Exploring Ecosystems: A

Journey into Nature's

Marvels
Welcome to the fascinating world of ecosystems, where life intertwines in intricate
harmony. Discover the concept, structure, and functions of these diverse and
vibrant biological communities.

Presented by- Adikansh Sharma

Roll no- 17022206315
Ecosystem Definition and
Concept
An ecosystem is a dynamic network of living organisms, their physical environment,
and the intricate interactions between them. It encompasses diverse habitats, such
as forests, deserts, and oceans, each with its unique balance of life forms.
Ecosystem Structure and Function
1 Biodiversity

Ecosystems house a vast array of species, from plants and animals to microorganisms,
all contributing to the intricate web of life.

2 Nutrient Cycling

Elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus continuously cycle through

ecosystems, providing essential resources to sustain life.

3 Ecosystem Services

Ecosystems provide invaluable services, such as clean air and water, soil fertility, climate
regulation, and natural pest control.
Producers: Nature's Green Architects
Photosynthesis

Producers, mainly plants and algae, use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create energy-rich molecules
through the process of photosynthesis. They form the foundation of the food chain.

Primary Production

Through photosynthesis, producers convert solar energy into chemical energy, sustaining entire ecosystems and
supporting higher trophic levels.

Autotrophs

Producers are autotrophs, meaning they synthesize their own food from inorganic substances, setting the stage
for ecosystem productivity.
Consumers: The Hungry Players

Herbivores Carnivores
Herbivores feed directly on producers, converting plant Carnivores prey on other animals, maintaining ecological
matter into energy, and regulating plant populations. balance by controlling herbivore populations.

Omnivores Scavengers
Omnivores relish the diversity of both plant and animal Scavengers, like vultures, play a crucial role by
matter, embodying adaptability and flexibility in their consuming carrion and recycling nutrients back into the
feeding habits. ecosystem.
Decomposers: Nature's Cleanup Crew

Bacteria

Microscopic decomposers, such as bacteria, break down organic matter into simpler compounds, releasing
nutrients essential for plant growth.

Fungi

Fungi, like mushrooms and molds, decompose dead organisms, including wood and leaves, playing a vital role in
nutrient recycling.

Detritivores

Detritivores, such as earthworms and millipedes, consume decaying organic matter and aid in the breakdown and
decomposition process.
Energy Flow: The Circle of Life
Trophic Levels
Energy flows through different trophic
levels, including producers, primary
consumers, secondary consumers, and
tertiary consumers.
1 Energy Source
The sun serves as the primary source of
energy in ecosystems, with solar radiation
2 fuelling photosynthesis and driving the food
web.
3 Trophic Pyramids
Trophic pyramids depict the energy transfer
between trophic levels, showing the
decrease in available energy as it moves up
the food chain.
Unraveling the Food Chain and Food Web
An intricate tapestry of connections, the food chain represents a linear sequence of who eats whom, showcasing the
transfer of energy and nutrients. Meanwhile, the food web reveals the complex interactions between multiple food
chains, depicting the interdependence of species within an ecosystem.
Ecological Succession: Nature's Ever-Changing
Landscape
1 Primary Succession
In barren landscapes,
primary succession occurs,
starting with pioneer
species gradually paving the
way for more complex biotic
communities.
2 Secondary Succession
Secondary succession
follows disturbances, such
as fires or human activities,
allowing ecosystems to
regenerate and regain their
former glory.
3 Climax Community
Over time, ecosystems
reach a stable state, known
as a climax community,
where species composition
and interactions remain
relatively constant.
THANK YOU