LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION

Discussant: Patrick Mac B. Dela Peña

MALL - 2

LangLit 805 Psycholinguistics and Language Learning Dr. Anatolia B. Basista

 INTRODUCTION

COMPREHENSION OF
SOUNDS
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS
It is a multifaceted field
COMPREHENSION OF encompassing various aspects
WORDS
of language comprehension,
production, and acquisition.
COMPREHENSION OF
SENTENCES
It investigates how the brain
processes language, from
COMPREHENSION OF
TEXTS recognizing speech sounds to
comprehending complex texts.
FURTHER READINGS AND
IMPLICATIONS
 INTRODUCTION

LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
COMPREHENSION OF
SOUNDS

COMPREHENSION OF
WORDS

COMPREHENSION OF
SENTENCES

COMPREHENSION OF
TEXTS

FURTHER READINGS AND

IMPLICATIONS
 INTRODUCTION

COMPREHENSION OF
THOMAS SCOVEL
SOUNDS
He is a distinguished
researcher in the realm of
COMPREHENSION OF psycholinguistics and second
WORDS
language acquisition (SLA).

COMPREHENSION OF
SENTENCES His pioneering work has
contributed significantly to
COMPREHENSION OF our comprehension of how
TEXTS language learners acquire and
comprehend second
FURTHER READINGS AND languages.
IMPLICATIONS
 INTRODUCTION

COMPREHENSION OF
PHONOLOGY
SOUNDS
Phonology is the study of the
COMPREHENSION OF sounds and sound patterns in
WORDS language.

COMPREHENSION OF It involves recognizing

SENTENCES
phonemes (distinctive sound
units) and understanding how
COMPREHENSION OF they contribute to word and
TEXTS
sentence comprehension.

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IMPLICATIONS
 INTRODUCTION

PHONEMIC AWARENESS
COMPREHENSION OF
SOUNDS
Phonemic awareness is the ability to discern and
manipulate individual phonemes in spoken language. It
COMPREHENSION OF
WORDS is a foundational skill for language comprehension and
literacy.
COMPREHENSION OF
SENTENCES Recognizing that changing the initial sound in "cat" to
"bat" alters the word's meaning demonstrates
COMPREHENSION OF phonemic awareness.
TEXTS

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 INTRODUCTION

EXAMPLE:
COMPREHENSION OF
SOUNDS
In English, the subtle difference between the /s/ sound
COMPREHENSION OF in "sip" and the /sh/ sound in "ship" can change the
WORDS entire meaning of a word.

COMPREHENSION OF /l/: "light" - This word refers to the opposite of

SENTENCES
darkness, often produced by a source of illumination.
While, /r/: "right" - This word can refer to the opposite
COMPREHENSION OF
TEXTS of left, or it can mean correct or appropriate.

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 INTRODUCTION

PHONEME RESTORATION EFFECT

COMPREHENSION OF
SOUNDS
In the sentence "The _eel was on the orange," the brain
"hears" the missing phoneme in "peel" due to contextual
COMPREHENSION OF cues.
WORDS

In the sentence "I need to buy some _lour for baking,"

COMPREHENSION OF
SENTENCES the brain "hears" the missing phoneme in "flour" due to
contextual cues.
COMPREHENSION OF
TEXTS In the sentence "The _ake was delicious," the brain
"hears" the missing phoneme in "cake" due to
FURTHER READINGS AND contextual cues.
IMPLICATIONS
 INTRODUCTION

COMPREHENSION OF
LEXICAL SEMANTICS
SOUNDS
Lexical semantics is the branch of linguistics that
COMPREHENSION
COMPREHENSION OF
OF
focuses on understanding the meaning of individual
WORDS
WORDS words and how they contribute to the meaning of
sentences and discourse.
COMPREHENSION OF
SENTENCES
In the study of lexical semantics, linguists analyze
polysemy, homonymy, semantic roles, and various
COMPREHENSION OF aspects of word meaning, including connotations and
TEXTS
denotations.

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 INTRODUCTION

COMPREHENSION OF
LEXICAL ACCESS
SOUNDS
Lexical access refers the process of retrieving and
recognizing individual words from the mental lexicon,
COMPREHENSION
COMPREHENSION OF
OF
WORDS
WORDS which stores words and their meanings.

COMPREHENSION OF Example: When you read the word "book," your mental
SENTENCES lexicon quickly accesses its definition, pronunciation,
and associations, allowing you to understand its
COMPREHENSION OF meaning in context.
TEXTS

Example: When you hear "dog," related concepts like

FURTHER READINGS AND "pet," "bark," and "loyal" are simultaneously activated.
IMPLICATIONS
 INTRODUCTION

COMPREHENSION OF
LEXICAL AMBIGUITY
SOUNDS
Lexical ambiguity occurs when a word has multiple
meanings or interpretations.
COMPREHENSION
COMPREHENSION OF
OF
WORDS
WORDS
Bat:
COMPREHENSION OF Meaning 1: A nocturnal animal.
SENTENCES Meaning 2: An equipment used in baseball.

COMPREHENSION OF Bank:
TEXTS
Meaning 1: Where you can deposit and manage money.
Meaning 2: The side of a river.
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 INTRODUCTION

COMPREHENSION OF
TIP-OF-THE-TONGUE
SOUNDS
Unlike Slip-of-the-Tongue, Tip-of-the-Tongue involves
cognitive processes particularly memory retrieval and
COMPREHENSION
COMPREHENSION OF
OF
WORDS
WORDS problem solving and not just a natural occurrence.

COMPREHENSION OF Scenario: You're discussing a movie with friends and

SENTENCES want to mention the actor who played a particular role.

COMPREHENSION OF TOT Experience: You can visualize the actor's face and
TEXTS
remember other movies they've been in, but their name
escapes you.
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IMPLICATIONS
 INTRODUCTION

COMPREHENSION OF
SYNTAX AND PARSING
SOUNDS
It refers to the set of rules and principles that govern
the structure of sentences in a language.
COMPREHENSION OF
WORDS
It is concerned with how words and phrases are
COMPREHENSION OF combined to form grammatically correct and
SENTENCES meaningful sentences.

COMPREHENSION OF On the other hand, parsing refers to the process of

TEXTS
analyzing a sequence of symbols (such as words or
characters) to understand its grammatical structure
FURTHER READINGS AND and, in some cases, its meaning.
IMPLICATIONS
 PARSING
INTRODUCTION

COMPREHENSION OF
SOUNDS Parsing a sentence like "The cat chased the dog"
involves identifying the subject ("The cat"), verb
COMPREHENSION OF ("chased"), and object ("the dog") and understanding
WORDS how they interact grammatically.

COMPREHENSION OF Sentence: "The big cat with the long tail caught a mouse
SENTENCES
in the garden."
Parsing:
COMPREHENSION OF
TEXTS Subject (S): "The big cat with the long tail"
Verb (V): "caught"
Object (O): "a mouse in the garden"
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IMPLICATIONS
 INTRODUCTION

COMPREHENSION OF
PARSING
SOUNDS
Sentence: "John quickly and quietly read a book on the
couch."
COMPREHENSION OF
WORDS Parsing:
Subject (S): "John"
COMPREHENSION OF Verb (V): "read"
SENTENCES Object (O): "a book"
Adverbs (ADV): "quickly" and "quietly"
COMPREHENSION OF Prepositional Phrase (PP): "on the couch"
TEXTS

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 INTRODUCTION

TRANSFORMATIONAL-GENERATIVE GRAMMAR
COMPREHENSION OF
SOUNDS
A linguistic theory by Noam Chomsky that describes the
generation of sentences using transformational rules.
COMPREHENSION OF
WORDS
Active to Passive Transformation:
COMPREHENSION OF A - "The cat chased the mouse."
SENTENCES P - "The mouse was chased by the cat."

COMPREHENSION OF Affirmative to Negative Transformation:

TEXTS
A - "She will eat the cake.”
N - "She will not eat the cake"
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IMPLICATIONS
 INTRODUCTION

GARDEN-PATH SENTENCES
COMPREHENSION OF
SOUNDS
Garden path sentences are sentences that initially lead
readers down an incorrect interpretation path,
COMPREHENSION OF
WORDS highlighting the role of syntactic parsing.

COMPREHENSION OF Example: "The old man the boats" initially seems

SENTENCES confusing but becomes clear when interpreted as "The
old [people] man the boats."
COMPREHENSION OF
TEXTS
Example: "I saw the man with the telescope."
"I saw the man who had a telescope."
FURTHER READINGS AND "I used a telescope to see the man."
IMPLICATIONS
 INTRODUCTION

COMPREHENSION OF
COHERENCE AND COHESION
SOUNDS
Coherence refers to the quality of a
text that makes it clear and logically
COMPREHENSION OF
WORDS organized. It involves the smooth and
natural flow of ideas and information
COMPREHENSION OF within the text.
SENTENCES

Cohesion refers to the grammatical,

COMPREHENSION OF lexical devices and other linguistic
TEXTS
elements that link sentences and
paragraphs together.
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IMPLICATIONS
 INTRODUCTION
SPEECH COMPREHENSION OCCURS WITHOUT
COMPREHENSION OF
SPEECH PRODUCTION: THE CASE OF MUTE-
SOUNDS HEARING CHILDREN
COMPREHENSION OF Christopher Nolan - has experienced lifelong brain
WORDS
damage, limiting his muscle control, including difficulties
in swallowing and sitting upright. Despite these
COMPREHENSION OF
SENTENCES challenges, his intelligence remained intact, and he had
normal hearing. As a child, he learned to comprehend
speech by using a head-mounted stick to point at
COMPREHENSION OF
TEXTS letters. This unique method allowed him to create a
complete book of poems and short stories, one letter at
FURTHER READINGS AND a time.
IMPLICATIONS
 INTRODUCTION
SPEECH COMPREHENSION OCCURS WITHOUT
COMPREHENSION OF
SPEECH PRODUCTION: THE CASE OF MUTE-
SOUNDS HEARING CHILDREN
COMPREHENSION OF Anne McDonald - born with brain damage, lacks control
WORDS
over her muscles and speech. Like Nolan, her hearing
remains unaffected. Using a computer device, she
COMPREHENSION OF
SENTENCES communicates through pre-recorded messages while in
a wheelchair. Despite her challenges, she studied
Philosophy of Science and Fine Arts at the University of
COMPREHENSION OF
TEXTS Melbourne, authored a book, and continued to write
using print devices.
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IMPLICATIONS
 INTRODUCTION
IN NORMAL CHILDREN SPEECH COMPREHENSION
COMPREHENSION OF
DEVELOPS IN ADVANCE OF SPEECH PRODUCTION
SOUNDS
Children are unable to utter words or sentences for the
purpose of communication without first gaining an
COMPREHENSION OF
WORDS understanding of speech. If children did not first learn
to understand the meaning of words and sentences,
COMPREHENSION OF they would not be able to use words or sentences in a
SENTENCES meaningful way.

COMPREHENSION OF Though children may at times appear to speak an

TEXTS
occasional word or phrase intelligibly, these are usually
instances of echoed sounds spoken without knowledge
FURTHER READINGS AND
IMPLICATIONS of their meaning.
 IMPLICATIONS:
INTRODUCTION

COMPREHENSION OF Understanding how individuals process and comprehend

SOUNDS
language, including phonological awareness, semantic
understanding, and sentence parsing, informs more
COMPREHENSION OF
WORDS effective language teaching strategies and promotes
clearer communication. Moreover, it fosters cross-cultural
COMPREHENSION OF
understanding and inclusive communication practices. This
SENTENCES also contributes to our broader comprehension of human
cognitive processes and memory, advancing cognitive
COMPREHENSION OF science. Overall, psycholinguistic investigations into
TEXTS language comprehension enrich our ability to facilitate
learning, convey ideas, and understand the complexities of
FURTHER READINGS AND the human mind.
IMPLICATIONS