THE CHILD AND ASOLESCENT LEARNER AND LEARNING PRINCIPLE (EDUC 11)

Name of Presenter: Jesabel E. Antonio Name of Professor: Ma. Lourdes Illarde

Name of Presenters : Grechelle Mary Joy Esto

Jesha Mae Immaculata
Ronalyn Pagayanan
Cassandria Valguna
Year & Section: BEEd 2-2
Presenter Number: 4
Date of Presentation:
Rating:

Module 12: Physical Development of Infants and Toddlers

Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal Patterns

Cephalocaudal Trend:

- Growth from conception to 5 months with the head growing more than the body.

- Infants learn to use their upper limbs before their lower limbs.

- The top parts of the head, such as the eyes and brain, grow faster than the lower parts.

Proximodistal Trend:

- Growth from 5 months to birth, with the fetus growing from the inside of the body outwards.

- Maturation of muscular control starts with the trunk and arms, followed by the hands and fingers.

- Motor skills develop from the center of the body outward.

Height and Weight:

- Newborn babies typically lose 5 to 10 percent of their body weight in the first few weeks.

- Breastfed babies are usually heavier than bottle-fed babies in the first six months.

- Infants grow about 30 percent in length in the first five months, while weight triples in the first year.

Brain Development:

- The brain produces trillions of connections between neurons shortly after birth.

- The brain eliminates unused connections based on experiences.

- Myelination increases the speed of information travel through the nervous system.

- The brain is about 25 percent of its adult weight at birth and 75 percent by the second birthday.
Motor Development:

- Reflexes are automatic survival mechanisms present at birth.

- Reflexes like sucking, rooting, gripping, curling, startle, galant, and tonic neck gradually subside.

- Gross motor skills involve movements like lifting the head, grabbing objects, and walking.

- Fine motor skills involve precise use of small muscles, such as writing, drawing, and buttoning.

A Summary of What Infants and Toddlers Can Do Physically

Gross Motor Skills:

1. 0-3 months: Infants can lift their heads briefly while lying on their stomachs.

2. 4-6 months: They can roll over from their stomachs to their backs and vice versa.

3. 7-9 months: They can sit without support and may start crawling or scooting.

4. 10-12 months: Infants can pull themselves up to stand and may take their first independent steps.

5. 12-24 months: Toddlers can walk, run, climb stairs with assistance, and kick a ball.

Fine Motor Skills:

1. 0-3 months: Infants can grasp objects placed in their hands.

2. 4-6 months: They start reaching and grabbing for objects and may begin transferring objects from one hand to the other.

3. 7-9 months: Infants can use their pincer grasp (thumb and forefinger) to pick up small items.

4. 10-12 months: They can self-feed with finger foods and can use their hands to bang objects together or stack blocks.
5. 12-24 months: Toddlers can use a spoon or fork, scribble with crayons, and build tower structures with blocks.

Module 13: Cognitive Development of Infants and Toddlers

- Cognitive development in infancy involves thinking skills, language abilities, and exploration.

- Piaget's sensorimotor stage has six substages, progressing from reflexive behaviors to coordinated and mentally-based
activities.

- Primary circular reactions focus on the infant's body, while secondary circular reactions involve actions in the
environment.

- Tertiary circular reactions show the ability to create new variations in events.

- Object permanence is the understanding that objects exist even when not seen.

- Some criticisms of Piaget's theory include the belief that cognitive development is continuous and his limited research
sample.
Learning and Remembering:

- Infants can learn and remember through conditioning.

- Infantile amnesia refers to the inability to recall early events.

- Vocabulary expands rapidly in toddlers, and they learn syntax and language structure around 4 years old.

- The Language Acquisition Device (LAD) is an innate organ for language learning.

A Summary of What Infants and Toddlers Can Do Cognitively

Language Development:

1. 0-3 months: Infants start cooing and making vowel sounds.

2. 4-6 months: They begin babbling and making repetitive consonant-vowel sounds.

3. 7-9 months: Infants can understand simple words and commands and may start saying their first
recognizable words, such as "mama" or "dada."

4. 10-12 months: They can respond to their own name, understand simple instructions, and may start saying a
few more words.

5. 12-24 months: Toddlers acquire more vocabulary and start combining words to form simple sentences or
phrases.

Pre-Reading Skills:

1. 0-3 months: Infants show an interest in colorful pictures and may focus on faces.

2. 4-6 months: They begin to visually track objects and may show interest in books by reaching out to touch or
turn pages.

3. 7-9 months: Infants can recognize familiar objects or pictures in books and respond to simple stories or
rhymes.

4. 10-12 months: They may imitate turning pages and pointing to pictures when prompted.

5. 12-24 months: Toddlers can point to familiar objects or pictures when named, imitate simple actions from
books, and may show interest in alphabet or counting books.

Pre-Math Skills:

1. 0-3 months: Infants show early number sense by recognizing patterns and shapes.

2. 4-6 months: They begin to understand object permanence, the concept that objects still exist even when
out of sight.
3. 7-9 months: Infants can grasp and manipulate objects, sorting them by size, shape, or color.

4. 10-12 months: They may imitate simple actions or gestures related to counting, such as clapping or nodding.

5. 12-24 months: Toddlers can recognize and name basic shapes and may imitate simple counting sequences,
such as counting fingers or toys.

Module 14: Socio-emotional Development of Infants and Toddlers: The Formative Years

1. Attachment:

- Infants need to establish an enduring emotional bond with a specific caregiver.

- Attachment begins within the first 6 months of a baby's life through signals like crying, gazing, and smiling.

- Responsive interaction with the baby is crucial for their social development.

2. Temperament:

- Temperament refers to individual differences in emotional reactions, activity level, attention span, and more.

- Researchers have described nine temperament categories, including activity level, mood, and threshold for
distress.

- Understanding a child's temperament helps in providing appropriate care and support.

Milestones of Emotional and Social Development:

Early Infancy (Birth to Six Months):

- Infants start to show social smiles in response to adult smiles and interactions.

- Laughter emerges at around three or four months, promoting social development.

Later Infancy (Seven to Twelve Months):

- Infants express fear, disgust, and anger due to cognitive maturation.

- Fear of unfamiliar situations and separation anxiety emerge during this stage.

Toddlerhood (One to Two Years):

- Toddlers begin to experience emotions like shame, embarrassment, and pride.

- They acquire language and learn to verbally express their feelings, laying the foundation for emotional self-
regulation.
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory:

- The first two stages of Erikson's theory apply to infancy and toddlerhood.

- The first stage is Trust vs. Mistrust, where developing a sense of trust leads to hope.

- The second stage is Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt, where toddlers explore independence and develop a
sense of autonomy.