Global Interstate System-is an institutional arrangement of governance that addresses regional or

globalized issues that go beyond the scope of a nation-state (Chase-Dunn, 1981)

Internationalism puts emphasis on puts emphasis on diversity and celebrates multiculturalism, while
globalism focuses more on the economic aspect of the exchanges among countries and society

INTRODUCTION

In a globalized society, we observe a greater flow of capitals, goods, services, and people. This is
supported by developments and modernization of transport, communication, and financial services in
the world. However, with this, the traditional state system is now becoming limited to address
globalizing issues and patterns. Internationalist thinkers argue that the key motivating principles of
traditional state systems of power and sovereignty runs counter on the need for greater political and
economic cooperation among different states and people (Daly, 1999). Thus, in this chapter, we will
further unpack how globalization affects national governments and countries. We will also identify the
global institutions that govern international relations. Here, we contend that these institutions include
non-state organizations and private sector. Lastly, we will differentiate internationalism from globalism.
Definitions of concepts are important in order for us to critically understand a certain phenomenon and
as a basis of our opinion and review of such cases.

Let us first define an interstate system. Chase-Dunn defines an interstate

system as a -

"system of unequally powerful and competing states in which no single state is capable of imposing
control on all others. These states are in interaction with one another in a set of shifting alliance and
wars and changes in relative power of states upsets any temporary set of alliances, leading to a
restructuring of the balance of power" (Chase-Dunn, 1981:20).

Thus, an interstate system is the form of governance for a globalization (Chase-Dunn, 1981).

Effects of Globalization on Governments

As the world becomes more interconnected through politics, trade, and communications, the role of
nation-states and government are also shifting. Thus, national and local policies are not only based on
local context but also international and global realities. One example of a global treaty is the Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, which aims to phase out the production of
numerous substances responsible for ozone depletion, signed in August 26, 1987 with 46 country
signatories (US EPA, 2017). A definitive evidence of the Montreal Protocol's success was discussed by
NASA and projected that ozone levels will return to 1980 levels by 2032 (Watts, 2018). This is an example
of how international agreements and efforts could fight borderless challenges and issues specifically by
domesticating international norms.

However, there is another side of globalization that negatively affects local governments and local
communities. A local government would like to attract major global investors in their community by
setting up for instance their manufacturing firm in the area. This could create jobs for the local people
and generate income for local businesses. However, it entails converting tracks of agricultural land into
an industrial zone. Farmers will be displaced and agricultural production of the area will be affected. The
global corporation is also demanding lower taxes and lower income wage in order to finalize their
investment in the area. They argue that they will create more jobs and more income from the local
community and government. How could local governments balance improved economic performance
and participation in the global economic scene without sacrificing local social and environmental well-
being? Here, we see how local governments are heavily influenced by powerful corporate entities.

Institutions that Govern Globalization

With the growing globalization, the governance of global relations goes beyond nation-state
governments. Nation-state governments' scale and scope are limited in addressing regional and global
issues like climate change, cybercrime, and global financial crises. Works by authors like Dryzek (2012)
and Castells (2008) show the growing emphasis on the role of non-state actors in global governance.
These non-state actors include NGOs, advocacy networks, voluntary associations, and interest groups
(Castells, 2008). Their congenial and more approachable strategies appeal the community and even
other state actors and has a potential to organize across areas (Dryzek, 2012).

The shift of authority to actors above and below the state is termed as "glocalization" or "internal
globalization" (Roudomentof, 2005: 113). As the role of the nation-state and governments shifted,
participation of these new actors has opened up (Boli & Thomas, 1999). One of the most renowned
modern examples of the active role of non-state actors in global movements is in the 1992 UN
Conference on Environment and Development. The world saw the most active and broadest role of non-
state actors in pushing for more just and sustainable development (Bouman- Dentener & Devos, 2015).

There are several institutions that govern international relations and affairs. First and foremost is the
United Nations. With 192 member states, it is seen as the facilitator of global governance (Meyer, 2011).
Another is regional commissions, which are group of officials from different countries that instruct and
debate, and are in charge of making certain laws promulgate certain rights for economic and social
development (CEPAL et al., 2015). Examples of these are the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA),
Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), Economic Commission for Latin American and the Carribbean
(ESCLAC), Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), and Economic and Social

Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) (ibid).

The World Bank (WB) is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world
for capital projects, established during the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 and include other
members like the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IRDB), International
Development Association (IDA), International Finance Corporation (IFC), and Multilateral Investment
Guarantee Agency (MIGA) (The World Bank, n.d.). These institutions provide loans to middle income
countries and even private sectors in developing countries to create markets and improve local
economies.

Other examples are listed in the table below.

International Organization International Monetary Fund (IMF)

World Trade Organization (WTO)

World Health Organization (WHO)

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

Key Role/s

looks at the stability of the international monetary system by monitoring global economy, lends to
countries, and provides policy and technical advisory functions to members (Maverick, 2019)

regulates international trades, ensures smooth flow of trade, and provides a forum for negotiations for
trade agreements among countries and regions of the world (International Monetary Fund, 2019)

responsible for global researches on medicines and vaccines including the World Health Report and
Survey thirty five member countries aim to stimulate economic progress and world trade by providing a
platform to compare policy experiences and identify good practices in domestic and international
economic policies and programs of its members

International Labor Organization (ILO)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

UNESCO

deals with labor problems and international labor standards and social protection for workers leads
international efforts to defeat hunger, eliminate food insecurity and malnutrition, and increase resilience
of livelihoods and food contributes to peace and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO);
International Maritime Organization (IMO); International Telecommunication Union (ITU); The World

Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

security by promoting international collaboration through educational, scientific, and cultural reforms

for regulations of international air transport; shipping and prevention of pollution at sea; developing
standards on ICT; international intellectual property rights standards

Globalism vs Internationalism

These two terms are commonly used interchangeably and pertain to the increasing interconnectivity of
countries and people of the world through communications, transport, and technology (Roudometof,
2005). However, there are differences between internationalism and globalism. Internationalism is
defined as political, economic, and cultural cooperation between nations, while globalism is an ideology
based on the belief that flow of people, goods, and information should flow freely across national
borders (Roudometof, 2005). Sargent (2008) argues that internationalism emphasizes diversity and
celebrates multiculturalism, while globalism focuses more on the economic aspect of the exchanges
among countries and society.