Good day students!

Welcome back to my channel, today you will be listening to my mini lecture about
the first lesson of the second quarter in grade 10 science, by the way in this quarter we will be discussing
physics, particularly the topic electromagnetism. In the first lesson I will be talking about the definition,
the properties and forms of electromagnetic waves, as well as the scientists who played an important
role in the development of the electromagnetic theory. In this lesson we want to compare the relative
wavelengths of the different forms of electromagnetic waves.

But what are electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic waves are also called EM waves or EM radiation. The letters E&M stand for electricity
and magnetism respectively, basically they are created as a result of vibrations and these vibrations
create electric field and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves, why do we need to study
electromagnetic waves? It is because EM waves or electromagnetic waves are all around us, they are
necessary for us to live, also most of the technological advances that we enjoy today use EM waves, the
sunlight that we need to see things is an EM wave, the heat that we enjoy during the summer is also an
electromagnetic wave, the gadgets that we use now for our distance learning use electromagnetic
waves.

Electromagnetic waves have seven types and these types are arranged in what we call an
electromagnetic spectrum. The seven types as you can see in the diagram below are radio waves,
microwaves, infrared, visible light or visible spectrum, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays.

You can use the following mnemonics for you to remember these seven terms.

“Roman men invented very unusual X-ray guns” the first letters of these words would stand for the
seven types of electromagnetic waves. So we have Roman for radio waves, men for microwaves,
invented for infrared, very for visible light, unusual for ultraviolet, X-ray for X-ray, and guns for gamma
rays. We call visible light, visible, because it is the only electromagnetic wave that is visible to the human
eye. Sa tagalog, “Yan lang yung nakikita natin” the rest of the waves are invisible, also the seven
electromagnetic waves are usually arranged from long wavelength to short wavelength that is from left
to right, or lowest frequency to highest frequency this means that radio waves, the radio waves which is
on the left side they have a long wavelength, but they also have low frequency, while on the right side
the gamma rays, they will have short wavelengths, but they have high frequency. In short wavelength
decreases from left to right while frequency increases, provided that you started with radio waves going
to gamma rays from left to right.

Now let’s move on to the different properties of electromagnetic waves. First, electromagnetic waves
are transverse waves, last quarter we discussed the P waves and S waves, the seismic waves where you
encountered the terms “test first and longitudinal” all electromagnetic waves are transverse, the key
term here is perpendicular, if you remember for longitudinal waves the movement of the particles are
parallel to the propagation of the wave, here the movement of the particles or the oscillation of the
particles are perpendicular to the propagation of the wave. Next electromagnetic waves are produced
by a moving or oscillating charge particle when we say charge particle we are referring to either an
electron, a negatively charged particle, or a proton which is a positively charged particle, so if that
particle is at rest (meaning hindi gumagalaw) it will produce an electric field because it is an electric
charge, however if that particle moves once that particle moves or vibrates or oscillates it will start to
produce both electric and magnetic fields, so itong electric and magnetic fields na ito mag cocombine
yan and they will produce an electromagnetic wave as you can see in the GIF on the screen. So here we
can see that the blue part is the electric field and the yellow part would be the magnetic field and they
are perpendicular to each other. Third, they do not require a medium to propagate and they can travel
at the speed of 3x10 raised to 8 meters per second. Now, let’s try to breakdown these statements.

First, they do not require a medium to propagate. They do not require a medium to propagate but it
doesn’t mean that when there is a medium, hindi na sila makakapagpropagate. It’s just that hindi na
nila required na magkaroon ng medium para sila ay makagalaw from one place to another. Why are we
stressing this because if you remember in Grade 7, we have what we call a mechanical wave. A
mechanical wave requires a medium to propagate (kailangan niya ng medium) yung electromagnetic
waves hindi niya kailangan. So kahit meron o walang medium, makakapropagate si electromagnetic
wave. Ngayon, sir unsa diay na ang medium? When we say medium, we are referring to a solid, a liquid
or a gas, so if you have a solid, liquid, or gas, and you have a mechanical wave passing through it, a
mechanical wave can pass through them, and electromagnetic wave will also pass through them.
However, if you have totally nothing, you don’t have a solid, you don’t have a liquid, or you don’t have a
gas, hindi na makakadaan sa kanya si Mechanical Wave, pero si electromagnetic wave kaya niyang
dumaan because it does not require a medium to propagate. By the way the term we use for totally
nothing or no medium at all is vacuum.

Next part of this property, they can travel in vacuum at a speed of 3 x 10 raised to 8 meters per second
so in your screen you can see a pictorial representation of the comparison of some speed samples.
However, the units here are not in meters per second (because m/s is meters per second). Here the
speed is in kilometers per hour and in miles per hour, however you can see how fast that speed is we
are referring to, so light is the fastest, it is the highest speed possible. Yung speed ng light sa vacuum is
the fastest speed possible and scientists haven't discovered any object or any entity that can surpass this
speed, mao na ang pinakapaspas. So the fastest runner ang kapaspas, around 43 kilometers per hour,
and then even the cheetah compared to light, astang layoa sa difference.
Now how large is 3x10 to the power of 8 meters per second. 3x10 raised to 8 meters per second, ang
standard notation would be 300 million meters per second or 300,000 kilometers per second. Diba? Pag
galakaw mo, ang isa ka step nimo would be slower than the speed diba? So how fast would be 300
million meters per second it would be very fast diba? Unsa ka paspas? According to Google, the distance
between the sun and the earth is 147.13 million kilometers. Now using the formula for speed which is
distance over time, we are given the distance from sun to earth, and we also are given the speed of light
because light is coming from the sun going to the earth, if we use these values, we will arrive at this
time. It would take approximately 8 minutes for sunlight to reach earth. So considering the distance
between the sun and the earth it will still take a few minutes for the sunlight to reach our planet.
Next, the speed of electromagnetic waves changes depending on the medium where they are passing
through. A while ago I mentioned that when you say medium, we are referring to a solid, a liquid or a
gas. Here in the screen, you can see that the speed of light in kilometers per second, these values will
vary depending on what type of material the electromagnetic wave is passing through, whether it’s
solid, it’s liquid, it’s a viscous liquid just like oil, it’s a glass or a different type of solid, maglahi jud na
iyang speed and generally as you can notice as the solid or as the matter becomes more compact, the
speed of light decreases, so we call these materials optically denser, kaning mga naa sa baba, because
they are able to slow down light or electromagnetic wave, compared to other materials. Now, why are
they being slowed down? It’s because of refraction or bending, the more dense or the denser the
material, the higher the tendency for this electromagnetic waves to bend or to refract. Mao na nga naa
tay ginatawag nga index of refraction dria sa kilid.
Now let’s go on with the qualitative description of the wavelengths of the types of electromagnetic
waves and a brief description or brief explanation of their applications.
A while ago I have shown this to you, this is a good representation of the different electromagnetic
waves, on top of this you can see the different applications, so as we can see here, radio waves would be
used in of course radios, AM or FM, and then microwaves would be for cell phones, radar and so on and
so forth.
I have here another diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum and it also shows us the relative sizes of
the wavelengths. I told you last time that the wavelength of radio waves would be longer than the
wavelength of a gamma ray, OK so asa ba nato macompare ning mga wavelength? The wavelength of a
radiowave can be as tall as a building, while the wavelength of a gamma ray can be as small as a
subatomic particle. You can see the difference of the wavelengths here, they can be compared to a
baseball to a pinpoint, to a bacteria, viruses, and atoms.
Also here in this diagram, the major applications of electromagnetic waves are shown, usually the
electromagnetic waves on the right side, which are of higher frequency but of shorter wavelength are
used in the medical industry, we all know XRays they use that for imaging (pag nabalian kag bukog or
kung gusto Makita kung okay ang lungs, we use XRay) they also use CT scans or other imaging na mas
better pa sa X-rays, they also use gamma rays so gamma rays can also be used for treatment of cancer.
Infrared, Ultraviolet, Invisible light, these are three types of electromagnetic waves that can be
produced by the Sun. So katong init nga nakukuha sa Sun, Infrared to. Kanang liwanag or kahayag, mao
na ang Visible light, and ang medyo harmful nga nakakaitom sa atoa mao na ang Ultraviolet. Pero
daghan pa jud nag applications ha? Dili lang magsettle draa lang, I-discuss pa nato ang uban applications
ana next topic. Ang microwaves of course, that is used in an oven and also in cell phones, also in radars
and for the radio waves this is used for radios, katong mga AM stations or FM stations, they are using
radio waves.