Project:

Project no:
Author:

Project data
Project name :
NORTH
SOUTH PIPE
RACK T-POST

Project number
Author
Description
Date 21-04-2023
Design code AISC 360-16

Material
Steel A36
Concrete 4000 psi

1 / 24
Project:
Project no:
Author:

Project item RTYUI

Design
Name RTYUI
Description DFGHJK
Analysis Stress, strain/ simplified loading
Design code AISC - LRFD

Beams and columns

β – Direction γ - Pitch α - Rotation Offset ex Offset ey Offset ez X
Name Cross-section Forces in
[°] [°] [°] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
COL 1 - SHS250/250/6.3 0.0 -90.0 0.0 0 0 0 Nde 0

2 / 24
Project:
Project no:
Author:

3 / 24
Project:
Project no:
Author:

Cross-sections
Name Material
1 - SHS250/250/6.3 A36

4 / 24
Project:
Project no:
Author:

Cross-sections
Name Material Drawing

1 - SHS250/250/6.3 A36

Anchors
Diameter fu Gross area
Name Bolt assembly
[mm] [MPa] [mm2]
1 3/8 A307 1 3/8 A307 35 414.0 958

Load effects (equilibrium not required)

N Vy Vz Mx My Mz
Name Member
[kN] [kN] [kN] [kNm] [kNm] [kNm]
LE1 COL -96.0 5.0 9.5 0.0 32.0 16.0
LE2 COL -82.0 11.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 37.0

Foundation block
Item Value Unit
CB 1
Dimensions 690 x 690 mm
Depth 1500 mm
Anchor 1 3/8 A307
Anchoring length 600 mm
Shear force transfer Anchors

Check

Summary
Name Value Check status
Analysis 100.0% OK
Plates 0.4 < 5% OK
Anchors 84.2 < 100% OK
Welds 75.3 < 100% OK
Concrete block 0.0 < 100% OK
Buckling Not calculated

5 / 24
 Project:
Project no:
Author:

Plates
Thickness σEd εPl
Name Loads Check status
[mm] [MPa] [1e-4]
COL 6.3 LE1 224.1 35.8 OK
BP1 30.0 LE1 155.1 0.0 OK

Design data

fy εlim
Material
[MPa] [1e-4]
A36 248.2 500.0

Symbol explanationεPl Strain

σEd Eq. stress

Overall check, LE1

6 / 24
 Project:
Project no:
Author:

Strain check, LE1

Equivalent stress, LE1

7 / 24
Project:
Project no:
Author:

Anchors
Nf V M φNcbg φNp φNsb φVcbg φVcp Utt Uts Utts
Item Loads Status
[kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [%] [%] [%]

A2 LE1 42.3 5.1 0.1 74.8 408.0 196.5 35.5 312.0 56.5 60.4 0.0 OK

A5 LE2 41.1 2.3 0.1 83.1 408.0 234.4 0.0 312.0 49.5 3.2 0.0 OK

Design data

φNsa φVsa
Grade
[kN] [kN]
1 3/8 A307 - 1 138.7 70.2

Symbol explanation
Nf Tension force
V Resultant of shear forces Vy, Vz in bolt
M Bending moment
φNsa Steel strength in tension – ACI 318-14 –
17.4.1 φVsa Steel strength in shear – ACI 318-14 – 17.5.1
φNcbg Concrete breakout strength in tension – ACI 318-14 – 17.4.2
φNp Pullout strength in tension – ACI 318-14 – 17.4.3
φNsb Concrete side-face blowout strength in tension – ACI 318-14 – 17.4.4
φVcbg Concrete breakout strength in shear – ACI 318-14 – 17.5.2
φVcp Concrete pryout strength in shear – ACI 318-14 –
17.5.3 Utt Utilization in tension
Uts Utilization in shear
Utts Utilization in tension and shear

8 / 24
 Project:
Project no:
Author:

Detailed result for A2

Stand-off anchor tensile resistance
AISC 360-16-D2
ϕtPn = ϕt ⋅ As ⋅ Fy 138.7 kN ≥ Ft = 42.3 kN
=
Where:
ϕt = 0.75 – resistance factor
As 745 mm2 – anchor area reduced by thread
= 248.2 MPa – anchor yield strength
Fy =

Concrete breakout resistance of anchor in tension

ACI 318-14 – 17.4.2
The check is preformed for group of anchors that form common tension breakout cone: A1, A2
ANc
ϕNcbg = ϕ ⋅ ANc0
⋅ Ψed,N ⋅ Ψec,N ⋅ Ψc,N ⋅ Nb 74.8 kN ≥ Nfg = 69.5 kN
=
Where:
Nfg = 69.5 kN – sum of tension forces of anchors with common concrete breakout cone area
ϕ = 0.70 – resistance factor
ANc = 258060 mm – concrete breakout cone area for group of anchors
2

ANc0 = 136900 mm2 – concrete breakout cone area for single anchor not influenced by edges
Ψed,N = 0.96 – modification factor for edge distance:
, a min
Ψed,N = min(0.7 + 0.3⋅c
1.5⋅h ef
, 1) , where:
ca,min = 160 mm – minimum a,maxdistance from the anchor to the edge
hef = min(hemb, max( c , s )) 123 mm – depth of embedment, where:
=
1.5 3
hemb = 600 mm – anchor length
ca,max = 160 mm – maximum distance from the anchor to one of the three closest
edges
s = 370 mm – maximum spacing between anchors

Ψec,N = 0.82 – modification factor for anchor groups loaded eccentrically in tension:

Ψec,N = 1
2⋅e
′ , where:
1+ 3⋅hN
ef
e′N = 40 mm – tension load eccentricity
hef = 123 mm – depth of embedment

Ψc,N 1.00 – modification factor for concrete conditions

=
Nb = 71.9 kN – basic concrete breakout strength of a single anchor in tension:

Nb = k c ⋅ λ a ⋅ ⋅ h1.5
f c′ ef , where:
kc = 10 – coefficient for cast-in anchors
λa 1.0 – modification factor for lightweight concrete
=c f ′ 27.6 MPa – concrete compressive strength
=
hef = 123 mm – depth of embedment

Where: ≥
Concrete pullout resistance
ACI 318-14 – 17.4.3
ϕNpn = ϕ ⋅ Ψc,P ⋅ Np 408.0
= kN
9 / 24
Project:
Project no:
Author:

42.3 kN
Nf =
ϕ = 0.70 – resistance factor
Ψc,P = 1.00 – modification factor for concrete condition
Np = 582.9 kN – basic concrete pullout strength for headed anchor:

Npr = 8 ⋅ Abrg ⋅ f ′
c , where:
Abrg = 2642 mm2 – bearing area of the head of stud or anchor bolt
f c′ = 27.6 MPa – concrete compressive strength

10 / 24
Project:
Project no:
Author:

Concrete sideface blowout resistance

ACI 318-14 – 17.4.4
ϕNsb = rc ⋅ Nsbg = 196.5 kN ≥ Nf = 42.3 kN
Where:
rc = 0.50 – reduction factor for anchor close to an edge or multiple anchors with small spacing:
c
1+ caa21 s
rc = min( ,1+ ), 0.5 ≤ rc ≤ 1 , where:
4 6⋅ca1
ca1 =
160 mm – shorter distance from an anchor to an edge
ca2 =
160 mm – longer distance from an anchor to an edge
s = 370 mm – spacing between anchors

Nsbg = 393.0 kN – concrete side-face blowout strength of headed anchor in tension:

Nsb = ϕ ⋅ 13 ⋅ ca1 ⋅ Abgr ⋅ f c′ ,

Abgr = 2642 mm2 – bearing area of the head of stud or anchor bolt
f c′ = 27.6 MPa – concrete compressive strength
ϕ = 0.70 – resistance factor

Stand-off anchor shear resistance

AISC 360-16-G
ϕv Vn = ϕv ⋅ 0.6 ⋅ Av ⋅ Fy = 70.2 kN ≥ V = 5.1 kN
Where:
ϕv = 0.75 – resistance factor
Av = 629 mm2 – shear area:

Av = 0.844 ⋅ As , where:
As = 745 mm2 – anchor area reduced by thread

Fy = 248.2 MPa – anchor yield strength

Concrete breakout resistance of anchor in shear

ACI 318-14 – 17.5.2
The check is preformed for critical segment No.0 and group of anchors that form common shear breakout cone: A1, A2
AV c
ϕVcbg = ϕ ⋅ AV c0 ⋅ Ψec,V ⋅ Ψed,V ⋅ Ψc,V ⋅ Ψh,V ⋅ Ψα,V ⋅ Vbr 35.5 kN ≥ Vg = 21.5 kN
Where: =
Vg = 21.5 kN – anchor shear force vector component in the direction of concrete block critical edge
ϕ = 0.65 – resistance factor
AV c = 165600 mm – projected concrete failure area of an anchor or group of anchors
2

AV c0 = 115200 mm2 – projected concrete failure area of one anchor when not limited by corner influences, spacing or member
thickness
Ψec,V = 0.98 – modification factor for anchor groups loaded eccentrically in shear:

Ψec,V 1
= 2⋅e
′ , where:
1+ 3⋅c V
a1
′
eV = 4 mm – shear load eccentricity
ca1 = 160 mm – edge distance in direction of the load

Ψed,V = 0.90 – modification factor for edge effect:

Ψed,V
= 0.7 + 0.3 ⋅ ca2 ≤ , where:
1 1.5⋅ca 1

ca1 = 160 mm – edge distance in direction of the load

ca2 = 160 mm – edge distance in direction perpendicular to the load

11 / 24
Project:
Project no:
Author:
Ψc,V = 1.00 – modification factor for concrete conditions

12 / 24
Project:
Project no:
Author:

Ψh,V = 1.00 – modification factor for anchors located in a shallow concrete member:

Ψh,V = 1.5⋅ca1 ≥ , where:

ha
1
ha = 1500 mm – depth of foundation block measured parallel to anchor axis

Ψα,V = 1.09 – modification factor for anchors loaded at an angle with the concrete edge

Ψα,V = 1
, where:
(cos αV )2 +(0.5⋅sin αV )2
αV = 27.8 ° – angle between shear force and concrete edge

Vb 39.3 kN – basic concrete breakout strength of a single anchor in shear:

=
Vb = min(0.6 ⋅ ( le )0.2 ⋅ λa ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ c1.5, 9 ⋅ λa ⋅ ⋅ c1.5) , where:
da da f c′ a1 f c′ a1
le = 279 mm – load-bearing length of the anchor in shear
da = 35 mm – anchor diameter
λa 1.0 – modification factor for lightweight concrete
=c f 27.6 MPa – concrete compressive strength
′

=
ca1 = 160 mm – edge distance in direction of the load

Concrete pryout resistance

ACI 318-14 – 17.5.3
The check is preformed for group of anchors on common base plate
ϕVcp = ϕ ⋅ kcp ⋅ Ncp 312.0 kN ≥ Vg = 21.5 kN
=
Where:
ϕ = 0.65 – resistance factor
kcp = 2.00 – concrete pry-out factor
Ncp = 240.0 kN – concrete cone tension break-out resistance in case all anchors are in tension
Vg = 21.5 kN – sum of shear forces of anchors on common base plate

Stand-off anchor bending resistance

AISC 360-16-F11
ϕb Mn = ϕb ⋅ Z ⋅ Fy ≤ ϕb ⋅ 1.6 ⋅ Sx ⋅ Fy
ϕb Mn = ϕb ⋅ 1.6 ⋅ Sx ⋅ Fy 0.9 kNm ≥ Mf 0.1 kNm
= =
Where:
ϕb = 0.75 – resistance factor
Z = 4871 mm3 – plastic section modulus of the anchor:
d3
Z= 6s , where:
ds = 35 mm – anchor diameter

Sx = 2869 mm3 – elastic section modulus of the anchor

Fy = 248.2 MPa
– anchor yield strength

Stand-off anchor linear interaction in steel

N M
Pn + Mn = 0.45 ≤ 1
Where:
N = 42.3 kN – factored compressive force
Pn = 138.7 kN – factored tensile resistance
M = 0.1 kN – factored bending moment
Mn 0.9 kN – factored moment resistance
=
Project:
Project no:
Author:
Stand-off anchor linear interaction in concrete
V Ft
( )5/3 + ( )5/3 = 0.71 ≤ 1
min(ϕVcbg ,ϕVcp min(ϕNcbg ,ϕNp ,ϕNsb
Where:
V = 5.1 kN – factored shear force
Ft = 42.3 kN – factored compressive force 11 / 24
 Project:
Project no:
Author:

BLANK FOR HAND NOTES:

12 / 24
 Project:
Project no:
Author:

Detailed result for A5

Stand-off anchor tensile resistance
AISC 360-16-D2
ϕtPn = ϕt ⋅ As ⋅ Fy 138.7 kN ≥ Ft = 41.1 kN
=
Where:
ϕt = 0.75 – resistance factor
As 745 mm2 – anchor area reduced by thread
= 248.2 MPa – anchor yield strength
Fy =

Concrete breakout resistance of anchor in tension

ACI 318-14 – 17.4.2
The check is preformed for group of anchors that form common tension breakout cone: A2, A4, A5
ANc
ϕNcbg = ϕ ⋅ ANc0
⋅ Ψed,N ⋅ Ψec,N ⋅ Ψc,N ⋅ Nb 83.1 kN ≥ Nfg = 60.7 kN
=
Where:
Nfg = 60.7 kN – sum of tension forces of anchors with common concrete breakout cone area
ϕ = 0.70 – resistance factor
ANc = 368460 mm – concrete breakout cone area for group of anchors
2

ANc0 = 476100 mm2 – concrete breakout cone area for single anchor not influenced by edges
Ψed,N = 0.84 – modification factor for edge distance:
, a min
Ψed,N = min(0.7 + 0.3⋅c
1.5⋅h ef
, 1) , where:
ca,min = 160 mm – minimum a maxdistance from the anchor to the edge
hef = min(hemb, max( c , , s )) 230 mm – depth of embedment, where:
=
1.5 3
hemb = 600 mm – anchor length
ca,max = 345 mm – maximum distance from the anchor to one of the three closest
edges
s = 185 mm – maximum spacing between anchors

Ψec,N = 1.00 – modification factor for anchor groups loaded eccentrically in tension:

Ψec,N = 1
2⋅e
′ , where:
1+ 3⋅hN
ef
e′N = 1 mm – tension load eccentricity
hef = 230 mm – depth of embedment

Ψc,N 1.00 – modification factor for concrete conditions

=
Nb = 183.2 kN – basic concrete breakout strength of a single anchor in tension:

Nb = k c ⋅ λ a ⋅ ⋅ h1.5
f c′ ef , where:
kc = 10 – coefficient for cast-in anchors
λa 1.0 – modification factor for lightweight concrete
=c f ′ 27.6 MPa – concrete compressive strength
=
hef = 230 mm – depth of embedment

Where: ≥
Concrete pullout resistance
ACI 318-14 – 17.4.3
ϕNpn = ϕ ⋅ Ψc,P ⋅ Np 408.0
= kN
13 / 24
Project:
Project no:
Author:

41.1 kN
Nf =
ϕ = 0.70 – resistance factor
Ψc,P = 1.00 – modification factor for concrete condition
Np = 582.9 kN – basic concrete pullout strength for headed anchor:

Npr = 8 ⋅ Abrg ⋅ f ′
c , where:
Abrg = 2642 mm2 – bearing area of the head of stud or anchor bolt
f c′ = 27.6 MPa – concrete compressive strength

14 / 24
Project:
Project no:
Author:

Concrete sideface blowout resistance

ACI 318-14 – 17.4.4
ϕNsb = rc ⋅ Nsbg = 234.4 kN ≥ Nf = 41.1 kN
Where:
rc = 0.60 – reduction factor for anchor close to an edge or multiple anchors with small spacing:
c
1+ caa21 s
rc = min( ,1+ ), 0.5 ≤ rc ≤ 1 , where:
4 6⋅ca1
ca1 = 160 mm – shorter distance from an anchor to an edge
ca2 = 345 mm – longer distance from an anchor to an edge
s = 185 mm – spacing between anchors

Nsbg = 393.0 kN – concrete side-face blowout strength of headed anchor in tension:

Nsb = ϕ ⋅ 13 ⋅ ca1 ⋅ Abgr ⋅ f c′ ,

Abgr = 2642 mm2 – bearing area of the head of stud or anchor bolt
f c′ = 27.6 MPa – concrete compressive strength
ϕ = 0.70 – resistance factor

Stand-off anchor shear resistance

AISC 360-16-G
ϕv Vn = ϕv ⋅ 0.6 ⋅ Av ⋅ Fy = 70.2 kN ≥ V = 2.3 kN
Where:
ϕv = 0.75 – resistance factor
Av = 629 mm2 – shear area:

Av = 0.844 ⋅ As , where:
As = 745 mm2 – anchor area reduced by thread

Fy = 248.2 MPa – anchor yield strength

Concrete pryout resistance

ACI 318-14 – 17.5.3
The check is preformed for group of anchors on common base plate
ϕVcp = ϕ ⋅ kcp ⋅ Ncp 312.0 kN ≥ Vg = 22.0 kN
=
Where:
ϕ = 0.65 – resistance factor
kcp = 2.00 – concrete pry-out factor
Ncp = 240.0 kN – concrete cone tension break-out resistance in case all anchors are in tension
Vg = 22.0 kN – sum of shear forces of anchors on common base plate

Stand-off anchor bending resistance

AISC 360-16-F11
ϕb Mn = ϕb ⋅ Z ⋅ Fy ≤ ϕb ⋅ 1.6 ⋅ Sx ⋅ Fy
ϕb Mn = ϕb ⋅ 1.6 ⋅ Sx ⋅ Fy 0.9 kNm ≥ Mf 0.1 kNm
= =
Where:
ϕb = 0.75 – resistance factor
Z = 4871 mm3 – plastic section modulus of the anchor:
d3
Z= 6s , where:
ds = 35 mm – anchor diameter

Sx = 2869 mm3 – elastic section modulus of the anchor

Fy = 248.2 MPa
– anchor yield strength
Project:
Project no:
Author:
Stand-off anchor linear interaction in steel
N M
Pn + Mn = 0.36 ≤ 1 14 / 24
Where:
Project:
Project no:
Author:

N = 41.1 kN – factored compressive force

Pn = 138.7 kN – factored tensile resistance
M = 0.1 kN – factored bending moment
Mn 0.9 kN – factored moment resistance
=

Stand-off anchor linear interaction in concrete

V Ft
( )5/3 + ( )5/3 = 0.50 ≤ 1
min(ϕVcbg ,ϕVcp min(ϕNcbg ,ϕNp ,ϕNsb
Where:
V = 2.3 kN – factored shear force
Ft = 41.1 kN – factored compressive force

Anchors in compression
Fc V M φVcbg φVcp Utc Uts
Name Loads Status
[kN] [kN] [kNm] [kN] [kN] [%] [%]
A1 LE2 -25.1 4.8 0.1 33.1 312.0 18.3 66.5 OK

A3 LE1 -57.1 10.8 0.3 51.1 312.0 41.6 42.1 OK

A4 LE1 -44.3 9.6 0.2 0.0 312.0 32.3 13.7 OK

A6 LE2 -92.6 5.7 0.1 33.1 312.0 67.5 66.5 OK

Design data

Gap φPnc φVn φMn

Grade
[mm] [kN] [kN] [kNm]
1 3/8 A307 60 137.2 70.2 0.9

Symbol explanation
Fc Compressive force
V Resultant of shear forces Vy, Vz in bolt
M Bending moment
φVcbg Concrete cone breakout resistance in shear
φVcp Concrete pryout resistance
φPnt Bolt tension resistance AISC 360-16 J3.6
φPnc Compressive resistance – AISC 360-16 – E3
φMn Bending resistance – AISC 360-16 – F11
φVn Shear resistance – AISC 360-16 – G
Utc Linear interaction in concrete
Uts Linear interaction in steel

Welds
Th Ls L Lc Fn φRn Ut
Item Edge Xu Loads Status
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [kN] [kN] [%]
BP1 COL E60xx ◢5.7𝖫 ◢8.0𝖫 948 7 LE1 7.7 10.2 75.2 OK
E60xx ◢5.7𝖫 ◢8.0𝖫 949 7 LE1 7.6 10.1 75.3 OK

15 / 24
 Project:
Project no:
Author:

Symbol explanation
Xu Filler metal tensile strength
Th Throat thickness of weld
Ls Leg size of weld
L Length of weld
Lc Length of weld critical element
Fn Force in weld critical element
φRn Weld resistance AISC 360-16 J2.4
Ut Utilization

Detailed result for BP1 / COL - 1

Weld resistance check
AISC 360-16: J2-4
ϕRn = ϕ ⋅ Fnw ⋅ Awe = 10.2 kN ≥ Fn = 7.7 kN
Where:
Fnw = 369.0 MPa – nominal stress of weld material:

Fnw = 0.6 ⋅ FEXX ⋅ (1 + 0.5 ⋅ sin1.5θ) , where:

FEXX = 413.7 MPa – electrode classification number, i.e. minimum specified tensile strength
θ = 79.2° – angle of loading measured from the weld longitudinal axis

Awe = 37 mm2 – effective area of weld critical element

ϕ = 0.75 – resistance factor for fillet welds

Detailed result for BP1 / COL - 2

Weld resistance check
AISC 360-16: J2-4
ϕRn = ϕ ⋅ Fnw ⋅ Awe = 10.1 kN ≥ Fn = 7.6 kN
Where:
Fnw = 366.5 MPa – nominal stress of weld material:

Fnw = 0.6 ⋅ FEXX ⋅ (1 + 0.5 ⋅ sin1.5θ) , where:

FEXX = 413.7 MPa – electrode classification number, i.e. minimum specified tensile strength
θ = 75.6° – angle of loading measured from the weld longitudinal axis

Awe = 37 mm2 – effective area of weld critical element

ϕ = 0.75 – resistance factor for fillet welds

Concrete block
A1 A2 σ Ut
Item Loads Status
[mm2] [mm2] [MPa] [%]
CB 1 LE2 196341 476100 0.0 0.0 OK

Symbol explanation
A1 Loaded area
A2 Supporting area
σ Average stress in concrete
Ut Utilization

16 / 24
 Project:
Project no:
Author:

Detailed result for CB 1

Concrete block compressive resistance check
AISC 360-16 Section J8
ϕc fp,max 23.7 MPa ≥ σ = 0.0 MPa
=
Where:
fp,max = 36.5 MPa – concrete block design bearing strength:

f′ p,max = 0.85 ⋅ f ′ ⋅ A2 A1 ≤ 1.7 ⋅ f , where:

c c
f c ′ = 27.6 MPa – concrete compressive strength
A1 = 196341 mm2 – base plate area in contact with concrete surface
A2 = 476100 mm2 – concrete supporting surface

ϕc 0.65 – resistance factor for concrete

=

Buckling
Buckling analysis was not calculated.

Bill of material

Manufacturing operations
Plates Welds Length
Name Shape Nr. Bolts Nr.
[mm] [mm] [mm]

BP1 P30.0x450.0-450.0 (A36) 1 Double fillet: a = 5.7 952.3 1 3/8 A307 6

Welds
Throat thickness Leg size Length
Type Material
[mm] [mm] [mm]
Double fillet E60xx 5.7 8.0 218.5
Double fillet E60xx 5.7 8.0 6.5
Double fillet E60xx 5.7 8.0 6.5
Double fillet E60xx 5.7 8.0 6.5
Double fillet E60xx 5.7 8.0 218.5
Double fillet E60xx 5.7 8.0 6.5
Double fillet E60xx 5.7 8.0 6.5
Double fillet E60xx 5.7 8.0 6.5
Double fillet E60xx 5.7 8.0 218.5
Double fillet E60xx 5.7 8.0 6.5
Double fillet E60xx 5.7 8.0 6.5
Double fillet E60xx 5.7 8.0 6.5
Double fillet E60xx 5.7 8.0 218.5
Double fillet E60xx 5.7 8.0 6.5
Double fillet E60xx 5.7 8.0 6.5
17 / 24
Project:
Project no:
Author:
Double fillet E60xx 5.7 8.0 6.5

18 / 24
Project:
Project no:
Author:

Anchors
Length Drill length
Name Count
[mm] [mm]
1 3/8 A307 655 600 6

Code settings
Item Value Unit Reference
Friction coefficient - concrete 0.40 - ACI 349 – B.6.1.4
Friction coefficient in slip-resistance 0.30 - AISC 360-16 – J3.8
Limit plastic strain 0.05 -
Weld stress evaluation Plastic redistribution
Detailing No
Distance between bolts [d] 2.66 - AISC 360-16 – J3.3
Distance between bolts and edge [d] 1.25 - AISC 360-16 – J.3.4
Concrete breakout resistance Yes
Base metal capacity check at weld fusion face No AISC 360-16 – J2-2

19 / 24
 Project:
Project no:
Author:

Theoretical Background
CBFEM versus Component method
The weak point of standard Component method is in analyzing of internal forces and stress in a joint. CBFEM replaces specific analysis
of internal forces in joint with general FEA.

Check methods of specific components like bolts or welds are done according to standard Component method (Eurocode).
For the fasteners – bolts and welds – special FEM components had to be developed to model the welds and bolts behaviour in
joint. All parts of 1D members and all additional plates are modelled as plate/walls. These elements are made of steel (metal in general)
and the behaviour of this material is significantly nonlinear.
The real stress-strain diagram of steel is replaced by the ideal plastic material for design purposes in building practice. The advantage of
ideal plastic material is, that only yield strength and modulus of elasticity must be known to describe the material curve. The granted
ductility of construction steel is 15 %. The real usable value of limit plastic strain is 5% for ordinary design (1993-1-5 appendix C
paragraph C.8 note 1).
The stress in steel cannot exceed the yield strength when using the ideal elastic-plastic stress-strain diagram.

Real tension curve and the ideal elastic-plastic diagram of material

CBFEM method aims to model the real state precisely. Meshes of plates / walls are not merged, no intersections are generated between
them, unlike it is used to when modelling structures and buildings. Mesh of finite elements is generated on each individual plate
independently on mesh of other plates.
Between the meshes, special massless force interpolation constraints are added. They ensure the connection between the edge of one
plate and the surface or edge of the other plate.
This unique calculation model provides very good results – both for the point of view of precision and of the analysis speed. The method
is protected by patent.
The steel base plate is placed loosely on the concrete foundation. It is a contact element in the analysis model – the connection
resists compression fully, but does not resist tension.

20 / 24
 Project:
Project no:
Author:

Stress-strain diagram of contact between the concrete block and the base plate

Welds are modelled using a special elastoplastic element, which is added to the interpolation links between the plates. The element
respects the weld throat thickness, position and orientation. The plasticity state is controlled by stresses in the weld throat section. The
plastic redistribution of stress in welds allows for stress peaks to be redistributed along the longer part of the weld.

Bolted connection consists of two or more clasped plates and one or more bolts. Plates are placed loosely on each other.
A contact element is inserted between plates in the analysis model, which acts only in compression. No forces are carried in tension.

Shear force is taken by bearing. Special model for its transferring in the force direction only is implemented. IDEA StatiCa Connection
can check bolts for interaction of shear and tension. The bolt behavior is implemented according to the following picture.

Bolt – tension

Symbols explanation:

K – linear stiffness of bolt,

Kp – stiffness of bolt at plastic branch,
Flt – limit force for linear behaviour of
bolt, Ft,Rd – limit bolt resistance,
ul – limit deformation of bolt.

21 / 24
 Project:
Project no:
Author:

Bolt – interaction of shear and tension

The concrete block in CBFEM is modelled using Winkler-Pasternak subsoil model. The stiffness of subsoil is determined using modulus
of elasticity of concrete and effective height of subsoil. The concrete block is not designed by CBFEM method.

Loads
End forces of member of the frame analysis model are transferred to the ends of member segments. Eccentricities of members caused
by the joint design are respected during load transfer.
The analysis model created by CBFEM method corresponds to the real joint very precisely, whereas the analysis of internal forces is
performed on very idealised 3D FEM 1D model, where individual beams are modelled using centrelines and the joints are modelled
using immaterial nodes.

Joint of a vertical column and a horizontal beam

Internal forces are analysed using 1D members in 3D model. There is an example of courses of internal forces in the following picture.

22 / 24
 Project:
Project no:
Author:

Internal forces in horizontal beam. M and V are the end forces at joint.

The effects caused by member on the joint are important to design the joint (connection). The effects are illustrated in the following
picture.

Effects of the member on the joint. CBFEM model is drawn in dark blue color.

Moment M and shear force V act in a theoretical joint. The point of theoretical joint does not exist in CBFEM model, thus the load cannot
be applied here. The model must be loaded by actions M and V, which have to be transferred to the end of segment in the distance r.
Mc = M − V · r
Vc = V
In CBFEM model, the end section of segment is loaded by moment Mc and force Vc.

Welds
Fillet welds
The design strength, ϕRn and the allowable strength, Rn/Ω of welded joints are evaluated in connection weld check.
ϕ = 0.75 (LRFD)
Ω = 2.00 (ASD)
Available strength of welded joints is evaluated according to AISC 360-16 – J2.4:
Rn = Fnw Awe
Fnw = 0.60 FEXX (1.0 + 0.50 sin1.5 Θ)
where

Fnw – nominal stress of weld material,

Awe – effective area of the weld,
FEXX – electrode classification number, i.e., minimum specified tensile strength,
Θ – angle of loading measured from the weld longitudinal axis.

23 / 24
 Project:
Project no:
Author:

For end-loaded fillet welds with a length up to 100 times the weld size, it is permitted to take the effective length equal to the actual
length. When the length of the end-loaded fillet weld exceeds 100 times the weld size, the effective length shall be determined by
multiplying the actual length by the reduction factor, β.
β = 1.2 − 0.002 (L / Ls)
where:

L – weld length,
Ls – weld leg size.

When the length of the weld exceeds 300 times the leg size, Ls, the effective length is taken as 180 Ls.
Base metal strength is evaluated if the option is selected in Code setup (Base metal capacity at the fusion face).

CJP groove welds

AISC Specification Table J2.5 identifies four loading conditions that might be associated with JP groove welds, and shows that the
strength of the joint is either controlled by the base metal or that the loads need not be considered in the design of the welds connecting
the parts. Accordingly, when CJP groove welds are made with matching-strength filler metal, the strength of a connection is governed or
controlled by the base metal, and no checks on the weld strength are required.

Bolts
Tensile and shear strength of bolts
The design tensile or shear strength, ϕR n, and the allowable tensile or shear strength, R n/Ω of a snug-tightened bolt is determined
according to the limit states of tension rupture and shear rupture as follows:
Rn = F n A b
ϕ = 0.75 (LRFD)
Ω = 2.00 (ASD)
where

Ab – nominal unthreaded body area of bolt or threaded part,

Fn – nominal tensile stress, Fnt, or shear stress, Fnv, from Table J3.2.

The tensile force, against which the required tensile strength is checked, includes any tension resulting from prying action produced by
deformation of the connected parts.

Combined Tension and shear in bearing type connection

The available tensile strength of a bolt subjected to combined tension and shear is determined according to the limit states of tension
and shear rupture as follows:
Rn = F'nt Ab (AISC 360-16 J3-2)
ϕ = 0.75 (LRFD)
Ω = 2.00 (ASD)
F'nt = 1.3 Fnt − frv Fnt / ϕFnv (AISC 360-16 J3-3a LRFD)
F'nt = 1.3 Fnt − frv Ω Fnt / Fnv (AISC 360-16 J3-3b ASD)
where

F'nt – nominal tensile stress modified to include the effects of shear stress,
Fnt – nominal tensile stress from AISC 360-16 – Tab. J3.2,
Fnv – nominal shear stress from AISC 360-16 – Tab. J3.2,
frv – required shear stress using LRFD or ASD load combinations. The available shear stress of the fastener shall be equal
or exceed the required shear stress, frv.

24 / 24
 Project:
Project no:
Author:

Bearing strength in bolt holes

The available bearing strength, ϕRn and Rn/Ω at bolt holes is determined for the limit state of bearing as follows:
For a bolt in a connection with standard holes:
Rn = 1.2 lc t Fu ≤ 2.4 d t Fu (AISC 360-16 J3-6a, c)
For a bolt in a connection with slotted holes:
Rn = 1.0 lc t Fu ≤ 2.0 d t Fu (AISC 360-16 J3-6e, f)
ϕ = 0.75 (LRFD)
Ω = 2.00 (ASD)

where

Fu – specified minimum tensile strength of the connected material,

d – nominal bolt diameter,
lc – clear distance, in the direction of the force, between the edge of the hole and the edge of the adjacent hole or edge of
the material,
t – thickness of connected material.

Preloaded bolts
The design slip resistance of a preloaded class A325 or A490 bolt with of effect of tensile force, Ft,Ed according to AISC 360-16 – J3.9.
Preloading force to be used AISC 360-16 – Tab. J3.1.
Tb = 0.7 fub As
Design slip resistance per bolt AISC 360-16 – J3.8
Rn = 1.13 μ Tb Ns
Utilisation in shear [%]:
Uts = V / Rn
where

As – tensile stress area of the

bolt, fub – ultimate tensile
strength,
μ – mean slip factor coefficient,
Ns – number of the friction surfaces. Check is calculated for each friction surface separately,
V – shear force.

Anchors
The anchor bolt element is elastic-plastic with significant strain hardening. The maximum steel tensile resistance is expected at the strain
which equals to 0.25 × guaranteed elongation. The failure mode due to concrete cracking may occur before the anchor steel tensile
resistance is reached and is considered as a completely brittle failure.
Similarly, the steel components in shear (anchor bolt, base plate in bearing) are able to yield but failure modes connected with concrete
cracking may occur suddenly as a brittle failure.
All standards use Concrete Capacity Design method developed by prof. R. Eligehausen at University of Stuttgart. The theory is based
on vast experimental and numerical testing mostly on unreinforced concrete blocks and relatively short, often post-installed, anchors.
Anchorage is designed according to ACI 318-14 – Chapter 17. The design is available only for LRFD. Some failure modes (e.g. steel
resistance) are evaluated for single anchors, others (e.g. concrete breakout) are checked for group of anchors.

25 / 24