b. Multiple Uncoordinated – if the case is reversed as in India, where many agencies can have overlapping
jurisdictions.
Models of Policing According to Approach

1. Problem-Oriented Policing
- a model of policing which is focused in preventing crime from happening.
- this policing model involves detectives monitoring for patterns in crime to help understand when and how crime
are being committed. Once they have a pattern, they will search for ways to prevent crimes from happening. This
model has more proactive stance than the traditional policing.
2. Intelligence-led policing model
- introduced by Sir David Philips and originated from the United Kingdom. It draws upon the notion that the
police can do know a great deal about offending patterns. The police should actively gather information about
criminals and their organization. The core emphasis are as follows:
* The focus on crime alone;
* The means used are enforcement and disruption of criminal groups;
* The measure is aimed to reduce the problem by undermining the ability of criminals to do the business.
3. Reactive or traditional policing
-it is a model of policing wherein police will respond when a call was received.
4. Predictive policing
-a model of policing which includes predictive and analytical techniques in law

enforcement to identify potential offenders. This is also the usage of mathematical predictive and analytic
techniques to identify possible criminal activity.
5. Reassurance policing
-it is a model of policing with the aim of identifying signals and it involves the community in solving community-
related problems. It is similar to community oriented policing system. Signal crimes are those that shape the
community’s perception of risk from a particular type of crime during a given period.
- it gives a feeling of safety that a citizen experiences when he knows that a police officer or patrol car is nearby.
6. Scanning, Analysis, Responses, Assessment (SARA)
-a type of policing which involves four steps in problem solving and decision making process.
* Scanning-it involves detection of patterns of problem activities, including victims, location and types of
crimes. It requires an evaluation of the problem, the perception of the problem by both law enforcement
and external partners and analysis of the severity of the problem.
* Analysis- includes looking for the root causes of any problems or issues identified. Information
gathered from variety of sources, including crime reports and community members who are directly
affected by the issue.
Once cause was identified, law enforcement officials will work with the community to come up with and execute an
appropriate, long term response. After the * Response is implemented, an on-going * Assessment is required to evaluate
the effectiveness of the solution and make adjustment is necessary.
Theories of Innovative Policing
1. Community Policing – this is a type of policing wherein the officers will have a zone to work in during their shifts. The
officers will make their presence known and rely on the community citizens to report any suspicious behavior or tips on
criminals in the area. Some of the advantages brought about by community policing are:
* Deployment of law enforcement professional to work in and around schools- This is to enhance the safety of all students
in the schools.
* Additional officers to effectively respond to street-based drug dealing in the city and dilapidated housing from which
dealers operate- the objective is to reduce the level of the drug sales in the targeted areas and thereby reduce the overall
level of crime.
* Use of Technology to put more officers in neighborhoods.
2. Broken Windows Theory – comes from the metaphor “if a window is broken and left unrepaired, people walking by will
conclude that no one cares and no one is in charge.” The “broken window” is a symbol of unaccountability. If one
window in a building is broken and left unfixed, it is likely that the rest of the windows will be broken soon too. This
means that people- specifically-potential criminals take cues from their surroundings and behave based on what they see.
3. Problem-Oriented Policing- an approach to policing in which discrete pieces of police business are subject to
microscopic examination in hopes that what is freshly learned about each problem will lead to discovering a new and
effective strategy for dealing with it.
4. Pulling levers policing- this approach is consist of:
* Selecting a crime problem.
* Conducting research to identify key offenders, groups and group patterns.
* Framing a response to offenders that uses a varied menu of sanctions to stop them from continuing their violent
behavior.
* Focusing social services and community resources to match law enforcement prevention efforts.
Directly and repeatedly communicating with offenders to make them understand why they are receiving this special
attention.
5. Third party policing- this describes police efforts to persuade/coerce third parties (prosecutors, individual citizens,
regulatory agencies etc.) to take responsibility for crime prevention. The police create crime control guardians in locations
where crime control guardianship was previously absent. Sometimes, this results from cooperative consultation with
community members. Otherwise, the police use coercive threats, with the backing of a range of civil and regulatory laws
to engage the third parties into taking crime control responsibilities.
6. Hot spot policing- also known as place-based policing and a popular policing strategy that addresses crime by assigning
limited police resources to areas where crimes are more highly concentrated. Crime hot spots are small units of geography
with high rates of criminal activity (e.g. drug market).
7. Compstat policing- otherwise known as “Computer Comparison Statistics” and is introduced by Commissioner William
Bratton in New York Police Department. It is a multifaceted system for managing police operations. Its process is guided
with four principles, namely:
* Accurate and timely intelligence (“know what is happening”) -crime intelligence relies on data primarily from official
sources such as calls for service, crime and arrest data.
* Effective tactics (“have a good plan”)-relying on past successes and appropriate resources, command staff and officers
plan tactics that will respond fully to the identified problem. A compstat meeting provides a collective process for
developing tactics as well as accountability for developing these tactics.

* Rapid deployment (“do it quickly”)- the compstat model strives to deploy resources to where there is a crime problem
now, as a means of heading off the problem before it continues or escalates.
* Relentless follow-up and assessment (“if it works, do more. If not, do something else”) –compstat meeting provides the
forum to “check-in” on the success of current and past strategies in addressing identified problems.
8. Evidence Policing- is simply the routine and systematic application of the best available knowledge in order to identify
and choose the optimal approach in policy, management and other applied settings. Benefits of employing an evidence-
based approach in day-to day policing (“doing more with less”):
* Having police intervene directly in social life less often, but doing so with more impact when they do.
* How, if there are to be fewer officers, we need them to be more skilled in terms of their delivery of policing
services.
* And, if there is going to be less police capacity, ensuring more sections of society are engaged in the work of
making communities safe and secure.
Comparative Police System- it is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It
covers the study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various nations. Comparing police system as
well as models of policing could be through the following methods:
 Safari method- it is a type of research in comparative criminology wherein a researcher will visit another country
for comparison purposes.
 Collaborative method- one researcher will collaborate the work to a foreign research.
 Historical comparative- most often employed by researchers, used quantitative and qualitative method.
 Unpublished works comparison- single culture study and two culture study using published works.
International Criminal Justice- it involves the study and description of one country’s law, criminal procedure or justice
process. It attempts to build on the knowledge of criminal justice of one country by investigating and evaluating, in terms
of another country, culture or institution.
Transnational Policing- it pertains to all forms of policing that transgress national borders.
Transnational Crimes- refers to crimes that takes place or transgress across national borders. These are offenses whose
inception, prevention and or direct or indirect effects involve more one country. This include crimes that take place in one
country but their consequences significantly affect another country.
International Policing- it indicates those types of policing that are formally directed by institutions usually responsible
for international affairs.
Global policing- indicates those forms of policing that are fully global in scope.
Globalization - refers to the package transnational flow of people, production investment, information, ideas and
authority.
- is the growing interpenetration of states, markets, communication and ideas. It is one of the leading
characteristics of the contemporary world.
- the process of creating transnational markets, politics, and legal systems in an effort to form and sustain a
global economy.
Types of Police Systems

1. Common Law System- usually exists in English speaking countries of the world and also known as Anglo-American
Justice. There is strong adversarial system and rely upon oral system of evidence in which the public trial is a main focal
point.
2. Civil Law System- also known as Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice and distinguished by strong
inquisitional system where less right is granted to the accused and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little
interpretation.
3. Socialist System- distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender and exists in in places such as
Africa and Asia. Also known as Marxist-Leninist Justice.
4. Islamic System- based more on the concept of natural justice or customary law or tribal traditions.
Concept of Police System

1. Old police service- states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the number of arrest made.
2. Modern police service- states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the absence of crime.
Seven Theories of Comparative Criminology

1. Alertness to crime theory- explains that people’s alertness to crime is heightened so they report more crimes to the
police and also demand the police to become more effective in solving crime problems.
2. Economic or migration theory- crime is a result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban areas such as
ghettos and slums.
3. Opportunity theory- along with higher standard of living, victims become more careless of their belongings and
opportunities for committing of crime multiply.
4. Demographic theory- greater numbers of children are being born because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent
subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.
5. Deprivation theory- progress comes along with rising expectations and people at the bottom develop unrealistic
expectations while people at the top do not see themselves rising fast enough.

6. Modernization theory- sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
7. Anomie and synomie theory- anomie suggest that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older
norms that once held people together and synomie refers to social cohesion on values.
Types of Government
Different types of government are included in the comparative police system because the type of government of a country
directly affects its law enforcement.
1. MONARCHY- one which supreme power of sovereignty is vested in the rules of a monarch. Monarchy is classified
into two:
a. Absolute monarchy- where the ruler rules the divine right.
b. Limited or Constitutional monarchy- the power of the ruler is limited to a constitution
2. ARISTOCRACY (The rule of the few)- derive from Greek word aristocracia meaning “the rule of the best”. This is a
form of government in which supreme power is vested in the few privileged class or group wherein high power is based
from birth, wealth and wisdom. It is otherwise known as Oligarchy. It has related terms namely:
 Autocracy- derived from Greek word autocrat means self-ruler or he who rules by oneself. It is usually seen as
synonymous with despot, tyrant or dictator.
 Communist state- a state with the form of a government characterized by single party rule of communist party and
a professed allegiance to a communist ideology as the guiding principle of a state.
 Corporatocracy- a form of government where a corporation, a group of corporation or government entities with
private components control the direction and governance of a country.
3. DEMOCRACY (Rule by people)- the supreme power is vested in the people. According to former US President
Abraham Lincoln, “It is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.” It is classified into:
 Direct Democracy- where they directly govern themselves and sometimes called as Participatory Democracy.
 Indirect Democracy- the people elect representatives to act on their behalf.
4. ANARCHY- derived from the Greek word anarchia which means without a ruler. This a form of government wherein
society is free from coercive authority of any kind. It has related terms namely:
 Anarchism- a philosophical movement rise in the mid-19th century with its idea of freedom being based upon the
political and economic self-culture.
 Anarchist- those who advocate the absence of the state arguing that common sense would allow people to come
together in agreement to form a functional society allowing for the participants to freely develop their sense of
morality, ethics or principled behavior.
Note: Terrorism is an example of a transnational crime. It is included in this subject because one of the purposes of
comparing police system of different countries is to learn techniques applied in other countries which are very
effective and can be adopted in our country in fighting transnational crimes and modern types of crimes.
TERRORISM (Etymology)
-comes from the French word terrorisme and originally referred specifically to state terrorism as practiced by the
French government during the reign of terror.
- Terrorism as any act “intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the
purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or
abstain from doing any act”.
- The systematic use of terror as a means of coercion.
Types of Terrorist
1. National terrorist- define as almost all illegal acts of violence committed for political purpose by clandestine groups.
2. Transnational terrorist- terrorist who operates across national borders, whose actions and political operations may
affects individual of more than one country.
3. International terrorist- terrorist who are controlled by and whose actions represent the national interest of a sovereign
state.
Types of Terrorism (According to Area of Operation)

1. International Terrorism- it refers to the use or threatened use of violence against person or property or by a group or an
individual whose operations transcend national boundaries and are done to further political and social objectives.
* Mission specific cells- in terrorist organization, it refers to small units which are put together for the purpose of
executing specific assignments.
* Sleeper cells- in terrorist organizations, it refers to small groups of recruits who are in place in target and other
countries. Living ordinary lives until activated for the cause, may also perform services for the immediate group.
E.g. counter and reconnaissance tasks.
* Cell- it is the smallest element and building block of terrorist organization.
2. Domestic terrorism- it refers to the use or the threatened used of violence against person or properly by a group or an
individual whose operations are entirely within the victim’s nation, without following direction and are done to further
political and social objectives.
* Rightwing terrorist- it refers to domestic terrorist group who adhere to the principles of racial supremacy
embraces anti-government and anti-regulatory beliefs.
* Leftwing terrorist- it refers to domestic terrorist group who profess a revolutionary socialist doctrine and view
themselves as protectors of the people against the dehumanizing effect of capitalism and imperialism.

* Special Interests Groups- it refers to the domestic terrorist group who perhaps the most active special interests
groups in United States or the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and the Earth Liberation Front (ELF).
Types of Terrorism (According to Weapons or Methods Used)

1. Chemical Terrorism- it refers to the utilization of chemicals in committing terrorism.
2. Bio Terrorism- it refers to the intentional release of toxic biological agents to harm and terrorize civilians in the nature
of political or other cause. Categories (biological diseases) are those likely to do the most damage. It includes:
a. Anthrax (bacillus anthracis)- most commonly used biological agent.
b. Botulism (clostrodium botulinum toxin)
c. The plague (Yersinia pestis)
d. Tularemia (francisella tularensis)
e. Hemorrhagic fever, due to Ebola Virus or Marburg virus
3. Radiologic terrorism- it refers to the utilization of radioactive substances in committing terrorism.
4. Nuclear Terrorism- it refers to number of waste, nuclear materials might be exploited as a terrorist tactics. These
includes:
a. Attacking nuclear facilities
b. Purchasing nuclear weapons
c. Building nuclear weapons
5. Explosives Terrorism- it is the most common form of terrorism through the utilization of explosives in committing acts
of terrorism.
6. Cyberterrorism- it refers to a type of terrorism that uses computers and networks. It can allow disruption in military
communications and even electrical power.
 Aum shrinkyo and the tamil- terrorist groups usually uses cyberterrorism to fail the computer security or to show
off their technical abilities.
 Ways of demonstrating cyberterrorism:
 By controlling from a distance electrical things such as dams or power plants.
 By destroying the actual machines that contains the electronic information.
SELECTED POLICE MODELS

1. United States of America
- The United States Police Department
Policing in the United States is divided into four broad categories: federal, state, county and municipal agencies. Each
branch of law enforcement has been created to enforce a specific set of laws within specific geographical area. The means
to understand which law enforcement has the authority to a crime is two-fold;
1. Determine which government unit prohibits the acts.
2. Place or venue where the criminal act occurred.
A. Federal law enforcement agencies
The U.S constitution did not create a national police force but it did give the federal government power over a limited
number of crimes. Over the years, that number of crimes has multiplied greatly, and federalization of law enforcement is
an undeniable trend. There are approximately 60 different federal police agencies, and most of them reside in the Justice
or Treasury Department.
 Federal police officers- police officers that work for the national government. They enforce criminal laws that are
passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by the president. They have the authority to arrest
anyone who commits violation of federal criminal laws within the specific area they are hired to protect.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)- is probably the best known of the federal law enforcement agencies. The FBI is
under the U.S DOJ. This agency is not a police agency, instead it investigates matters involving violations of federal law
including civil rights violations espionage, treason, bank robbery of federally insured institution, serious crimes that
crosses state lines and terrorism. The FBI is estimated to have more than 12,000 agents primarily in the United State. The
FBI investigates:
1. Terrorism. It is systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion.

2. Counterintelligence. It is designed to block the enemy's sources of information, to deceive the enemy, to prevent
sabotage, and to gather political and military information.
3. Cybercrime. It refers to any crime that involves a computer and a network.
4. Public corruption. It includes government fraud, election fraud and foreign corrupt practices.
5. Civil rights. These are class of rights that protect individual's freedom from infringement by governments and private
organizations, and ensure one's ability to participate in the civil and political life of the state without discrimination or
repression.
6. Organized crime. It involves criminal organizations which categorize transnational, national or local groupings of
highly centralized enterprises run by criminals, who intend to engage in illegal activity most commonly for monetary
profit.
7. White-collar crime. It refers to financially motivated nonviolent crime committed by business and government
professionals.
8. Violent crimes and major thefts. These include art theft, bank robbery, gangs, cargo theft.
*The United States Marshals Service- is the nation's oldest federal law enforcement agency. Marshals serve to protect
federal judicial officials, maintain security in federal courthouses and protect the safety of the witnesses in federal trials
who are endangered by testifying. The US Marshals also track down fugitives from justice from across the world,

transport federal prisoners who needs to be moved across jurisdictions, and maintain detention facilities for unsentenced
prisoners.
Other Federal Agencies
1. Secret service-two primary missions:
a. Protecting all living current and former US president and their families
b. Controlling counterfeiting
2. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
-assist in controlling the sale of untaxed liquor and cigarettes, illegal firearms and explosives.
3. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) - the federal agency that enforces federal drug laws.
* Pennsylvania State Police- founded in 1905 and is probably the first official state police agency. Their officers were
called "troopers". The word "trooper" traditionally refers to someone who has been a member of cavalry and indeed, there
is a military-friendly atmosphere or culture in state policing. There is also something of an anti-female culture since, for
many years state troopers were not allowed to marry (unless they had approval from their superintendent).
Basic Requirements
Each state has a Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST) or similar entity that establishes
minimum selection standards for law enforcement officers. Typical basic requirements include the following:
1. Citizen requirement- agencies require applicants to be U.S citizens or permanent resident aliens who have applied for
citizenship.
2. Minimum/ maximum age requirement- most agencies require an applicant to be 21 by academy graduation date, some
take cadets as young as 18. Some agencies have no maximum age.
3. Educational requirement- most agencies expect officers to have a high school diploma or a bachelor's degree or a
minimum number of college credit hours.
4. Valid driver's license- a valid driver's license is a requirement for any law enforcement position.
5. Minimum Fitness Requirement- the type and rigor of these requirements vary by agency.
Disqualifiers
Any of the items listed below may disqualify an applicant from police service:
1. Felony conviction (adult or juvenile)
2. A misdemeanor conviction involving domestic abuse or a sexual component.
3. Illegal drug abuse.
4. Poor driving record (including reckless driving conviction)
5. DWI/DUI conviction
6. Poor credit history or other financial problems.
The Hiring Process

Agencies run their applicants through a comprehensive series of tests and exams, each designed to narrow the field of
applicants to advance only those who are most qualified.
1. Basic application/ Pre-screening Questionnaire- the initial application and pre-screening questionnaire convey an
applicant’s interest and eligibility. Based on the review of this material, candidates are invited back to take the written
exam.
2. Written exam/ Entrance Test- this is typically a standardized test used to assess general aptitude and does not require or
assume any knowledge specific to law enforcement. Written exams typically test an applicant's:
-reading comprehension
-problem-solving/ judgment skills
-memory
-writing skills
3. Video Exam-applicants watch a scenario and provide a verbal response that is rated and scored. Some agencies use
simulations to assess an applicant's interpersonal skills and judgment.
4. Physical Fitness/Ability test- agencies typically use a fitness test, a job simulation test or a combination of both. A
fitness test measures a candidates overall level of fitness through structured activities that assess strength, endurance and
cardiovascular health. Job simulation tests are designed to be job samples, measuring your ability to perform certain job-
specific tasks such as running stairs, dragging a weight or climbing a wall.
5. Background Investigation- a thorough background check will be conducted to ensure that applicants does not have any
personal or professional issues that would preclude them from police service. Investigators review their employment
history, character references, academic records, residency history, criminal records and credit history.
6. Drug Testing- routinely administered to check for the presence of illegal substances.
7. Psychological Testing- agencies wanted to ensure that the applicants are psychologically stable and mentally fit to
handle the job.
8. Polygraph- commonly known as lie detector, used to verify information submitted throughout the application process.
9. Oral Board- is a chance for members of the hiring authority to meet and talk with the applicants face to face. During
the oral interview, applicants may be evaluated on the following:
- General appearance and demeanor
- Communication skills
- Understanding of and interest in policing as a career
- Response to questions and scenarios
10. Medical Exam- this evaluates if the applicants are medically fit to meet the requirements of the job. A typical medical
exam may include the following elements:

- height - blood test
- weight - urine test
- vision - blood pressure
- hearing - Electrocardiogram
- chest x-ray - screening tests for illegal drugs
2. United Kingdom
- The origin of the British Police lies in early tribal history and is based on customs for securing order through
the medium of appointed representatives. In effect, the people were the police.
British policing
One of the key principles of modern policing in Britain is that the police seek to work with the community and as a
part of the community. The word "police" generally means the arrangements made in all civilized countries to ensure that
the inhabitants keep the peace and obey the law. The word denotes the force of peace officers or police employed for this
purpose.
 The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) - is the territorial and largest police force in United Kingdom. The MPS
also has significant national responsibilities such as coordinating and leading on the counter-terrorism matters and
protection of the Royal Family of the United Kingdom. The Commissioner of the Police of MPS known as
Commissioner is the overall operational leader of the force. The post of the Commissioner was first held jointly
by Sir Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne. The current headquarters of MPS is New Scotland Yard.
 The Special Constabulary- is the United Kingdom’s part-time police force. It is made up of volunteer members of
the public who when on duty wear a uniform and have full police powers. There are over 12,000 Specials serving
with police forces across the UK.
3. Australia
Australian Federal Police (AFP) - Australian Federal Police is Australia’s international law enforcement and
policing representative and the government’s chief source of advice on policing issues. The AFP works closely
with a range of other law enforcement bodies and state, territory, Commonwealth and international level,
enhancing safety and providing a regional and global environment. The key national functions are:
1. serious and organized crime 5. counter-terrorism
2. crime operations 6. protection
3. intelligence 7. aviation
4. international deployment group 8. high-tech crime operations
 National Headquarters- the AFP national headquarters is located at Edmund Barton Building initially known as
the Trade Offices, was named after Sir Edmund Barton, the first Prime Minister of Australia and a founding judge
of the High Court of Australia.
General Qualifications
1. High level of motivation 9. Meet the medical and psychological standards for
2. Integrity AFP sworn police and protective service officer
3. Cultural awareness applicants.
4. A commitment working with the community 10. Physically fit and healthy and able to undertake
5. Be over 18 years of age the physical requirements of training.
6. Australian citizen 11. Have a senior first aid certificate
7. Intelligent, self-motivated and willing to serve in 12. Year 12 education or year 10 with a trade
any area of AFP certificate or similar qualification.
8. Have a full manual driver’s license with no 13. Confirmation of ability to swim 100 meters free
provisional restrictions or medical-restrictions at the style non-stop and unaided.
time of restrictions at the time of application.
4. Canada
- has the three levels of police services: municipal, provincial and federal. RCMP, Canada’s national police force,
is unique in the world as a combined international, federal, provincial and municipal policing body. While in the Federal
Republic of Germany, the responsibility for maintenance of public security and order is divided between the 16 federal
states and the Republic.
* RCMP- the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is headed by a Commissioner who, under the direction of the Minister of
Public Safety Canada, has the control and management of the force and all matters connected therewith. It is unique in the
world as a federal, municipal and provincial policing body. As the national police force in Canada, the RCMP is
responsible for enforcing the federal laws throughout Canada. The two most populous provinces of Canada namely
Ontario and Quebec maintain their own provincial forces (i.e Ontario Provincial Police and Surete du Quebec).
Core Policing Activities
These are the very essence of police work, the ways in which they provide service to the public. The RCMP's core
policing activities are:
1. Service 4. Law enforcement
2. Crime prevention 5. Intelligence
3. Protection
Qualifications and Requirements

Qualifications:
1. Be a Canadian citizen 2. Be of good character
3. Be at least 19 years of age at the time of engagement 9. Be prepared to carry a firearm and use it or any other
4. Be proficient in English or French necessary force
5. Possess a valid, unrestricted Canadian driver's license 10. Be willing and able to relocate anywhere in Canada
6. Possess a Canadian secondary school (high school) 11. Be willing to work shift work including weekends
diploma or equivalent and holidays, and
7. Meet the medical, psychological and vision standards 12. Be willing to pledge allegiance to Canada.
8. Meet the necessary level of physical abilities
Required Documents:
1. Birth certificate 6. If not born Canadian, certification of Canadian
2. Social insurance number citizenship, the applicant will need the following
3. A statement of driving record and a valid driver's certificate prior to attending the Cadet Training Program:
license - a valid standard first aid certificate,
4. Resume including CPR for infant, child and
5. Secondary school diploma and transcript of marks; adult(valid for the duration of Cadet
and Training Program) from an organization
approved under the Canada
Occupational Health and Safety
Regulations.
Screening Process
1. RCMP Police Aptitude Battery (RPAB)- RPAB is made up of two separate tests that all applicants must write:
a. Six Factor Personality Questionnaire (SFPQ)- consists of 108 agree or disagree statements that assesses
personality including conscientiousness, a concept not measured by RPAT.
b. RCMP Police Aptitude Test (RPAT)- is a multiple choice test with 114 questions designed to evaluate aptitude
to be a police officer. It measures seven skills:
-composition (spelling, grammar and -judgment
vocabulary) -observation
-comprehension -logic
-memory -computation
2. Physical Abilities Requirement Evaluation (PARE)-is an occupational test used to assess a person's ability to perform
the physical demands of police work.
3. Regular Member Selection Interview (RMSI)- used to determine if they have the essential organizational competencies
for successful performance as an RCMP police officer.
4. RCMP Pre-Employment Polygraph (PEP) Examination-used to assist the RCMP in determining suitability, reliability
and issuing a security clearance for applicants who become police officers.
5. Field Investigation and Security Clearance- applicants will undergo a complete and thorough background investigation.
The purpose of this investigation is to assist and determine suitability, reliability and security of the applicant being
considered for employment with the RCMP.
6. Health assessment
5. Germany
* Federal Police (Bundespolizei or BPOL)- is the main policing body in the Germany. BPOL is subordinate to the
Ministry of the Interior and carries out extensive and manifold police duties based on a modern police law (Federal
Police Act) and numerous other laws. Policing services were re-organized in the year 1998, and re-titled Federal
Police (Bundespolizei, BPOL) on July 1, 2005 (previously called Federal Border Guards-Bundesgrenzschutz or BGS).
The main functions of the Federal Police are to:
1. Ensure border security, including coast guard services;
2. Protect federal buildings and foreign embassies in the capital of Berlin and the former capital of Bonn, as well
as the two highest German courts: the Federal Constitutional Court and the Federal High Court in Karisruhe.
3. Provide the federal government's mobile response force for internal security events;
4. Ensure security at international airports and on the German railways;
5. Provide counter-terrorism forces
6. Serve as air (or sky) marshals.
Recruitment
An individual who aspires to a career of policing usually joins the German police at the young age of sixteen or
seventeen (16-17). First 2 1/2 -3 year are spent living in the barracks and undergoing basic training. A part of this training
focuses on riot control, the rest involves conventional school subjects, the law and the law enforcement. After years of
basic training and civil disorder control work, the officers spend about six months in general law enforcement training
prior to beginning street patrol work.
Police Hierarchy in Germany

1. Higher Echelon- this echelon is constituted by highest ranked officers of the police. The candidates who possess certain
required police service experience and master's degrees preferably in law related subjects are eligible for these ranks. The
following are the officer ranks that fall under this category:
-Leitender Polizeidirektor (Police Chief Director) - Polizeioberrat (Police Senior Councilor)
- Polizeidirektor (Police Director) -Polizeirat (Police Councilor)

2. Elevated Echelon- the ranks under this category are the middle level ranks in the police hierarchy in Germany. The
candidates after completing their bachelors from state college pf public administration can apply for the jobs in this
category. The following designations fall under this level:
- Erster Polizeihauptkommissar (First Police Chief -Polizeioberkommissar (Police Senior Inspector)
Inspector) -Polizeikommissar (Police Inspector)
- Polizeihauptkommissar (Police Chief Inspector)
3. Medium Echelon- this level is regarded as the lowermost level of police service. The ranks or designations under this
category are:
-Polizeihauptmeister mit Amtszulage (Police -Polizeimeister (Police Master)
Chief Master with upgraded pay) -Hauptwachtmeister (Chief Constable)
-Polizeihauptmeister (Police Chief Master) -Oberwachtmeister (Senior Constable)
-Polizeiobermeister (Police Senior Master)
Pre-Commissioned Ranks
- after all these levels, their lie the lowest level of pre-commissioned officers, who in Germany's police hierarchy are
referred as Anwarter or candidate. This designation is appended to the name of the person who is attempting for
commissioned ranks.
Asia is the largest Continent on Earth and is considered the far eastern area of the continents. In today’s world,
using conventional methods are not enough for any countries to safeguard the welfare and safety for life and property of
their citizens. Asian countries have encountered different of challenges both internal and external threats. In order to
safeguard public safety, it is important to take internal and external factors into account when considering the international
context.
ASEAN POLICE MODELS

1. Hong Kong
Hong Kong is a special Administrative Region of China headed by a Chief Executive. The main duties of law
enforcement in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China are taken up by the
Hong Kong Police Service. With the 27,000 men and women, the HKR is one of the largest city police forces; in size it
rivals the Metropolitan Police of London and the New York Police Department. It is one of the best-trained most highly
motivated and dedicated police forces in the world. International law enforcement bodies rank it the most professional of
its kind. As for equipment, purpose-built community police stations, modern communications, computerized criminal
records and other hi-tech aids to fight crime, the force is unrivalled. Its marine fleet of 166 patrol launches and other craft
is the largest of any civil police force.
The percentage of women in the HKP if one of the highest among major police forces. The first introduction of
women in 1949 in the HKP quickly proved its worth. In 1967, women police officers stood firm against rotting mobs.
Their presence brought calm to situations that were potentially explosive.
As of July 1, 1997; Great Britain returned sovereignty of Hong Kong back to China. At that point, the Royal
Hong Kong Police became the Hong Kong Police. Their badges, insignia, and logos were changed to remove the symbols
of the crown and "royal".
* Hong Kong Police Force (The Force is divided into six regions)
1. Hong Kong Island 4. New Territories North
2. Kowloon West 5. New Territories South and
3. Kowloon East 6. Marine
Recruitment (HKPF)
Entry Requirements: (Both Inspector and Constable)
1. Nationality. Must be a permanent resident of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and have lived in Hong
Kong for at least seven years.
2. Academic and Language Proficiency Requirements:
3. Physique
a. Must have a good physique as you will be required to pass a physical fitness test during the selection process.
b. For male candidate, you should be at least 163 cm (5.4ft) tall and weigh 50kg.
c. You must have good eyesight and you are required to pass an initial eyesight test without the aid of any
eyesight correction tools.
4. Essential Attributes:
a. Mature personality c. Confidence
b. Good physical fitness d. Effective communication ability
5. Age Recruitment-16 years old
Note: Recruitment is annually. Applications are sent to the Police Recruitment Division which in turn informs the
applicants of the Selection process.
Selection Process for HKPF

A. Selection Process for Inspector
Candidates will be critically assessed on the following competencies:

a. Communication ability f. Motivation

b. Judgment g. Personality and values
c. General Knowledge h. Language Proficiency and Cognitive ability
d. Leadership potential i. Physical Fitness
e. Management potential
1. Application
2. Written Examination-the examination consists of four tests: English Language Test, Chinese Language Test, Aptitude
Test and Basic Law Test.
3. Extended Interview
a. Impromptu talk-it determines a candidate’s ability to overcome initial stress and think fast and if a candidate
can communicate effectively by expressing his/her thoughts in a logical way.
b. Group Discussion-it determines candidate’s confidence to explain, present and stand up their arguments if
appropriate and express their ideas and opinions logically while at the same time other’s points of view.
c. Management Exercise-this aims to assess candidate’s interpersonal skills and communication abilities as their
abilities to solve problems, make decisions and influence the other candidates.
d. Leadership Exercise-this aims to assess the candidate’s communication abilities, judgment, leadership
potential, management potential, personality and values.
4. Psychometric Test-the test aims at providing additional information on the applicant’s cognitive abilities, emotional
resilience and personality traits.
5. Final Interview Board-the Board assesses candidate’s leadership potential, motivation, values and personality,
communication, judgment, general knowledge and management potential.
6. Physical Fitness Test-this aims to determine applicant’s physical abilities. The test consists of vertical jump, pull-up,
shuttle-run, sit-up, squat-thrust and 800 m run.
7. Integrity Checks and Medical Examination
8. Consideration for Appointment-most suitable candidates are being determined.
9. Appointment
Rank Structure of the HKAPF

1. Commandant, HKAPF 7. Senior Inspector (Auxiliary)
2. Deputy Commandant, HKAPF 8. Inspector (Auxiliary)
3. Chief Superintendent (Auxiliary) 9. Station Sergeant (Auxiliary)
4. Senior Superintendent (Auxiliary) 10. Sergeant (Auxiliary)
5. Superintendent (Auxiliary) 11. Senior Constable/Constable (Auxiliary)
6. Chief Inspector (Auxiliary) 12. Recruit Constable (Auxiliary)
Ranks from constables to sergeant consists of numbers begin with the letter A. Senior officers have “HKAP” at
the bottom of their shoulder mark.
2. Indonesia
 Government- Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. As a unitary state, power is concentrated in the
central government. It has the executive, judicial and legislative branches.
 President of Indonesia-head of the state and government. Commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed
Forces. Director of the domestic-governance, policy making and foreign affairs. Appoints council of ministers and
max serve a maximum of 2 consecutive 5-year term.
Organizational Structure : (Centralized and divided into territorial forces)

a. Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia(Polri)- is the official police force in Indonesia. As a national agency, it has a
large central headquarters in Jakarta. It is under the jurisdiction of the Defense Minister.
b. Kepolisian Daerah/ Polisi Daerah (Polda)-is the provincial police command to cover provinces.
c. Polda Metro Jaya- special command for the province of Jakarta.
d. Kepolisian Wilayah/ Polisi Wilayah (Polwil)-is an intermediary coordinating command designed to enhance
coordination between provincial commands and districts for super large provinces like East, West and Central Java.
e. Kepolisian/Polisi Kota Besar (Poltabes)- special commands for capital city district and cities.
f. Kepolisian Resort/Polisi Resort(Polres)- district command for districts.
g. Kepolisian Sektor/Polisi Sektor (Polsek)- sub district command
h. Community Police Officers(Polmas)-villages
Service Branch of Polri

1. Mobile Brigade Police Force of Indonesia- is the elite force of the Indonesian Police Force which is usually referred as
special force for the Indonesian Police, it is a more special force for dealing in paramilitary and other kinds of conflicts
which normal Police cannot take action against it.
2. Detachment 88- in Indonesian language known as Densus 88 is special force of the Indonesian armed forces in dealing
with terrorism.
3. Polisi Lalulintas- it is a police service which have specialty in duty for directing, controlling, and to take action in
traffic situations in the streets, roads and highway.
4. Polisi Perairan-it is a police force in Indonesia which guards and secures the sea and coast of Indonesia.
5. Sabhara- or Samapta is the most public Police Force in Indonesia which has duties to law enforce, and to protect and
serve.
6. PHH- is an abbreviation to Polisi Huru-Hara, this police force is known as the Riot Police of Indonesia.
7. Polisis Turis-is a police service for tourist purposes.
8. POLSUSKA (Polisi Khusus Kereta api)-this police force usually guards inside Trains and train stations.
9. Polisi Kedutaan-it is for vital protection and usually secures international embassies in Indonesia.
10. Polosi Bandara-it is a police service which law enforce in Airports of the country.
11. Gagana-it is a special Police Force of Indonesia which has the ability to deal with explosives and bombings that
would attack the public.
12. Bareskrim-is an interior Police Force which works in the headquarters of the Indonesian Police force, its main duty is
to investigate criminal activity and crime identification.
Recruitment and Training (Police recruits were volunteers)

1. Indonesian citizen (male/female) 6. Never been convicted of a crime
2. Age: 16 years old-21 years old 7. Authoritative, honest fair and of good moral character
3. Faith and fear of God Almighty 8. Willing to be placed throughout the territory of the
4. Have at least 6th grade education and to pass a Republic of Indonesia and willing to be assigned in areas
competitive examination. of a police work.
5. Physically and spiritually healthy (medical certificate
from a medical institution)
The Police Command and Staff School offered advanced training to police officers assigned to command units at
the sub-district, district and Polda level. Training focused on administration and logistics.
Ranks
In the early years, the Polri used European police style ranks. 1960s, tge ranks changed to a military style. In the
year 2000, they use British style police ranks. Now, the Polri have returned to Dutch style ranks just like in the early
years.
HIGH RANK OFFICERS WARRANT OFFICERS

Police General First Police Adjunct Inspector
Police Commissioner General Second Police Adjunct Inspector
Police Inspector General
Police Brigadier General NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS
Chief Police Brigadier
MID RANK OFFICERS Police Brigadier
Police Senior Commissioner First Police Brigadier
Police Adjunct Senior Commissioner Second Police Brigadier
Police Commissioner
ENLISTED
LOW BANK OFFICERS Police Brigadier Adjutant
Police Adjunct Commissioner First Police Brigadier Adjutant
First Police Inspector Second Police Brigadier Adjutant
Second Police Inspector Chief Agent
First Agent Second Agent
3. Singapore
Singapore is a parliamentary republic; a city state with a governing structure patterned on the British system of
parliamentary Government. Executive power lies with the Prime Minister and his Cabinet who direct and control the
Government and is responsible to Parliament. Each of the Government is headed by a Minister who is a Member of
Parliament, and a Member of the Cabinet and is accountable to the Parliament for all the Ministry's affairs. It is the main
agency tasked with maintaining law and order in the city-state. Formerly known as the Republic of Singapore Police or
RSP.
Singapore's Road to Building

The force underwent more changes as Singapore gained self-governance from 1959-1963. After breaking away
from the merger with Malaysia in 1965, Singapore eventually attained independence in 1965. The crests of the Force
mirrored the Political changes it was renamed the Police Repablik Singapura (Republic Of Singapore Police).
A Force for the Nation
Today, the SPF is an efficient and well-equipped body of professionals in pursuit of continuous improvement and
world-class excellence. The force is critical in maintaining the reputation of Singapore as a safe city with one of the
lowest crime rates in the world.
 Cabinet of Singapore-forms the government (executive branch) of Singapore together with the President of
Singapore. It is led by the Prime Minister of Singapore who is the head of government. The Prime Minister is a
Member of Parliament (MP) appointed by the President who selects a person that in his or her view is likely to
command the confidence of a majority of Parliament of Singapore.
 Commissioner of Police-is the top-ranking police officer of the Singapore Police Force. Assisted by the Deputy
Commissioner of Police, he reports to the Minister for Home Affairs.
 Deputy Commissioner of Police-is the second most second senior police rank of a senior officer in Singapore
Police Force above the rank of Senior Assistant Commissioner and below that of the Commissioner of Police.
Recruitment :
Qualifications
1. At least 18 years of age in the recruitment.
2. Undergone complete Full-time National Service.
National Service is a common name for mandatory service programmed requires all male Singaporean citizens
and generation permanent residents who have reached the age of 18 to enroll for national service. After which
they can choose either Singapore Air Force (SAF), Singapore Police Force (SPF), or the Singapore Civil Defense
Force (SCDF).
3. All applicants must be physically fit.
4. Good eyesight and have normal color vision.
5. At least passes in the General Certificate of Education (GCE) ordinary level or NITEC from the INSTITUTE OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION CERTIFICATE (N.I.T.E.C)
Provides a basic secretarial qualification for those holding or looking to hold an appointment as a private secretary
or assistants to junior managers.
6. Pass a degree in any discipline from a recognized university.
7. Have a Physical Employment Status (PES) A or B only for male Singaporeans, (female Singaporeans is exempted).
Physical Employment Status- a mandatory medical examination to determine their medical status which is used as
a guideline as to which vocation the person is placed.
8. Singaporean or Singapore Permanent Resident.
Screening :
1. Application 6. Psychological examination
2. Written examination 7. Oral interview
3. Medical examination 8. Final interview
4. Physical examination 9. Final selection
5. Selection
Training :
The Police Training Command (TRACOM)- is the training arm of the Singapore Police Force. TRACOM sets force wide
training policy and conducts basic and developmental training and equip all officers with core and general competencies.
These training programs include:
1. basic training for all new entrants
2. vocational training for certain functional areas
3. supervisory, executive and leadership courses
Newly appointed officers are required to attend a 6 month Police Officer Basic Course at the Home Academy. It
is a residential course aimed at equipping new officers with the skills, knowledge and values required for police work,
Police Officer trainees will undergo training on physical fitness, basic foot drills, weaponry and police defensive tactics.
There will be also be classroom lessons on subjects such as Criminal Procedure Code, Penal Code and Police Procedures.
Trainees will be paid a full monthly salary during training.
Singapore Police Force Rank

- Commissioner - Senior Station Inspector 2
- Deputy Commissioner - Senior Station Inspector
- Senior Assistant Commissioner - Station Inspector
- Assistant Commissioner - Senior Staff Sergeant
- Deputy Assistant Commissioner - Staff Sergeant
- Superintendent - Sergeant
- Deputy Superintendent - Corporal
- Assistant Superintendent - Constable
- Inspector
Functions of the Police Force :

Police Force shall have the following functions throughout Singapore:
1. to maintain law and order;
2. to preserve public peace;
3. to prevent and detect crimes;
4. to apprehend offenders; and
5. to exercise any other function conferred on it by or under this Act or any other written law.
 The Commissioner- shall be responsible to the Minister for the supreme command, direction and administration of
the Police Force and of all persons appointed or engaged for police duties. The President may on the advice of the
Cabinet, appoint a public officer to be the Commissioner of Police. The president may refuse to make an
appointment or to revoke the appointment of the Commissioner if the President acting in his discretion, does not
concur with the advice or recommendation of the Cabinet.
 A senior police officer- shall be appointed, promoted and confirmed by the Public Service Commission or the
relevant Personnel Board established under the Constitutions, as the case may be.
 A police officer-below the rank of inspector shall-
a. Be appointed by the Commissioner or a commanding officer, and
b. Be promoted or advanced in grade by the Commissioner.
 A warrant card -shall be issued to every police officer and shall be evidence of his appointment.

4. Thailand
Thailand's government had been a constitutional monarchy under a parliamentary democracy system since 1932.
Constitutional monarchy means a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the guidelines of a
constitution, whether it is a written, uncodified, or blended constitution. This form of government differs from absolute
monarchy in which an absolute monarch serves as the source of power in the state and is not legally bound by any
constitution and has the powers to regulate his or her respective government. Therefore, the monarch in Thailand or the
King, acts as the head of the state, however, the head of the Government is the Prime Minister.
Thailand so far has 17 constitutions and all branches of the government of Thailand are located in Bangkok.
Royal Thai Police (RTP) first came into existence in the year 1455, over 500 years ago. However, the modernization of
the RTP system came during the reign of King Rama IV, designed by an Englishman name Captain Joseph Byrd Ames.
Captain Ames was the Captain of an English vessel at the time but was given the responsibility for establishing the first
uniform police unit in Thailand. Ames, himself, was appointed the first uniform police commander by King Rama IV.
The primary responsibility for the maintenance of public order through enforcement of the Kingdom's law is
exercised by the Royal Thai Police (RTP), under control of Office of the Prime Minister. Since it has to perform police
functions throughout the entire country, the RTP is a unitary agency that has a lot of power which an affect the Thai
government.
Major Police Operational Units of the TNP/RTP

1. Provincial police 3. Metropolitan Police
2. Border patrol police 4. Units supervised by the Central Investigation Bureau
Organizational Structure :
1. Department of Special Investigation- it is a department of the Ministry of Justice of Thailand. It operates independently
of the Royal Thai Police and is tasked with the investigation of certain special cases such as those affecting national
security, those affecting national security, those involving organized criminal organizations and those potentially
implicating high-ranking government officials or police officers.
2. Thailand National Police Department (TNPD)- the police agency in Thailand us under the control of the Ministry of
Interior, one of the Cabinets of Thailand government. It is called the Thailand National Police Department (TNPD). The
TNPD is in charged with performing police functions throughout the entire nation. The organization is headed by a
Director General who holds the rank of Police General. However, in the year 1998, the position was changed to
Commissioner General. The headquarters of the TNPD is located at Bangkok, Thailand. Its name was changed to Royal
Thai Police. Royal Thai Police is headed by a Commissioner General and is under the direct command of the Prime
Minister.
Recruitment and Training of the TNPD

Qualifications:
1. Physically and mentally fit. 5. Fluent in the Thai language or English Language (esp.
2. At least H.S graduate (minimal) for applicants of the Tourist Police)
3. Bachelor's Degree (Recommended) 6. Not been convicted of any crime (esp. Crimes
4. Good eyesight involving drugs)
7. 16-21 years of age
Screening Process
1. Application-Individually assigned identification date to submit the application form to the recruitment staff. Each
applicant will be given an applicant's ID to carry throughout the recruitment process.
2. Basic Knowledge Test- applicant's are given three sets of tests:
a. English Knowledge Test
b. Test of subject
c. Basic Aptitude Test
Applicants must be at the test room on time. They must be properly attired and carry their applicant's ID and
personal identity card. Computers, calculators, mobile phones, electronic devices and other personal belongings
are not allowed in the test room.
Applicants must pass the Basic Knowledge Test in order to qualify for Step 3.
3. Medical Examination
Applicants will be required to undergo a medical examination at the police general hospital. Preparation
guideline is to abstain from food 12 hours prior to the medical examination. Applicants must be in proper attire and bring
along their applicants ID, identity card and writing instruments. Applicants must pass the medical examination in order to
qualify for Step 5, interview.
4. Document Submission
5. Interview- applicants will be interviewed by the Selection Committee. Applicants must be at the meeting room on
time. Applicants must pass the interview to qualify for step 6.
6- Aptitude Test- this is to assess the suitability of applicants to assume the job. The aptitude test includes three steps:
-written test -individual examination
-teamwork exercise
The latter is a semi-structured interview that is organized so that the applicant is given the opportunity to expose
reflections and opinions, life history and goals. Before the interview, the psychologist has collected all biographical
information and results from all previous steps. All facts/information in combination with the information given by this
concentrated individual interaction with the candidate, displays the strengths and weaknesses of the applicants capabilities
and potentials for police work. Candidates who fail to pass the tests may re-apply after a lapse of three years.
7. Psychological Test- the psychological and mental check comprises the following:
a. Psychological group test
b. Psychological individual interview
Results of the Aptitude Psychological Tests will be reviewed by the Selection Board before the candidates undergo their
training.
Positions/Ranks
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS
1. Director-General-Police General 7. Deputy Commander-Police Special Colonel
2. Deputy Director-General- Police General 8. Superintendent-Police Colonel
3. Assistant Director-General- Police Lieutenant General 9. Deputy Superintendent-Police Lieutenant Colonel
4. Commissioner-Police Lieutenant General 10. Inspector- Police Lieutenant or Police Major, Police
5. Deputy Commissioner-Police Major General Captain or Police Lieutenant or Police Sub-Lieutenant
6. Commander-Police Major General
NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS
1. Group Leader- Police Senior Sergeant Major Police Sergeant Major Police Sergeant Police Corporal Police Lance
Corporal
2. Patrol Officer-Police Constable
5. Japan
 National Police Agency (NPA) - The central coordinating body for the entire police systems, the National Police
Agency determines general standards and policies; detailed direction of operations is left to the lower echelons. In
a national emergency or large-scale disaster, the agency is authorized to take command of prefectural police
forces.in 1989 the agency was composed of about 1, 100 national civil servants, empowered to collect information
and to formulate and execute national policies. The agency is headed by a commissioner general who is appointed
by the National Public Safety Commission with the approval of the prime minister. The Central Office includes
the Secretariat, with divisions for general operations, planning, information, finance, management, and
procurement and distribution of police equipment and five bureaus.
 Koban (Police Boxes)

Police post located in urban neighborhood near major transportation hubs and shopping areas and in residential
districts. They form the first line of police response to the public. In large cities, a koban can be found in every few
blocks. The officers in the Koban account for about 40% of the total police strength in Japan. For most part, it function as
the community safety center.
 CHUZAISHO (Residential Police Boxes)
Rural equivalent of the Urban Koban subordinate to the units of police stations and are located in sub-districts of
the station. They are the focal points of police community activities and serve as the "Community Safety Center" for local
residents. Rural police officers are known as the chuzaishan who lives with his family in a small house provided by the
government that also serves as an office for conducting police businesses.
The chozaishan ranks with the school principal and the village headman as the prestigious officials in the local
communities.
Recruitment and Training

Qualifications:
1. Japanese Citizen time such as the Sokka Gakkai in particular that has
2. Minimum Age Requirement- Male (19 years of age); practices , such as shakufuku ( a forceful conversation
female (20 years old) method, that are in conflict with the role of police
3. Must be physically and mentally healthy officers)
4. Must have 20/20 vision 9. At least a high school graduate.
5. Must not have a criminal record this prohibition 10. For standards such as physique, there are some
extend to an applicant's parent, grandparent, siblings, differences by state. The Fukuoka prefectural police, the
aunts, uncles, and cousins. The family of the spouse and condition of the physique, in the means height is 160 cm
the family environment in which he was raised. or more, weight is 47 kg or more, the chest measurement
6. Does not have any left-wing political leanings. is 78cm or more.
7. Does not have a Tainted background. 11. For women, height is 155 cm or more, weight is 45
8. Must have a good religion Gakki-the religion should kg or more.
not compete with police duties for the police officer's
Education is highly stressed in police recruitment and promotion. Entrance to the force is determined by
examinations administered by each prefecture.
Examiners are divided into two groups:

1. Upper-secondary school graduates
2. University graduates
Recruits underwent rigorous training:
1. Upper-secondary school graduates-1 year
2. University graduates-6 months
Selection process
1. Required to pass a national qualifying examination.
a. July examination-for young men who will graduate from college the following April.
b. October examination- for those who will graduate from high school in April.
Examination has two parts:
 Multiple choice questions-test general knowledge at the high school or College level, lasts for two hours.
 Essay type - to measure the applicants reasoning and ability to express oneself, lasts for one hour.
The successful candidates then must complete the following:
1. Physical exam
2. Aptitude test
3. Series of personal interviews
A recruit can enter the service as either a police officer or an assistant inspector.
Rank System in Japan

Commissioner General- The Chief of National Police 6. Police Inspector or Captain (Chief Inspector)- Squad
Agency Commander of Police Station, Leader of Riot Company.
1. Superintendent General- The Chief of Metropolitan 7. Assistant Police Inspector or Lieutenant (Inspector)-
Police Department. Squad Sub-commander of Police Station, Leader of Riot
2. Superintendent Supervisor (Senior Commissioner)- Platoon. National Police Officer 1st class's career starts
Deputy Commissioner General, Deputy Superintendent from this rank.
General, The Chief of Regional Police Bureau, The 8. Police Sergeant- Field Supervisor Leader of Police
Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters, and others. box. National Police Officer 2nd class's career starts
3. Chief Superintendent (Commissioner)- The Chief of from this rank.
Prefectural Police Headquarters.  Senior Police Officer or Corporal- Honorary
4. Senior Superintendent (Assistant Commissioner)- The rank of Police Officer.
Chief of Police Station (large). More than this rank, all 9. Police Officer, old Patrolman- Prefectural Police
police officer joins to National police Agency. Officer's career starts from this rank.
5. Superintendent- The chief of Police Station (small or
middle), The Vice Commanding Officer of Police
Station, Commander of Riot Unit.
GLOBAL or INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION DEFINED
ASEANAPOL – the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Police sought to enhance cooperation in the realm of
Regional policing towards ensuring the safety of the region (South East Asia) by mutually contributing and synergizing
policing resources and expertise to effectively thwart organized and emerging international criminal enterprises for a safer
ASEAN Community. Hence, the objectives of ASEANAPOL are:
a. Enhance police professionalism,
b. Forge stronger regional cooperation in policing, and
c. Promote lasting friendship amongst police officers of member countries.
The Ten (10) ASEANAPOL Member Countries

1. Brunei
2. Cambodia
3. Indonesia
4. Laos
5. Malaysia
6. Myanmar
7. Philippines
8. Singapore
9. Thailand
10. Vietnam

ASEANAPOL Flag
- the ASEANAPOL Flag is a symbol of the organization of the ASEAN Chiefs of National Police on the
Regional Cooperation in the prevention and combating transnational crime. It represents a firmed,
determined, honest and protected ASEAN police organization denoted by the colors of the flag which are
black, white, blue yellow and brown. The details are as follows:
1. black represents firm determination
2. yellow for honesty
3. blue represents peace and stability
4. white depicts purity
5. brown symbolizes prosperity
6. Spray of rice and cotton represent prosperity, friendship and solidarity of the ASEAN National Police.
7. Shield represents community protection.
8. Three steps on top of the pillar symbolize the police motto on the fight against crime, love of humanity
and helping of delinquents.
9. Ten steps at the bottom of pillar represents the 10 ASEAN countries.
Dignity of the ASEANAPOL Flag :

1. The flag shall be treated with respect and shall not be subjected to any indignity.
2. When the flag has become worn out or frayed, it shall not be displayed, and shall be properly disposed off.
INTERPOL
- is the world’s largest international police organization founded in Vienna in 1923 and
reconstituted in 1946.
- has 190 member countries; the majority of the countries (177 in 1997 and 190 member
countries as of 2013) belong to Interpol and only government –approved police bodies
may hold membership. Their role is to enable police around the world to work together to
make the world a safer place.
- is strictly nonpolitical and is forbidden to undertake any activities of a religious, racial
or military nature.
- aims to facilitate international police co-operation even where diplomatic relations do
not exist between particular countries.
Vision and Mission
The vision- what Interpol aspires to achieve. “Connecting police for a safer world”
Our vision is that of a world where each and every law enforcement professional will be able through Interpol to
securely communicate, share and access vital police information whenever and wherever needed, ensuring the safety of
the citizens. We constantly provide and promote innovative and culting edge solutions to global challenges in policing and
security.
The mission-what Interpol does to achieve its vision.
“Preventing and fighting crime through enhanced cooperation and innovation on police and security matters”
INTERPOL Notices
- an INTERPOL notice is an international alert circulated to communicate information about crimes, criminals
and threats by police in a member state to their counterparts around the world. The information disseminated
via notices concerns individuals wanted for serious crimes, missing persons, unidentified bodies, possible
threats, prison escapes, and criminal’s modus operandi.
1. Red Notice. To seek the location/arrest of a person wanted by a judicial jurisdiction or an international
tribunal with a view to his/her extradition.
2. Blue Notice. To locate, identify or obtain information on person of interest in a criminal investigation.
3. Green Notice. To warn about a person’s criminal activities if that person is considered to be a possible threat
to public safety.
4. Yellow Notice. To locate a missing person or to identify a person unable to identify himself/herself.
5. Black Notice. To seek information on unidentified bodies.
6. Orange Notice. To warn, of an event , a person, an object or a process representing an imminent threat and
danger to persons of property.
7. Purple Notice. To provide information on Modi Operandi, procedures, objects, devices, or hiding places used
by criminals.
8. Interpol-United Nations Security Council Special Notice. To inform Interpol’s members that an entity is
subject to UN sanctions.
Four (4) Official Languages INTERPOL Notices (the SAFE)

1. Spanish
2. Arabic
3. French
4. English
Working Principle
INTERPOL is not a police force. It is the machinery for international police cooperation and communication. The
principles on which Interpol’s function have stood the test of time. It has become clear that the organization cannot have
teams of detectives with supranational powers who travel around investigating cases in different countries. International
police cooperation is the coordinated action of the member countries’ police forces, all of which supply and request
information and services.
INTERPOL’S Structure
The INTERPOL is comprised of the following bodies:
1. The General Assembly- Interpol’s supreme governing body. It meets annually and comprises delegates appointed
by the government of each member country. The assembly takes all important decisions related to policy,
resources, working methods, finances, activities and programs. It also elects the organization’s Executive
Committee.
2. The Executive Committee- in accordance with Article 15 of Constitution, this 13-member committee is elected by
the General Assembly, and comprises the president, three vice-presidents and nine delegates which should belong
to different countries. The Executive Committee is Interpol’s select deliberative organ which meets three times a
year, usually in March, July and immediately before the General Assembly. The president is elected for 4 years,
and vice-presidents for 3. They are not immediately eligible for re-election either to the same posts, or as
delegates to the Executive Committee.
3. The General Secretariat- based in Lyon, France, is the permanent administrative headquarters. It coordinates the
international activities of member countries, holds a library of international criminal records, and organizes
regular meetings at which delegates can exchange information on police work. The General Secretariat operates
24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary General Officials from more than 80 countries work
side-by-side in any of the organization’s four official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. The
Secretariat has seven regional offices across the world; in Argentina, Cameroon, Cŏte d’Ivoire, El Salvador,
Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe, along with Special Representatives at the United Nations in New York and at the
European Union in Brussels.
4. The National Central Bureaus (NCB)- The NCB is the designated contact point for the General Secretariat,
regional offices and other member countries requiring assistance with overseas investigators and the location and
apprehension of fugitives. Each Interpol member country maintains a National Central Bureau staffed by national
law enforcement officers.
5. The Advisers- These are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive
Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.
6. The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’S Files (CCF)- This is an independent body whose mandate is
threefold:
1. To ensure that the processing of personal information by Interpol complies with the organization’s
regulations,
2. To advise Interpol on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter involving the processing of
personal information and;
3. To process requests concerning the information contained in Interpol’s files.
INTERPOL’s four (4) core functions:

1. Secure global police communications services
2. Operational data services and databases for police
3. Operational police support services
4. Training and development
The Role of INTERPOL in Crime Control

1. Drug Control- the Criminal Organizations and Drug Sub-Directorate is located within the Specialized Crime
Directorate of the Interpol General Secretariat.
2. Children and Human Trafficking - this deals on the dwelling on the plight of women and children trafficked into
prostitution and sweatshop work. Their main aim is to promote the widest possible mutual assistance between all criminal
police authorities. It provides a structured platform for raising awareness, building competence and identifying best
practices within law enforcement worldwide. It is a forum for exchanging information on current trends and
investigations. Trafficking in human beings is considered one of the top priorities at Interpol and only by ascertaining the
true character of trafficking can we hope to adapt appropriate measures against it.
3. Environmental Crime- this is serious and growing international problem, with criminals violating national and
international laws put in place to protect the environment. These criminals are polluting the air, water and land. They are
pushing commercially valuable wildlife species closer to extinction and they are significantly impacting the biological
integrity of the planet.
THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES AND THE PROTOCOLS
THERETO
The United Nations Conventions against Transnational Organized Crime –is adopted by General Assembly
resolution 55/25 of November 15, 2000. It is the main international instrument in the fight against transnational organized
crime. It opened for signature by Member States at a High-level Political Conference convened for that purpose in
Palermo, Italy on December 12-15 2000 and entered into force on September 29, 2003.
The Convention is further supplemented by three Protocols which target specific areas and manifestations
of organized crime:
1. Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish Trafficking in Persons especially women and children.
2. Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by land, sea and air.
3. Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, their parts and components
and ammunition.


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UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND COMMUNICATION

Handout for LEA 2 (Comparative Models in Policing)

Introduction to Comparative Models in Policing

Lesson I. Police and Policing:

The Beginning of Modern Policing

Prepared by: Alyssa Mae M. Logacho- Eulin , RCrim

3. Sir Robert Peel (Father of Modern Policing [law enforcement])

4. August Vollmer (Father of American [Modern] Policing.)

Lesson II. The Police in Policing

Attributes of Good Police for Good Policing

Competences or Skills of Police Important Policing

Prepared by: Alyssa Mae M. Logacho- Eulin , RCrim

Ten (10) Essential Attributes of Effective Police Leaders in Policing

Leadership Styles in Policing

Lesson III. Theories and Academic Researchers on Policing

Theories on Policing : Crime Prevention

The Philippine National Police : ITS POLICING

PNP’s Guiding Principles in Policing

Prepared by: Alyssa Mae M. Logacho- Eulin , RCrim

Categories of Policing Activities or Operations

II. Policing Styles, Models, Approaches and Strategies

Approaches to Proactive Policing

B. Strategies for a Problem-Solving Approach

C. Strategies for a Person-Focused Approach

D. Strategies for a Community-Based Approach

Functions of Patrol in Reactive Policing

Table 1. Reactive vs. Proactive Policing

Types of Policing Based on the Command Structure

Type of Policing Based on the Number of Forces to be Commanded

Models of Policing According to Approach

Prepared by: Alyssa Mae M. Logacho- Eulin , RCrim

Theories of Innovative Policing

Prepared by: Alyssa Mae M. Logacho- Eulin , RCrim

Types of Police Systems

Concept of Police System

Seven Theories of Comparative Criminology

Prepared by: Alyssa Mae M. Logacho- Eulin , RCrim

Types of Terrorism (According to Area of Operation)

Prepared by: Alyssa Mae M. Logacho- Eulin , RCrim

Types of Terrorism (According to Weapons or Methods Used)

SELECTED POLICE MODELS

1. Terrorism. It is systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion.

Prepared by: Alyssa Mae M. Logacho- Eulin , RCrim

The Hiring Process

Prepared by: Alyssa Mae M. Logacho- Eulin , RCrim

Qualifications and Requirements

Police Hierarchy in Germany

Prepared by: Alyssa Mae M. Logacho- Eulin , RCrim

ASEAN POLICE MODELS

Selection Process for HKPF

Prepared by: Alyssa Mae M. Logacho- Eulin , RCrim

a. Communication ability f. Motivation

Rank Structure of the HKAPF

Organizational Structure : (Centralized and divided into territorial forces)

Service Branch of Polri

Recruitment and Training (Police recruits were volunteers)

HIGH RANK OFFICERS WARRANT OFFICERS

Singapore's Road to Building

Singapore Police Force Rank

Functions of the Police Force :

Prepared by: Alyssa Mae M. Logacho- Eulin , RCrim

Major Police Operational Units of the TNP/RTP