Physical well being

health
Mental well being

Social well being

Sign

measured object

Symptom

subjective thing

Spreading ⼆ infectious
bacteria viruses
infctious diseases pathogens
leg cholera and influenza

non infectious diseases biological felons environmental factor behavioural ttor

leg diabetes cancers cardiovascular diseases
cardio heart
vascular blood vessel

Infectious diseases are caused

by pathogens
most pathogens are microorganisms

viruses

bacteria

protists

fungi
 host cell use biomolecules enzymes fromhost
Viruses
forreproduction
noncellular entities that consists of a protein coat surrounding genetic

material DNA a RNA

some viruses have an envelope outside the protein coat

donot carry out metabolism

canonly reproduce or multiply inside livingcells

Viruses multiply

getinto the host cell

take over the cell's metabolism to produce new virusparticles

Examples of viral diseases

influenza canmon kno as the
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS
SARS

hepatitis B

dengue fever
measles

Bacteria
 reproduce quickly under hourable conditions leg in warmthandmoisture

some cause diseases by producing enzymes or toxins

damage cells

some bacteria are beneficial vitamin K

Diseases caused
by bacteria
cholera

tuberculosis

tetanus破傷風

Protists

a number of protists are parasites of humans

live inside a hostand cause diseases

eg Plasmodium causes malaria

Fungi

some pathogenic fungi grow on the Surtees of the human body

secret digestive enzymes onto the human tissuesandthen absorb the products

of digestion for growth

eg athlete's foot

How transmitted

contact
 droplets and air
food and water contaminated 污染
vectors mosquitoes ⼭ 10malaria 20denguefever

body fluids blood

Soap dissolves the membrane phospholipid of the cell and virus

kill mosquitoes removethe standing water

How are bacterial infections and diseases be treated

killthe pathogens or prevent their growth with drugs

antibiotics sulpha drugs
eg

Antibiotics chemicals produced

by certain
bacteriaand hngi
cankill or inhibit the growthof other coming microorganisms
Penicillin first know antibiotics noeffect on virus
produced by the fungus Penicillium

Action of antibiotics

against bacterial ǙǛǛ

t
bacterial structure cell wall cellmembrane
ribosome DNA copying

Cell wall
 Is cells will eventually burst dueto
bacteria the influx of water by osmosis
cell membrane

thecell contents leak out

ribosome

ribosome
bybinding
nucleic acid

the bacteria cannot reproduce

bacteria lawn worked example 23.1

Worked example 23.1

clear one no bacteria growth

the best antibiotic A ⼀ have growth inhibition at the lowest one

effectiveness A C B

antibiotics
definition
4 actions
effctivenessexp

Consequences of using antibiotics indiscriminately

up the development of
speed antibiotics resistance抗⽣素抗性 in bacteria

mutation in bacteria resistance

基因突變

antibiotic selection for resistant bacteria to grow rapidly

CHW

t intraspecific competition 種內競爭

between

resistantand original bacteria of samespecies

t interspecific competition 不同物種

 between

resistant harmful and beneficial bacteria 2species

nucleotide

Non.infectious diseases
not caused
by pathogens
cannot transmitted

Common non infectious diseases

cancer CH12
diabetes CH19

cardiovascular diseases CH9 341

Twotypes of tumours
cell may divide uncontrollably
7
gene mutation

Mdigant tumours

cancerous

can invade nearbytissues

can undergo metastasis 轉移
If the cancer occur in intestine

intestine hits her

preservatives

Treatments for cancer

surgery

can be used to remove tumour

radiotherapy

high energy radiation is used to distory cancer cells

chemotherapy

usesanti cancer drugs

不dietary fibre
stimulate intestine peristalsis

t exposure t absorption of carcinogens in food

Cardiovascular diseases

diseases
ofthe heat and blood vessels
 canbedivided intotwo majorgroups

x
7点 器恐
blood flow

Tj cardiacmuscle
coronaryheartdiseases
coronary artery

Treatments 在 coronary heart

diseases

Balloon angioplasty

Coronary bypass surgery

Diabetes mellitus

cause by abnormally high levels of glucose in theblood

symptoms

presence of glucose in urine Bk5 of

reabsorption glucose in first
coikdtubu
by activetransports reachesthemaxlevel
frequent urination carrierprotein

excessive thirst and higne

reabsorption of water from filtrate to blood l by osmosis

W.P gradient across less

Types of diabetes

insulindependent diabetes

non insulin_dependent diabetes

by activetransport
starch digested glucose 7absorbed in blood
by enzymes
blodǎucose⼩
bodycellsdo not pancreas ⼩insulin
respond to insulin lie glucose glycogen

iiiǜin
⼩exercise P consumption glucose
slow down digestion

for respiration

glucagon.glucose glycogen

pancreas endocrine control blood glucose

exocrine pancreatic juices

endoainehnction
release glucagon insulin Nt
directly into blood
 Y
t transport
liver cells glucose glycogen
receptors
for energy storage

exoaimehnction
release pancreatic juice
t transport
duodenum digestive enzyme
hnetion lipase

⼩cholesterol 1 lipid absorption from food

⼩ carcinogens from processed meat
lack of physical activity

lack of resources
for medicine development
medical treatment
sanitation service