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explain the fundamental duties of indian citizens in detail

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The fundamental duties of Indian citizens are laid down in Article 51A of the Constitution. These duties
include:

1. To respect the National Flag and National Anthem: This duty emphasizes the need for citizens to
show respect to national symbols, which represent the history, culture, and pride of the nation.

2. To obey the laws of the country: This duty requires citizens to abide by the laws and regulations set by
the government.

3. To protect the power, unity, and integrity of the country: This duty calls for citizens to uphold and
protect the sovereignty of India.

4. To safeguard public property: This duty encourages citizens to protect public property from damage
and misuse.

5. To pay taxes with honesty and promptly: This duty emphasizes the importance of contributing to the
nation’s development by paying taxes.

6. To protect and preserve cultural heritage sites: This duty calls for citizens to value and preserve the
rich heritage of the country’s composite culture.

7. To protect, preserve, and improve the natural environment: This duty encourages citizens to care for
the environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife.

8. To guard the country and maintain the spirit of a common brotherhood: This duty promotes
harmony and unity among all people of India transcending religious, linguistic, and regional diversities.

9. To respect, value, and follow all the noble ideals used in the national struggle for freedom: This
duty calls for citizens to cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired our national struggle for
freedom.

10. Strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation
constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.

11. Provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years
(This duty was added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002).

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describe in detail provisions made by 42 amendment

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The 42nd Amendment of the Indian Constitution, also known as The Constitution (Forty-second amendment)
Act, 1976, was enacted during the Emergency by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira
Gandhi. It is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in history. Here are the key
provisions made by the 42nd Amendment:

1. Reduced Power of Supreme Court and High Courts: The amendment attempted to reduce the power
of the Supreme Court and High Courts to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws.

2. Fundamental Duties: It laid down the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation.

3. Addition of Terms in Constitution: The amendment introduced three major terms in the constitution of
India: Integrity, Socialist, and Secular.
 4. Changes in Preamble: The description of India changed from a “sovereign democratic republic” to a
“sovereign, socialist, secular democratic republic”.

5. Amendment to Various Provisions: The amendment modified the Preamble, 40 provisions, Seventh
Schedule, and added 14 new Articles to the Constitution.

6. Parliamentary Sovereignty: The amendment’s fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many
of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty.

Due to its size and extensive changes, it is often referred to as a ‘Mini-Constitution’. However, it’s important to
note that some of these changes were highly controversial and were seen as undermining democratic rights in
the country.

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explain the philosophy of preamble of indian constitution

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The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is a brief introductory statement that outlines the guiding purpose,
principles, and philosophy of the document. It serves as a key to the interpretation of the Constitution. Here’s a
step-by-step explanation of the philosophy of the Preamble:

1. “We, the people of India”: This phrase signifies that the Constitution is created by and for the Indian
people. It enshrines the philosophy that the government is by the people and for the people.

2. Sovereign: This term indicates that India is not subject to any foreign power, and it is free to legislate on
any subject in conformity with the Constitution.

3. Socialist: This term was added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. It sets a positive
direction for the Government in formulating its policies.

4. Secular: This term signifies that India respects all religions equally, and it does not have any state
religion.

5. Democratic: This term means that the Government is responsible to the people of India. Elections held
every 5th year (or before) serve this purpose.

6. Justice: The Preamble aims to secure social, economic, and political justice for all its citizens.

7. Liberty: The Preamble seeks to ensure liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship for all its
citizens.

8. Equality: The Preamble aims to provide equality of status and opportunity to all its citizens.

9. Fraternity: The term Fraternity is incorporated from Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human
Rights 1948. It promotes unity and brotherhood among all Indians.

The Preamble embodies the basic philosophy and fundamental values — political, moral, and religious — on
which the Constitution of India is based. It contains the noble vision of the Constituent Assembly and reflects
the dreams and aspirations of the framers of the Constitution.

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explain administrative relation between the Central and the state

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The administrative relationship between the Centre and States in India is a key aspect of the federal structure of
the Indian Constitution. The Constitution divides all legislative, executive, and financial authority between the
Centre and the States, with the goal of creating either collaborative or cooperative federalism. This distribution
of powers ensures that the administration at the local level stays efficient.
The Administrative Relations Between Central And State are outlined in Articles 256 to 263 of the Indian
Constitution. Under Article 256, the states’ executive authority “must be utilized in such a manner as to
guarantee compliance with the statutes of Parliament.” Additionally, the executive authority of the union
includes the ability to command the states as the Indian government may see appropriate.

Article 246 of the Constitution also provides that the union government may require the states to comply with
the legislation approved by the Parliament that fall under their purview if the state government refuses to do so.
Under Schedule 7, which separates the topics into central, state, and concurrent three lists are created
concurrently including subjects considered by both Centre and State.

As a rule, the Central Government exercises administrative authority over all matters on which Parliament has
power to make laws. The State Governments exercise authority over matters included in the State List. The
Centre and states each have their own public services, referred to as Central and State Services respectively.
There are other all-India services such as IAS, IPS, and IFS. The Centre and states share control of these
services.

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explain the silent features of indian constitution

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The Indian Constitution is unique and has several salient features that distinguish it from other constitutions
around the world. Here are some of its key features:

1. Lengthiest Written Constitution: The Indian Constitution is the longest written constitution in the
world. It is a comprehensive document that originally had 395 articles, 22 parts, and 8 schedules. Over
time, due to various amendments, it now contains 448 articles and 12 schedules.

2. Single Citizenship: Unlike some countries like the United States that have dual citizenship (national and
state), the Indian Constitution provides for single citizenship for all its citizens.

3. Fundamental Rights: The Constitution guarantees certain rights to its citizens known as Fundamental
Rights. These rights are essential for the all-round development of individuals.

4. Fundamental Duties: The Constitution also specifies the duties of its citizens. These duties serve as a
constant reminder to citizens that they have an obligation towards the nation.

5. Directive Principles of State Policy: These are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government.
These principles aim at establishing social and economic democracy in the country.

6. Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility: The Indian Constitution is both rigid and flexible. Some parts of it
can be amended by a simple majority in parliament, while others require a two-thirds majority.

7. Federal System with Unitary Bias: While the Indian Constitution establishes a federal system of
government, it also contains several unitary or non-federal features, such as a strong central government,
single citizenship, and all-India services.

8. Parliamentary Form of Government: The Constitution establishes a parliamentary form of

government which is federal in structure with unitary features.

9. Integrated and Independent Judiciary: The judiciary in India is integrated and independent with the
power of judicial review.

10. Secularism: The Indian Constitution establishes India as a secular state with no state religion.

These features make the Indian Constitution one of the most comprehensive and well-drafted constitutions in
the world.

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silent features of Indian federalism

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The salient features of Indian federalism are as follows:

Dual government polity: India has a federal system of government with two levels of administration:
the Centre and the States. Each level has its own executive, legislature, and judiciary.
Division of powers between various levels: The Constitution divides the legislative powers between the
Centre and the States into three lists: Union List, State List, and Concurrent List. The Centre has
exclusive authority over matters in the Union List, the States have exclusive authority over matters in the
State List, and both can legislate on matters in the Concurrent List.
Rigidity of constitution: The Constitution is rigid in the sense that some of its provisions can be
amended only by a special majority of both Houses of Parliament and ratification by at least half of the
States.
Independence of judiciary: The judiciary in India is independent of the executive and the legislature. It
has the power of judicial review to examine the constitutionality of laws and executive actions. It also
acts as a guardian of the Fundamental Rights of the citizens.
Dual citizenship: The Constitution provides for single citizenship for all Indians, irrespective of their
residence within the country. However, some States like Jammu and Kashmir have their own
Constitution and special rights for their residents.
Bicameralism: The Parliament of India consists of two Houses: the Lok Sabha (House of the People)
and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). The Lok Sabha represents the people on the basis of population,
while the Rajya Sabha represents the States on the basis of equal representation.